Integration of Ultrasound into the Development of Plant-Based Protein Hydrolysate and Its Bio-Stimulatory Effect for Growth of Wheat Grain Seedlings In Vivo
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Corn Processing By-Products and Their Analysis
2.2. CSL Ultrasound Pre-Treatment Procedure
2.3. Enzymatic Treatment of CSL
2.4. Extraction and Determination of Free Amino Acids
2.5. Biostimulatory Effect of CSL on Wheat Seed Treatment and Germination
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of CSL Ultrasonication on the Enzymatic Treatment
3.2. Influence of Ultrasonic Pre-Treatment for Enzymatic Hydrolysis of CSL on FAA Profile
3.3. The Impact of CSL Protein Hydrolysate Application on Wheat Grain Seedlings Germination
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Component | Concentrations |
---|---|
Dry matter (%) | 51.7 ± 0.29 |
Crude protein (%) | 44.4 ± 0.57 |
Starch (%) | 1.3 ± 0.02 |
V0 (g/L * min−1) | kM/(kAE0) | 1/(kAE0) | kM (g/L) | kA (min−1) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Traditional hydrolysis | 0.267 ± 0.01 a | 113.34 ± 0.27 a | 3.21 ± 0.07 a | 35.35 ± 0.91 a | 0.30 ± 0.005 a |
37 kHz pretreated hydrolysis | 0.367 ± 0.01 b | 57.63 ± 0.23 c | 2.45 ± 0.03 b | 23.50 ± 0.40 c | 0.39 ± 0.002 b |
850 kHz pretreated hydrolysis | 0.360 ± 0.01 b | 66.26 ± 0.34 b | 2.59 ± 0.04 b | 28.74 ± 0.38 b | 0.37 ± 0.004 b |
Free Amino Acid, g/100 mL CSL | CSL | CSL1 | CSL2 | CSL3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aspartic Acid | 0.04 ± 0.01 a | 0.09 ± 0.04 a | 0.12 ± 0.06 a | 0.11 ± 0.06 a |
Glutamic acid | 0.11 ± 0.11 a | 0.13 ± 0.02 a | 0.18 ± 0.04 a | 0.17 ± 0.03 a |
Serine | 0.28 ± 0.03 a | 0.43 ± 0.05 a | 0.59 ± 0.12 b | 0.55 ± 0.05 b |
Histidine | 0.04 ± 0.05 a | 0.03 ± 0.05 a | 0.04 ± 0.07 a | 0.04 ± 0.07 a |
Glycine | 0.19 ± 0.02 a | 0.24 ± 0.02 a | 0.33 ± 0.06 c | 0.31 ± 0.01 b |
Threonine | 0.25 ± 0.01 a | 0.39 ± 0.05 a | 0.51 ± 0.11 c | 0.52 ± 0.05 b |
Arginine | 0.01 ± 0.02 a | 0.06 ± 0.06 a | 0.09 ± 0.09 a | 0.09 ± 0.08 a |
Alanine | 1.39 ± 0.02 a | 1.84 ± 0.32 a | 2.58 ± 0.60 c | 2.41 ± 0.37 b |
Tyrosine | 0.02 ± 0.01 a | 0.07 ± 0.05 a | 0.09 ± 0.07 a | 0.09 ± 0.07 a |
Cysteine | 0.21 ± 0.03 a | 0.32 ± 0.03 b | 0.49 ± 0.04 c | 0.50 ± 0.04 c |
Valine | 0.34 ± 0.11 a | 0.62 ± 0.02 b | 0.89 ± 0.12 c | 0.83 ± 0.04 c |
Methionine | 0.32 ± 0.08 a | 0.45 ± 0.05 a | 0.62 ± 0.20 a | 0.61 ± 0.14 a |
Tryptophan | 0.39 ± 0.06 a | 0.68 ± 0.09 b | 0.98 ± 0.17 c | 0.95 ± 0.04 c |
Phenylalanine | 0.27 ± 0.02 a | 0.47 ± 0.20 a | 0.67 ± 0.16 b | 0.63 ± 0.10 b |
