Engineered Nanomaterials in Soil: Their Impact on Soil Microbiome and Plant Health
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Nanomaterials a Brief Introduction
2.1. Approaches for Nanomaterial Synthesis
2.2. Top-Down Approaches for the Synthesis of Nanoparticles
2.3. Bottom-Up Approaches for the Synthesis of Nanoparticles
2.3.1. Physical Methods for the Synthesis of Nanoparticles
2.3.2. Chemical Methods for the Synthesis of Nanoparticles
Sol–Gel Method
Microemulsion Method
Hydrothermal Method
Polyol Method
3. Plant and Soil Microbiome
4. ENMs in Soil, Their Release Routes, and Fate
5. Role of Nanomaterial in Plant Health and Microbiome
5.1. Direct Effect of ENMs on Plants
5.2. Influence of ENMs on Plant Microbiome and Soil Microbiome
6. Effect of ENMs on Microbes Mediated Processes and Nutrient Cycle
7. Activity of ENMs against Plant Pathogens
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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S.No. | Nanomaterial | Tested Organism | Dose | Outcome | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Direct Plan-Nanomaterial interaction | |||||
Inhibitory Effect | |||||
1 | MWNCTs | Rice | 50–500 mg/kg soil | Phytohormone induction | [197] |
2 | Ag & MWNCT | Zucchini | 100–500 mg/L | Growth Inhibition | [198] |
3 | Ag | Ryegrass and Flax | 40 mg/L | Decreased germination | [199] |
4 | Ag | Barley | 1.5 g/L | Decreased germination | [177] |
5 | ZnO | Arabidopsis thaliana | 200–300 mg/L | Decreased Chlorophyll Content | [200] |
Growth Promoting effect | |||||
6 | TiO2 | Soybean | 100–300 mg/kg soil | Enhanced Photosynthesis | [201] |
7 | Ag | Rice | 5 and 10 ppm | Enhanced Seed Germination | [202] |
8 | ZnO | Tomato | 8 mg/L | Enhanced Photosynthesis | [180] |
9 | Ce | Arabidopsis thaliana | 500 mg/L | Increased C assimilation | [203] |
Effect on Plant microbiome and Microbes mediated Biogeochemical cycling | |||||
10 | Ag | N2 fixers and Methane oxidizers | 1 mg/kg soil | Decreased population | [204] |
11 | TiO2 | Rhizospheric bacteria | 100 µg/ml | Decreased Growth | [168] |
12 | MWCNTs | N2-fixers | 100 µg/kg Soil | Increased N2-fixation and Plant biomass | [205] |
13 | CuO | Denitrifiers and Nitrifiers | 500 mg/kg | Inhibition | [206] |
14 | CeO2 | N2-fixers | 1 g/kg soil | Inhibition | [207] |
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Khan, S.T.; Adil, S.F.; Shaik, M.R.; Alkhathlan, H.Z.; Khan, M.; Khan, M. Engineered Nanomaterials in Soil: Their Impact on Soil Microbiome and Plant Health. Plants 2022, 11, 109. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11010109
Khan ST, Adil SF, Shaik MR, Alkhathlan HZ, Khan M, Khan M. Engineered Nanomaterials in Soil: Their Impact on Soil Microbiome and Plant Health. Plants. 2022; 11(1):109. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11010109
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhan, Shams Tabrez, Syed Farooq Adil, Mohammed Rafi Shaik, Hamad Z. Alkhathlan, Merajuddin Khan, and Mujeeb Khan. 2022. "Engineered Nanomaterials in Soil: Their Impact on Soil Microbiome and Plant Health" Plants 11, no. 1: 109. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11010109