Evaluating the Endophytic Activities of Beauveria bassiana on the Physiology, Growth, and Antioxidant Activities of Extracts of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Pathogenicity Assessment
2.2. Colonization of Tissues by Fungus
2.3. Effect of Fungus on Plant Height, Crown Size and Roots Length
Effect of Fungus on Fresh Weight and Dry Weight of the Root and Aerial Parts of Lettuce Plants
2.4. Effect of Fungus (Beauveria bassiana) on Antioxidant Capacity: Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC)
2.5. Effect of Beauveria bassiana on Tissue Analysis
2.5.1. Macronutrients
2.5.2. Micronutrients
2.6. Proximate Results
2.6.1. Protein
2.6.2. Fatty Acids
2.7. Chlorophyll
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Research Design
4.2. Plants Material
4.3. Fungus Preparation
4.4. Pathogenicity Against Myzus Persicae
4.5. Greenhouse Study
4.6. Antioxidants
4.6.1. Sample Material
4.6.2. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP)
4.6.3. Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC)
4.7. Tissue Nutrient Content Analysis
4.8. Proximate Analysis
4.8.1. Sample Preparation
4.8.2. Protein Analysis
4.8.3. Fatty Acid Analysis
4.9. Chlorophyll Content Analysis
Estimation of Chlorophyll Content
4.10. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatments | Mean ± SE Number of Dead Insects and (Abbott-Corrected Percentage Mortality) |
---|---|
Control | 0 ± 0 |
1 × 106 conidia mL−1 | 48 ± 0.50 |
1 × 107 conidia mL−1 | 66 ± 0.31 |
1× 108 conidia mL−1 | 78 ± 0.18 |
LC50 Fiducial limits (95% CI) | 1.2 × 106 conidia mL−1 1.1 × 106–1.6 × 106 conidia mL−1 |
Treatments | Roots Length (cm) | Plant Height (cm) | Crown Size (cm) |
---|---|---|---|
Control | 19.50 ± 0.54 a | 15.52 ± 0.10 a | 25.94 ± 0.19 a |
1 × 106 conidia mL−1 | 19.33 ± 0.47 a | 16.02 ± 0.12 b | 27.50 ± 0.27 bc |
1 × 107 conidia mL−1 | 20.10 ± 0.51 a | 16.02 ± 0.12 b | 26.96 ± 0.29 b |
1 × 108 conidia mL−1 | 20.33 ± 0.38 a | 16.04 ± 0.18 b | 28.14 ± 0.22 c |
Treatments | Roots Fresh Weight (g) | Plant Fresh Weight (g) | Roots Dry Weight(g) | Plant Dry Weight (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 23.57 ± 0.62 a | 58.70 ± 1.60 a | 3.18 ± 0.12 a | 4.24 ± 0.11 a |
1 × 106 conidia mL−1 | 23.12 ± 1.21 a | 61.70 ± 1.53 a | 3.30 ± 0.06 a | 4.49 ± 0.13 a |
1 × 107 conidia mL−1 | 20. 48 ± 1.00 a | 54.17 ± 2.26 a | 3.39 ± 0.11 a | 4.61 ± 0.11 a |
1 × 108 conidia mL−1 | 21.28 ± 0.95 a | 57.65 ± 2.43 a | 3.32 ± 0.10 a | 4.49 ± 0.18 a |
Treatments | Frap (µmol AAE/g) Mean ± SE | TEAC (µmol TE/g) Mean ± SE |
---|---|---|
Control | 86.13 ± 6.35 a | 88.92 ± 7.02 a |
1 × 106 conidia mL−1 | 46.15 ± 3.61 b | 32.17 ± 6.43 b |
1 × 107 conidia mL−1 | 55.81 ± 13.15 b | 43.14 ± 4.40 b |
1 × 108 conidia mL−1 | 89.43 ± 9.10 a | 97.97 ± 5.30 a |
Treatments | C | N | P | K | Ca | Mg | Na |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 407.36 ± 0.41 a | 20.90 ± 0.60 a | 4.10 ± 0.60 a | 55.33 ± 0.33 a | 10.10 ± 0.45 a | 4.27 ± 0.15 a | 2.43 ± 0.14 a |