Isoleucine | 0.91 ± 0.16 a | 1.36 ± 0.20 a | 1.96 ± 0.42 b | 1.89 ± 0.22 b |
Leucine | 0.03 ± 0.05 a | 0.07 ± 0.04 a | 0.10 ± 0.06 a | 0.10 ± 0.06 a |
Lysine | 0.06 ± 0.08 a | 0.12 ± 0.14 a | 0.15 ± 0.22 a | 0.15 ± 0.21 a |
Proline | 0.82 ± 0.60 a | 1.99 ± 0.60 b | 2.46 ± 0.63 c | 2.23 ± 1.03 b |
Total FAA | 5.67 ± 0.19 a | 9.34 ± 1.21 a | 12.87 ± 1.40 b | 12.18 ± 2.32 b |
GP (%) | Root Length (cm) | Stem Length (cm) | Root Fresh Wt. (g) | Root Dry Wt. (g) | Stem Fresh Wt. (g) | Stem Dry Wt. (g) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 85.3 ± 0.58 a | 8.48 ± 0.52 a | 5.38 ± 0.49 a | 0.0115 ± 0.0002 a | 0.0558 ± 0.0005 a | 0.0053 ± 0.0005 a | 0.0055 ± 0.0027 a |
CSL | 93.3 ± 1.15 b | 8.77 ± 0.69 a,b | 6.04 ± 0.74 a | 0.0165 ± 0.0004 b | 0.0650 ± 0.0004 a | 0.0066 ± 0.0006 b | 0.0063 ± 0.0004 a |
CSL1 | 90.7± 0.58 b | 9.76 ± 0.54 b,c | 6.32 ± 0.65 a | 0.0180 ± 0.0015 b,c | 0.0690 ± 0.0015 a,b | 0.0078 ± 0.00212 | 0.0068 ± 0.0002 a |
CSL2 | 95.7± 0.58 c | 11.03 ± 0.47 c | 7.20 ± 1.22 a | 0.0195 ± 0.0005 c | 0.0732 ± 0.0002 b | 0.0083 ± 0.0004 c | 0.0071 ± 0.0002 b |
CSL3 | 92.3± 0.58 b | 10.14 ± 0.29 c | 6.90 ± 0.52 a | 0.0190 ± 0.0020 c | 0.0705 ± 0.0003 c | 0.0081 ± 0.0002 c | 0.0069 ± 0.0001 b |
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Trakselyte-Rupsiene, K.; Juodeikiene, G.; Cernauskas, D.; Bartkiene, E.; Klupsaite, D.; Zadeike, D.; Bendoraitiene, J.; Damasius, J.; Ignatavicius, J.; Sikorskaite-Gudziuniene, S. Integration of Ultrasound into the Development of Plant-Based Protein Hydrolysate and Its Bio-Stimulatory Effect for Growth of Wheat Grain Seedlings In Vivo. Plants 2021, 10, 1319. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10071319
Trakselyte-Rupsiene K, Juodeikiene G, Cernauskas D, Bartkiene E, Klupsaite D, Zadeike D, Bendoraitiene J, Damasius J, Ignatavicius J, Sikorskaite-Gudziuniene S. Integration of Ultrasound into the Development of Plant-Based Protein Hydrolysate and Its Bio-Stimulatory Effect for Growth of Wheat Grain Seedlings In Vivo. Plants. 2021; 10(7):1319. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10071319
Chicago/Turabian StyleTrakselyte-Rupsiene, Karolina, Grazina Juodeikiene, Darius Cernauskas, Elena Bartkiene, Dovile Klupsaite, Daiva Zadeike, Joana Bendoraitiene, Jonas Damasius, Jonas Ignatavicius, and Sidona Sikorskaite-Gudziuniene. 2021. "Integration of Ultrasound into the Development of Plant-Based Protein Hydrolysate and Its Bio-Stimulatory Effect for Growth of Wheat Grain Seedlings In Vivo" Plants 10, no. 7: 1319. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10071319