Essential Oil and Major Non-Volatile Secondary Metabolites from the Leaves of Amazonian Piper subscutatum
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Chemical Analysis of the EO and Hydrolate
2.2. Enantioselective Analysis of the EO
2.3. Lignans from P. Subscutatum Ethyl Acetate Extract
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. General Information
4.2. Plant Material
4.3. Distillation of the EO and GC Sample Preparation
4.4. GC-MS Qualitative Analyses
4.5. GC-FID Quantitative Analyses
4.6. Enantioselective Analysis of the EO
4.7. Preparation of the Ethyl Acetate Extract
4.8. Separation of the Lignans
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compounds | DB-5ms | HP-INNOWax | EO (%) 2 | Hydrolate (mg/100 mL) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LRI 1 | LRI [27] | LRI 1 | LRI | DB-5ms | HP-INNOWax | DB-5ms | HP-INNOWax | |
α-pinene | 925 | 932 | 1014 | 1025 [28] | 1.6 | 2.1 | -- | -- |
camphene | 939 | 946 | 1071 | 1075 [28] | trace | trace | -- | -- |
β-pinene | 968 | 974 | 1103 | 1118 [28] | 2.6 | 3.4 | -- | -- |
6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (sulcatone) | 983 | 981 | 1339 | 1323 [29] | 2.1 | 2.9 | 63.7 | 64.4 |
myrcene | 986 | 988 | 1163 | 1166 [30] | 0.2 | 0.6 | -- | -- |
α-phellandrene | 1001 | 1002 | 1159 | 1162 [29] | 0.3 | 0.3 | -- | -- |
δ-3-carene | 1003 | 1008 | 1142 | 1135 [28] | 0.2 | trace | -- | -- |
α-terpinene | 1011 | 1014 | 1174 | 1175 [31] | trace | trace | -- | -- |
ƿ-cymene | 1019 | 1020 | 1268 | 1281 [28] | trace | trace | -- | -- |
limonene | 1023 | 1024 | 1194 | 1196 [29] | 0.6 | 0.7 | -- | -- |
1,8-cineol | 1026 | 1026 | 1201 | 1212 [29] | 0.1 | 0.2 | -- | -- |
1,4-cineol | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.4 | 0.5 |
γ-terpinene | 1052 | 1054 | 1242 | 1254 [28] | trace | trace | -- | -- |
p-mentha-2,4(8)-diene(isoterpinolene) | 1078 | 1085 | 1279 | -- | 1.8 | 2.1 | -- | -- |
trans-linalool oxide (furanoid) | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 1.1 | 1.1 |
linalool | 1100 | 1095 | 1555 | 1554 [31] | 1.1 | 1.4 | 6.5 | 6.0 |
β-ylangene | -- | -- | 1563 | 1576 [32] | -- | trace | -- | -- |
1,3,8-p-menthatriene | 1126 | 1108 | 1421 | 1411 [32] | trace | 0.3 | -- | -- |
borneol | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.3 | 0.7 |
terpinen-4-ol | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.5 | 0.5 |
α -terpineol | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.8 | -- |
linalool formate | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.2 | 0.4 |
δ-elemene | 1326 | 1335 | 1465 | 1468 [32] | 0.2 | 0.2 | -- | -- |
α-cubebene | 1337 | 1348 | 1451 | 1460 [32] | 0.3 | 0.3 | -- | -- |
β-copaene | -- | -- | 1579 | 1579 [31] | -- | 4.7 | -- | -- |
α-copaene | 1362 | 1374 | 1481 | 1493 [33] | 0.9 | 1,0 | -- | -- |
β-cubebene | 1376 | 1387 | 1530 | 1541 [32] | trace | 0.6 | -- | -- |
β-elemene | 1379 | 1389 | 1574 | 1580 [34] | 1.6 | 0.2 | -- | -- |
cyperene | 1385 | 1398 | 1511 | 1528 [32] | 0.1 | 0.1 | -- | -- |
sibirene | 1392 | 1400 | 1528 | -- | 1.7 | 0.3 | -- | -- |
α-gurjunene | 1397 | 1409 | 1518 | 1529 [32] | 0.2 | 1.7 | -- | -- |
(E)-β-caryophyllene | 1404 | 1417 | 1587 | 1598 [32] | 25.3 | 25.2 | -- | -- |
β-gurjunene | 1414 | 1431 | 1601 | 1596 [32] | 0.2 | trace | -- | -- |
α-guaiene | 1423 | 1437 | 1632 | 1652 [32] | 1.9 | 0.2 | -- | -- |
α-cedrene | 1428 | 1410 | 1594 | 1600 [35] | 0.2 | 0.6 | -- | -- |
6,9-guaiadiene | 1433 | 1442 | 1621 | 1617 [36] | 0.3 | 0.3 | -- | -- |
α-humulene | 1438 | 1452 | 1657 | 1666 [32] | 1.8 | 0.4 | -- | -- |
myltayl-4(12)-ene | 1442 | 1445 | 1622 | -- | 0.4 | 0.2 | -- | -- |
ishwarene | 1447 | 1466 | 1677 | -- | 1.2 | 0.3 | -- | -- |
4,5-di-epi-aristolochene | 1454 | 1471 | 1669 | -- | 0.3 | 1.4 | -- | -- |
α-neo-clovene | 1459 | 1452 | 1667 | -- | 1.7 | 1.7 | -- | -- |
cis-cadina- 1(6),4-diene | 1462 | 1461 | 1680 | -- | 0.6 | 0.6 | -- | -- |
cis-muurola-4(14),5-diene | 1465 | 1465 | 1651 | 1643 [32] | 1.4 | trace | -- | -- |
