Phytochemicals and In Vitro Bioactivities of Aqueous Ethanolic Extracts from Common Vegetables in Thai Food
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Phytochemical Analyses
2.2. Antioxidant Activities
2.3. Enzyme- and Non-Enzyme Inhibitory Activities
2.4. Correlation by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA)
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Sample Collection, Preparation, and Extraction
4.2. Determination of Phenolics Profile and Total Phenolic Contents
4.3. Determination of Antioxidant Activities
4.4. Determination of Enzyme and Non-Enzyme Inhibitory Activities Using Spectrophotometric Techniques
4.5. Principal Component Analysis, Hierarchical Cluster Analysis, and Data Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ACE | Angiotensin-converting enzyme |
AChE | Acetylcholinesterase |
AD | Alzheimer’s disease |
BACE-1 | β-secretase |
BChE | Butyrylcholinesterase |
DPPH | 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl |
DW | Dry weight |
FRAP | Ferric reducing antioxidant power |
HCA | Hierarchical cluster analysis |
MG | Methylglyoxal |
NCDs | Non-communicable diseases |
ORAC | Oxygen radical absorbance capacity |
PCA | Principal component analysis |
TPCs | Total phenolic contents |
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Samples | Flavonoids (mg/100 g DW) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quercetin | Kaempferol | Hesperidin | Luteolin | Apigenin | Delphinidin | Cyanidin | |
A. cepa | 63.34 ± 1.01 b | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 13.35 ± 1.07 |
A. fistulosum | ND | 47.97 ± 0.97 a | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
A. sativum | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Ci. hystrix | 25.52 ± 0.36 c | ND | 453.47 ± 2.28 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Co. sativum | 166.16 ± 1.20 a | 4.44 ± 0.03 c | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Cy. citratus | ND | ND | ND | 4.57 ± 0.10 | ND | ND | ND |
E. foetidum | ND | 22.09 ± 2.91 b | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
P. tetragonolobus | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 15.77 ± 0.59 | 43.02 ± 0.87 * |
Se. pennata | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.46 ± 0.10 | ND | ND |
So. melongena | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Samples | Phenolic Acids (mg/100 g DW) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid | Vanillic Acid | Caffeic Acid | p-Coumaric Acid | Ferulic Acid | |
A. cepa | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
A. fistulosum | ND | ND | ND | 7.12 ± 0.16 b | 23.13 ± 0.12 b |
A. sativum | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Ci. hystrix | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Co. sativum | ND | 3.73 ± 0.04 | 23.81 ± 0.50 c | 5.20 ± 0.06 c | ND |
Cy. citratus | ND | ND | 15.65 ± 0.28 d | 68.13 ± 1.09 a | 123.34 ± 2.82 a |
E. foetidum | ND | ND | 52.69 ± 8.33 b | 2.63 ± 0.24 e | 1.77 ± 0.01 c |
P. tetragonolobus | 10.80 ± 2.79 | 15.71 ± 0.02 * | 16.13 ± 5.37 d | 3.85 ± 0.44 d | ND |
Se. pennata | ND | ND | 14.92 ± 0.09 d | ND | ND |
So. melongena | ND | ND | 246.99 ± 10.55 a | 2.16 ± 0.04 e | ND |
Sample | Total Phenolic Contents (mg GAE/g DW) | Antioxidant Activities (μmol TE/g DW) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay | FRAP Assay | ORAC Assay | ||
A. cepa | 3.76 ± 0.07 f | 5.90 ± 0.17 f | 5.10 ± 0.05 i | 15.12 ± 0.46 g |
A. fistulosum | 5.91 ± 0.11 e | 6.14 ± 0.25 f | 18.32 ± 0.08 g | 223.83 ± 11.46 c |
A. sativum | 1.23 ± 0.02 i | 1.77 ± 0.01 g | 3.25 ± 0.08 j | 80.14 ± 1.51 f |