1 × 106 conidia mL−1 | 365.50 ± 3.36 b | 21.37 ± 0.75 a | 4.67 ± 0.38 a | 60.00 ± 4.16 a | 11.67 ± 0.88 a | 5.27 ± 0.56 a | 2.58 ± 0.19 a |
1 × 107 conidia mL−1 | 363.13 ± 1.48 b | 22.13 ± 0.47 a | 4.53 ± 0.18 a | 60.67 ± 0.67 a | 10.33 ± 0.33 a | 5.20 ± 0.23 a | 2.42 ± 0.04 a |
1 × 108 conidia mL−1 | 396.33 ± 6.55 a | 21.20 ± 0.81 a | 4.60 ± 0.30 a | 58.33 ± 2.73 a | 10.03 ± 0.48 a | 4.63 ± 0.20 a | 2.44 ± 0.29 a |
Treatments | Mn | Fe | Cu | Zn | B |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 54.73 ± 5.25 a | 286.00 ± 17.47 a | 2.87 ± 0.33 a | 47.27 ± 7.13 a | 38.70 ± 1.29 a |
1 × 106 conidia mL−1 | 70.63 ± 7.58 ab | 439.33 ± 41.91 b | 5.00 ± 0.15 b | 39.77 ± 3.48 a | 45.43 ± 2.57 ab |
1 × 107 conidia mL−1 | 81.03 ± 4.39 b | 427.33 ± 2.85 b | 5.90 ± 0.26 b | 38.33 ± 4.99 a | 50.27 ± 1.01 b |
1 × 108 conidia mL−1 | 72.60 ± 1.99 ab | 464.67 ± 34.36 b | 3.57 ± 0.35 a | 36.10 ± 2.21 a | 46.27 ± 3.44 ab |
Treatments | Protein (g kg−1) Mean ± SE |
---|---|
Control | 27.87 ± 2.02 ab |
1 × 106 conidia mL−1 | 23.20 ± 1.19 a |
1 × 107 conidia mL−1 | 32.01 ± 2.25 ab |
1 × 108 conidia mL−1 | 34.06 ± 2.26 b |
Treatments | Palmitic Acid Mean ± SE | Linoleic Acid Mean ± SE | Linolenic Acid Mean ± SE | Total Fatty Acids Mean ± SE |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 366.67 ± 33.33 a | 266.67 ± 33.33 a | 933.33 ± 166.67 a | 1566.67 ± 233.33 a |
1 × 106 conidia mL−1 | 466.67 ± 166.67 a | 200.00 ± 0.00 a | 566.67 ± 33.33 a | 1233.33 ± 185.59 a |
1 × 107 conidia mL−1 | 300.00 ± 0.00 a | 200.00 ± 0.00 a | 733.33 ± 33.33 a | 1233.00 ± 33.33 a |
1 × 108 conidia mL−1 | 400.00 ± 0.00 a | 200.00 ± 0.00 a | 833.33 ± 33.33 a | 1433.33 ± 33.33 a |
Treatments | Total Chlorophyll | Chlorophyll a | Chlorophyll b |
---|---|---|---|
Control | 503.13 ± 36.73 a | 368.51 ± 28.31 a | 134.75 ± 8.45 a |
1 × 106 conidia mL−1 | 488.93 ± 6.71 a | 355.16 ± 5.15 a | 133.89 ± 1.56 a |
1 × 107 conidia mL−1 | 520.84 ± 25.97 a | 381.12 ± 17.63 a | 139.85 ± 8.38 a |
1 × 108 conidia mL−1 | 586.51 ± 31.21 a | 425.39 ± 22.37 a | 161.26 ± 8.82 a |
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Macuphe, N.; Oguntibeju, O.O.; Nchu, F. Evaluating the Endophytic Activities of Beauveria bassiana on the Physiology, Growth, and Antioxidant Activities of Extracts of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Plants 2021, 10, 1178. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10061178
Macuphe N, Oguntibeju OO, Nchu F. Evaluating the Endophytic Activities of Beauveria bassiana on the Physiology, Growth, and Antioxidant Activities of Extracts of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Plants. 2021; 10(6):1178. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10061178
Chicago/Turabian StyleMacuphe, Neo, Oluwafemi Omoniyi Oguntibeju, and Felix Nchu. 2021. "Evaluating the Endophytic Activities of Beauveria bassiana on the Physiology, Growth, and Antioxidant Activities of Extracts of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)" Plants 10, no. 6: 1178. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10061178