Bulgarian Medicinal Extracts as Natural Inhibitors with Antiviral and Antibacterial Activity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
Plant Extracts | Concentrations | Diameter of the Inhibition Zones (mm) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B. subtilis | S. aureus | S. saprophyticus | E. coli 25,922 | E. coli 420 | ||
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. | 10 mg/mL | - | - | - | - | - |
20 mg/mL | 9 ± 0.7 | - | - | - | - | |
40 mg/mL | 11 ± 0.6 | 12 ± 0.7 | - | - | - | |
Hypericum perforatum | 10 mg/mL | - | - | - | - | - |
20 mg/mL | 9 ± 0.5 | - | - | - | ||
40 mg/mL | 10 ± 0 | 10 ± 0.5 | - | - | - |
Extract | Cytotoxicity (µg/mL) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HEp-2 | MDBK | HCT-8 | ||||
CC50 * Mean ± SD ** | MTC *** | CC50 * Mean ± SD ** | MTC *** | CC50 * Mean ± SD ** | MTC *** | |
A. hippocastani | 965.0 ± 21.7 | 400.0 | 1450.0 ± 33.4 | 1000.0 | 1420.0 ± 46.2 | 800.0 |
G. glabra | 1280.0 ± 34.3 | 550.0 | 1850.0 ± 45.2 | 1000.0 | 1820.0 ± 24.5 | 1000.0 |
O. basilicum | 1055.0 ± 16.6 | 550.0 | 1530.0 ± 29.7 | 1000.0 | 1300.0 ± 37.2 | 1000.0 |
A. sativum | 1320.0 ± 22.5 | 550.0 | 2200.0 ± 38.5 | 2000.0 | 1880.0 ± 55.7 | 1200.0 |
P. reptans | 1540.0 ± 36.2 | 1000.0 | 1890.0 ± 36.7 | 200.0 | 1880.0 ± 37.1 | 200.0 |
M. chamomilla | 920.0± 18.5 | 500.0 | 1300.0 ± 41.4 | 1000.0 | 1150.0 ± 44.6 | 1000.0 |
T. vulgaris | 1500.0 ± 21.8 | 1000.0 | 1500.0 ± 18.2 | 500.0 | 1100.0 ± 16.8 | 400.0 |
A. officinalis | 2030.0 ± 34.2 | 1000.0 | 2450.0 ± 38.9 | 2000.0 | 2300.0 ± 62.4 | 1500.0 |
R. canina | 1800.0 ± 26.3 | 1200.0 | 1700.0 ± 39.5 | 300.0 | 1600.0 ± 37.6 | 280.0 |
A. annua | 1990.0 ± 41.2 | 1000.0 | 1320.0 ± 22.2 | 350.0 | 1200.0 ± 20.1 | 320.0 |
S. nigra | 1440.0 ± 19.5 | 1000.0 | 2100.0 ± 47.1 | 1000.0 | 1900.0 ± 48.3 | 1000.0 |
H. perforatum | 1650.0 ± 28.3 | 1000.0 | 1320.0 ± 32.4 | 1000.0 | 1220.0 ± 28.5 | 1000.0 |
P. lanceolata | 1620.0 ± 23.5 | 1000.0 | 1980.0 ± 56.2 | 1000.0 | 1700.0 ± 46.2 | 1000.0 |
Extract | Antiviral Activity | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
HSV-1 (Victoria) | HCoV-OC43 | |||
IC50 * Mean ± SD ** (µg/mL) | SI *** | IC50 * Mean ± SD ** (µg/mL) | SI *** | |
A. hippocastani | 205.0 ± 7.4 | 7.1 | 380.0 ± 9.5 | 3.7 |
G. glabra | 272.0 ± 3.6 | 6.8 | 400.0 ± 12.5 | 4.5 |
O. basilicum | 340.0 ± 5.2 | 4.5 | - | - |
A. sativum | 260.0 ± 4.7 | 8.5 | 900.0 ± 18.5 | 2.1 |
P. reptans | - | - | 890.0 ± 17.3 | 2.1 |
M. chamomilla | 365.0 ± 6.2 | 3.6 | - | - |
T. vulgaris | 650.0 ± 8.3 | 2.3 | - | - |
S. nigra | - | - | 950.0 ± 32.7 | 2.0 |
Extract | Δlg | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
15 min | 60 min | 90 min | 120 min | |
A. hippocastani | 0 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
G. glabra | 0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
O. basilicum | 0 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
A. sativum | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
P. reptans | 0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
M. chamomilla | 0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
T. vulgaris | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.2 |
A. officinalis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
R. canina | 0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
A. annua | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S. nigra | 0.5 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
H. perforatum | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
P. lanceolata | 0 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
Extract | Δlg | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
15 min | 60 min | 90 min | 120 min | |
A. hippocastani | 0 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
G. glabra | 0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
O. basilicum | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
A. sativum | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
P. reptans | 0 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
M. chamomilla | 0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
T. vulgaris | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.7 |
A. officinalis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 |
R. canina | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 0.5 |