Ci. hystrix | 12.98 ± 0.15 b | 6.14 ± 0.06 f | 38.12 ± 0.43 e | 418.32 ± 0.77 a |
Co. sativum | 2.68 ± 0.07 h | 9.12 ± 0.14 e | 16.46 ± 0.29 h | 87.46 ± 3.96 f |
Cy. citratus | 9.49 ± 0.28 d | 6.23 ± 0.51 f | 43.21 ± 1.62 c | 119.91 ± 4.00 e |
E. foetidum | 4.15 ± 0.08 g | 16.46 ± 0.35 c | 27.39 ± 1.65 f | 199.99 ± 8.64 d |
P. tetragonolobus | 5.41 ± 0.20 e | 21.58 ± 0.88 b | 40.92 ± 1.38 d | 211.83 ± 3.89 cd |
Se. pennata | 15.33 ± 0.64 a | 33.06 ± 1.07 a | 62.33 ± 1.97 a | 266.11 ± 9.93 b |
So. melongena | 10.07 ± 0.21 c | 12.07 ± 0.36 d | 57.15 ± 0.32 b | 415.92 ± 18.78 a |
Samples | Enzyme Inhibitory Activities (%Inhibition) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lipase | α-Amylase | α-Glucosidase | ACE | AChE | BChE | BACE-1 | |
A. cepa | 12.86±0.37 h | 19.16±0.38 d | 8.09 ± 0.38 h | 91.31 ± 1.43 a | 8.32 ± 0.30 g | 8.44 ± 0.07 g | 35.22 ± 2.11 b |
A. fistulosum | 33.76±0.21 f | 15.02±0.41 e | 40.82 ± 0.66 b | 60.01 ± 1.79 e | 21.31 ± 0.66 cd | 17.34 ± 1.16 f | 39.14 ± 1.04 a |
A. sativum | 46.44±1.43 c | 4.11±0.30 i | ND | 76.15 ± 1.39 c | ND | 8.55 ± 0.20 g | ND |
Ci. hystrix | 61.16±1.33 a | 26.62±0.32 c | 33.76 ± 1.60 d | 91.71 ± 2.11 a | 29.09 ± 1.07 b | 52.61 ± 1.60 a | 24.76 ± 1.44 e |
Co. sativum | 55.76±1.40 b | 58.43±0.56 a | 18.55 ± 0.57 g | 70.66 ± 2.34 d | 22.34 ± 0.74 c | 40.09 ± 1.06 b | 28.00 ± 0.49 d |
Cy. citratus | 39.15±2.29 e | 4.93±0.01 hi | 29.57 ± 0.44 f | 68.80 ± 0.74 d | 12.40 ± 0.70 f | 22.70 ± 0.35 e | 12.46 ± 1.28 h |
E. foetidum | 43.28±0.85 d | 31.22±1.21 b | 38.36 ± 0.96 c | 68.53 ± 0.88 d | 58.57 ± 0.51 a | 32.85 ± 0.47 c | 20.39 ± 1.15 f |
P. tetragonolobus | 39.15±2.29 e | 10.51±0.96 f | 64.03 ± 1.30 a | 76.80 ± 3.58 c | 28.18 ± 1.30 b | 23.63 ± 1.24 e | 30.98 ± 1.41 c |
Se. pennata | 44.95±0.66 cd | 5.16±0.09 h | 19.78 ± 0.54 g | 87.29 ± 1.28 b | 20.22 ± 1.13 d | 28.12 ± 1.20 d | 36.39 ± 0.79 b |
So. melongena | 20.85±0.52 g | 7.66±0.33 g | 32.03 ± 1.27 e | 50.35 ± 1.17 f | 16.59 ± 0.13 e | 3.65 ± 0.15 h | 15.53 ± 0.21 g |
Samples | Anti-Glycation Reaction (%Inhibition) | |
---|---|---|
D-Glucose Induction | Methylglyoxal Induction | |
A. cepa | 21.26 ± 1.78 f | 5.09 ± 0.04 i |
A. fistulosum | 40.06 ± 1.11 e | 29.83 ± 2.03 h |
A. sativum | 10.63 ± 0.45 g | 5.17 ± 1.18 i |
Ci. hystrix | 52.30 ± 1.85 d | 63.79 ± 0.48 c |
Co. sativum | 65.61 ± 0.73 b | 57.63 ± 0.65 b |
Cy. citratus | 39.82 ± 0.65 e | 39.85 ± 1.73 g |
E. foetidum | 61.40 ± 1.61 c | 50.53 ± 0.24 e |
P. tetragonolobus | 50.96 ± 0.52 d | 53.13 ± 1.24 d |
Se. pennata | 74.55 ± 0.71 a | 81.54 ± 2.68 a |
So. melongena | 51.87 ± 1.06 d | 47.21 ± 0.69 f |
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Suttisansanee, U.; Thiyajai, P.; Chalermchaiwat, P.; Wongwathanarat, K.; Pruesapan, K.; Charoenkiatkul, S.; Temviriyanukul, P. Phytochemicals and In Vitro Bioactivities of Aqueous Ethanolic Extracts from Common Vegetables in Thai Food. Plants 2021, 10, 1563. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10081563
Suttisansanee U, Thiyajai P, Chalermchaiwat P, Wongwathanarat K, Pruesapan K, Charoenkiatkul S, Temviriyanukul P. Phytochemicals and In Vitro Bioactivities of Aqueous Ethanolic Extracts from Common Vegetables in Thai Food. Plants. 2021; 10(8):1563. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10081563
Chicago/Turabian StyleSuttisansanee, Uthaiwan, Parunya Thiyajai, Parisut Chalermchaiwat, Khanitha Wongwathanarat, Kanchana Pruesapan, Somsri Charoenkiatkul, and Piya Temviriyanukul. 2021. "Phytochemicals and In Vitro Bioactivities of Aqueous Ethanolic Extracts from Common Vegetables in Thai Food" Plants 10, no. 8: 1563. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10081563