selina-3,7(11)-diene | -- | -- | 1762 | 1783 [32] | -- | trace | -- | -- |
β-selinene | 1472 | 1489 | 1706 | 1716 [32] | 7.2 | 7.7 | -- | -- |
viridiflorene | 1476 | 1496 | 1685 | 1696 [32] | 1.6 | 1.7 | -- | -- |
γ-himachalene | -- | -- | 1716 | 1708 [32] | -- | 0.6 | -- | -- |
β-chamigrene | 1480 | 1476 | 1712 | 1723 [32] | 10.3 | 7.8 | -- | -- |
trans-cadina-1(6),4-diene | 1483 | 1475 | 1697 | -- | 0.2 | 1.4 | -- | -- |
α-bulnesene | 1488 | 1509 | 1627 | 1629 [32] | 1.4 | 1.7 | -- | -- |
bicyclogermacrene | 1490 | 1500 | 1722 | 1734 [32] | 3.7 | 2.4 | -- | -- |
trans-muurola-4(14),5-diene | 1498 | 1493 | 1700 | -- | 0.3 | 0.6 | -- | -- |
γ-cadinene | 1502 | 1513 | 1783 | 1763 [32] | 0.7 | 0.1 | -- | -- |
δ-cadinene | 1506 | 1521 | 1750 | 1755 [32] | 2.7 | 3.9 | -- | -- |
trans-calamenene | 1508 | 1522 | 1825 | 1823 [32] | 1.1 | 0.7 | -- | -- |
trans-cadina-1,4-diene | 1518 | 1533 | -- | -- | 0.2 | -- | -- | -- |
7-epi-α-selinene | 1524 | 1520 | 1766 | 1764 [32] | 0.2 | 0.4 | -- | -- |
cis-muurol-5-en-4-β-ol | -- | -- | 1182 | -- | -- | 0.2 | -- | -- |
α-calacorene | 1525 | 1544 | 1907 | 1921 [32] | 0.7 | 0.5 | -- | -- |
β-germacrene | 1539 | 1559 | 1815 | 1823 [32] | 1.8 | 1.4 | -- | -- |
(E)-nerolidol | 1558 | 1561 | 2048 | 2036 [32] | 8.1 | 7.7 | -- | -- |
caryophyllene oxide | 1563 | 1582 | 1967 | 1986 [32] | 0.2 | 0.5 | -- | -- |
cubebol | -- | -- | 1934 | 1941 [32] | -- | 0.2 | -- | -- |
trans-dauca-4(11),7-diene | 1569 | 1556 | 1726 | -- | 0.5 | 0.2 | -- | -- |
cubenol | -- | -- | 2066 | 2067 [32] | -- | 0.4 | -- | -- |
guaiol | 1586 | 1600 | 2075 | 2090 [37] | 0.2 | 0.2 | -- | -- |
1-epi-cubenol | 1612 | 1627 | 2087 | 2088 [32] | 0.4 | trace | -- | -- |
epi-α-cadinol | 1630 | 1638 | 2166 | 2169 [32] | 0.2 | 0.2 | -- | -- |
α-muurolol (torreyol) | 1633 | 1644 | 2171 | 2183 [32] | 0.2 | trace | -- | -- |
10-epi-γ-eudesmol | 1637 | 1622 | 2093 | 2105 [32] | 1.5 | 0.2 | -- | -- |
pogostol | 1641 | 1651 | 2182 | 2196 [38] | 2.5 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 0.1 |
α-eudesmol | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.8 | 0.3 |
5-neo-cedranol | 1679 | 1684 | 2191 | -- | 0.1 | 0.2 | -- | -- |
trans-pinocarveol | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.2 |
neral | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.5 |
nerol | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.2 |
Monoterpene hydrocarbons | 7.3 | 9.5 | -- | -- | ||||
Oxygenated monoterpenes | 3.3 | 4.5 | 73.5 | 73.6 | ||||
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons | 72.9 | 71.1 | -- | -- | ||||
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes | 13.4 | 10,0 | 1.9 | 1.3 | ||||
Total | 96.9 | 95.1 | 75.4 | 74.9 |
Enantiomers | LRI 1 | Enantiomeric Ratio | ee 2 (%) |
---|---|---|---|
(1R,5R)-(+)-α-pinene | 927 | 64.4 | 28.8 |
(1S,5S)-(−)-α-pinene | 928 | 35.6 | |
(1R,5R)-(+)-β-pinene | 953 | 11.1 | 77.8 |
(1S,5S)-(−)-β-pinene | 960 | 88.9 | |
(S)-(−)-limonene | 1052 | 59.2 | 18.4 |
(R)-(+)-limonene | 1067 | 40.8 | |
(1R,2S,6S,7S,8S)-(−)-α-copaene | 1663 | 53.0 | 6.0 |
(1S,2R,6R,7R,8R)-(+)-α-copaene | 1666 | 47.0 |
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Ramírez, J.; Andrade, M.D.; Vidari, G.; Gilardoni, G. Essential Oil and Major Non-Volatile Secondary Metabolites from the Leaves of Amazonian Piper subscutatum. Plants 2021, 10, 1168. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10061168
Ramírez J, Andrade MD, Vidari G, Gilardoni G. Essential Oil and Major Non-Volatile Secondary Metabolites from the Leaves of Amazonian Piper subscutatum. Plants. 2021; 10(6):1168. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10061168
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamírez, Jorge, María Daniela Andrade, Giovanni Vidari, and Gianluca Gilardoni. 2021. "Essential Oil and Major Non-Volatile Secondary Metabolites from the Leaves of Amazonian Piper subscutatum" Plants 10, no. 6: 1168. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10061168