A. annua | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S. nigra | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
H. perforatum | 0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
P. lanceolata | 0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.7 |
Extract | Δlg | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
15 min | 30 min | 60 min | 90 min | 120 min | |
A. hippocastani | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.75 | 1.75 | 1.75 |
G. glabra | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.75 | 1.75 |
O. basilicum | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 |
A. sativum | 0.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
P. reptans | 1.75 | 1.75 | 1.75 | 1.75 | 1.75 |
M. chamomilla | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.75 | 1.75 | 1.75 |
T. vulgaris | 0.5 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 |
A. officinalis | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
R. canina | 1.25 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
A. annua | 0.75 | 0.75 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
S. nigra | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
H. perforatum | 1.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 |
P. lanceolata | 0.5 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 |
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Cells
4.2. Viruses
4.3. Bacterial Strains and Growth Conditions
4.4. Researched Plant Material
Production of Dry Extract
Plant Species | Area of the Collected Material | Biological Activities | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Plantago lanceolata (ribwort plantain) | | Stem | Used to treat wounds and inflammation; in diseases of the skin, respiratory organs, digestive system, reproduction, blood circulation; analgesic, antitumor, antioxidant, immunomodulatory activity. | [57,58] |
Matricaria chamomilla L. (chamomile) | | Flower | Antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant activity; mosquito repellent and larvicidal effects. | [59,60] |
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (licorice) | | Root | Widely used for gastrointestinal problems (gastritis, peptic ulcers), cough, bronchitis, arthritis, respiratory infections, and tremors. Anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, antioxidant, antimalarial, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antidiabetic activity. | [61,62,63] |
Sambucus nigra (elderberry) | | Fruit | Anti-inflammatory, antiviral, immunomodulatory activity. | [49,50] |
Potentilla reptans (creeping cinquefoil) | | Stem | Antidiarrheal, anti-diabetic, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral activity. | [64] |
Ocimum basilicum (basil) | | Stem | Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anthelmintic, antibacterial, antiviral activity. | [65,66,67] |
Thymus vulgaris (thyme) | | Stem | Anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, anti-osteoporotic, antispasmodic, anthelmintic, gastroprotective, antitumor, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, immunoprotective activity. | [68,69,70,71] |
Artemisia annua (sweet wormwood) | | Stem | Anti-fever, antimalarial, antimicrobial, antiviral action. | [72,73] |
Rosa canina L. (rosehip) | | Fruit | Anit-osteoarthritis, anti-anxiety, anti-depression, analgesic, anti-diabetic, antihyperlipidemic, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, antimicrobial effect. | [74,75] |
Allium sativum (garlic) | | Bulb | In the prevention of infectious diseases, antiviral activity by inhibiting the entry of the virus, inhibition of viral RNA polymerase, reverse transcriptase, DNA synthesis; immunomodulatory activity. | [55] |
Althaea officinalis (white rose) | | Root | Cough suppressing, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory action. | [76,77] |
Aesculus hippocastani (horse chestnut) | | Seed | Vascular supporting, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, virucidal, antiviral (against HSV-1, VSV, RSV, Dengue virus) activity. | [51,78] |
Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort) | | Stem | Burn healing, anti-anxiety, mild to moderate anti-depression, neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, antimicrobial, antitumoral, wound-healing and pain relief effects. | [79,80] |
