Raw and Fermented Alfalfa Brown Juice Induces Changes in the Germination and Development of French Marigold (Tagetes patula L.) Plants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effect of Non-Fermented and Fermented BJ on Seed Germination
2.2. Development of French Marigold Plants Treated with BJ
2.2.1. Plant Biometric Parameters
2.2.2. Antioxidant Capacity of French Marigold Plants in the Presence of BJ
2.2.3. Photosynthetic Pigments of French Marigold Plants in the Presence of BJ
2.3. Effect of Non-Fermented and Fermented BJ on the Anatomical Features of French Marigold
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Source of Brown Juice (BJ) and Plant Materials
4.2. Seed Germination Experiment
4.3. Greenhouse Experiment Setup
4.3.1. Determination of Peroxidase
4.3.2. Malondialdehyde and Water-Soluble Phenol Measurement
4.3.3. Photosynthetic Pigment
4.4. Plant Anatomy
4.5. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Diameter (Stem) | Large Vascular Bundles | Small Vascular Bundles | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diameter (Bundle) | Secondary Xylem | Sclerenchyma | Diameter (Bundle) | Secondary Xylem | SCLERENCHYMA | ||
Cont | 3172.64 ± 109.84c | 539.11 ± 63.36c | 191.33 ± 44.91d | 26.97 ± 8.64c | 327.56 ± 40.57d | 189.73 ± 38.57d | 34.42 ± 9.02c |
0.5% | 3537.60 ± 235.97b | 603.41 ± 84.27b | 274.23 ± 67.53b | 44.08 ± 11.42b | 414.69 ± 66.45ab | 271.86 ± 62.56b | 56.53 ± 17.06b |
1% | 3669.29 ± 257.50ab | 621.45 ± 32.82b | 288.66 ± 41.93b | 42.05 ± 12.51b | 347.24 ± 34.27bd | 256.10 ± 42.50b | 54.80 ± 12.54b |
2.5% | 3751.34 ± 174.37a | 660.55 ± 59.15a | 317.23 ± 60.16a | 39.86 ± 11.41b | 392.04 ± 44.40b | 277.75 ± 45.62b | 50.81 ± 14.04b |
5% | 3802.14 ± 141.03a | 676.12 ± 63.15a | 285.16 ± 49.41b | 54.61 ± 14.83a | 431.06 ± 71.77a | 312.08 ± 66.55a | 60.27 ± 13.25a |
10% | 3504.17 ± 186.73b | 610.87 ± 75.64b | 240.98 ± 48.65c | 45.13 ± 11.50b | 361.14 ± 50.91c | 238.52 ± 47.36c | 48.85 ± 11.54b |
BJ Rates (%) | pH | EC (dS m−1) | Absorbed Solution (g 10−1 seeds 2 h−1) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-Fermented | Fermented | Non-Fermented | Fermented | Non-Fermented | Fermented | |
Distilled water | 6.91 | 0.0 | 0.032 | |||
0.5 | 5.68 | 5.51 | 0.19 | 0.16 | 0.031 | 0.028 |
1.0 | 5.61 | 5.39 | 0.35 | 0.28 | 0.029 | 0.030 |
2.5 | 5.43 | 5.28 | 0.81 | 0.64 | 0.025 | 0.027 |
5.0 | 5.33 | 5.19 | 1.43 | 1.20 | 0.024 | 0.032 |
10.0 | 5.24 | 5.09 | 2.54 | 2.11 | 0.026 | 0.032 |
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Barna, D.; Kisvarga, S.; Kovács, S.; Csatári, G.; Tóth, I.O.; Fári, M.G.; Alshaal, T.; Bákonyi, N. Raw and Fermented Alfalfa Brown Juice Induces Changes in the Germination and Development of French Marigold (Tagetes patula L.) Plants. Plants 2021, 10, 1076. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10061076
Barna D, Kisvarga S, Kovács S, Csatári G, Tóth IO, Fári MG, Alshaal T, Bákonyi N. Raw and Fermented Alfalfa Brown Juice Induces Changes in the Germination and Development of French Marigold (Tagetes patula L.) Plants. Plants. 2021; 10(6):1076. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10061076
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarna, Döme, Szilvia Kisvarga, Szilvia Kovács, Gábor Csatári, Ibolya O. Tóth, Miklós Gábor Fári, Tarek Alshaal, and Nóra Bákonyi. 2021. "Raw and Fermented Alfalfa Brown Juice Induces Changes in the Germination and Development of French Marigold (Tagetes patula L.) Plants" Plants 10, no. 6: 1076. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10061076