4.5. Disc Diffusion Assay
4.6. Cytotoxicity Assay
4.7. Antiviral Activity Assay
4.8. Virucidal Assay
4.9. Pre-Treatment of Healthy Cells
4.10. Effect on Viral Adsorption
4.11. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Extract | Δlg | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
15 min | 30 min | 60 min | 90 min | 120 min | |
A. hippocastani | 1.75 | 2.0 | 2.75 | 3.25 | 3.25 |
G. glabra | 0.25 | 0.5 | 1.25 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
O. basilicum | 2.5 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 3.25 | 3.25 |
A. sativum | 2.5 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 3.25 | 3.5 |
P. reptans | 2.5 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 3.25 | 3.5 |
M. chamomilla | 0.5 | 1.5 | 1.25 | 2.0 | 2.75 |
T. vulgaris | 0.5 | 1.75 | 2.25 | 3.0 | 3.5 |
A. officinalis | 1.75 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 3.25 | 3.25 |
R. canina | 1.75 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 3.0 |
A. annua | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 2.0 | 3.0 |
S. nigra | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
H. perforatum | 1.75 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 3.25 | 3.25 |
P. lanceolata | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
Extract | Δlg | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
15 min | 30 min | 45 min | 60 min | |
A. hippocastani | 5.0 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 6.0 |
G. glabra | 1.0 | 1.75 | 1.75 | 1.75 |
O. basilicum | 2.5 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 3.5 |
A. sativum | 1.25 | 1.25 | 2.0 | 2.25 |
P. reptans | 2.0 | 2.75 | 2.75 | 2.75 |
M. chamomilla | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 |
T. vulgaris | 1.5 | 1.75 | 1.75 | 1.75 |
A. officinalis | 1.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 |
R. canina | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 |
A. annua | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.75 | 1.75 |
S. nigra | 2.0 | 2.25 | 2.75 | 2.75 |
H. perforatum | 3.0 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 |
P. lanceolata | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.75 | 1.75 |
Extract | Δlg | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
15 min | 30 min | 60 min | 90 min | 120 min | |
A. hippocastani | 3.0 | 3.75 | 4.25 | 5.0 | 5.5 |
G. glabra | 1.5 | 1.75 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 |
O. basilicum | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.33 | 1.33 |
A. sativum | 2.0 | 2.25 | 2.25 | 2.5 | 3.0 |
P. reptans | 1.5 | 1.75 | 1.75 | 2.0 | 2.5 |
M. chamomilla | 1.5 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 |
T. vulgaris | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
A. officinalis | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
R. canina | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.75 | 1.75 | 1.75 |
A. annua | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
S. nigra | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 2.0 |
H. perforatum | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 1.75 | 1.75 |
P. lanceolata | 1.5 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 |
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Nikolova, I.; Paunova-Krasteva, T.; Petrova, Z.; Grozdanov, P.; Nikolova, N.; Tsonev, G.; Triantafyllidis, A.; Andreev, S.; Trepechova, M.; Milkova, V.; et al. Bulgarian Medicinal Extracts as Natural Inhibitors with Antiviral and Antibacterial Activity. Plants 2022, 11, 1666. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11131666
Nikolova I, Paunova-Krasteva T, Petrova Z, Grozdanov P, Nikolova N, Tsonev G, Triantafyllidis A, Andreev S, Trepechova M, Milkova V, et al. Bulgarian Medicinal Extracts as Natural Inhibitors with Antiviral and Antibacterial Activity. Plants. 2022; 11(13):1666. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11131666
Chicago/Turabian StyleNikolova, Ivanka, Tsvetelina Paunova-Krasteva, Zdravka Petrova, Petar Grozdanov, Nadya Nikolova, Georgi Tsonev, Alexandros Triantafyllidis, Stoyan Andreev, Madlena Trepechova, Viktoria Milkova, and et al. 2022. "Bulgarian Medicinal Extracts as Natural Inhibitors with Antiviral and Antibacterial Activity" Plants 11, no. 13: 1666. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11131666