Simultaneous Action of Silymarin and Dopamine Enhances Defense Mechanisms Related to Antioxidants, Polyamine Metabolic Enzymes, and Tolerance to Cadmium Stress in Phaseolus vulgaris
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Growing Conditions of the Plant Material
2.2. Evaluation of Growth and Yield Traits
2.3. Evaluation of Photosynthetic Efficiency
2.4. Determination of Leafy Relative Content of Water (RWC) and Contents of Osmo-Regulatory Compounds
2.5. Determination of Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Their Harmful Consequences for Cell Membranes
2.6. Evaluation of Cadmium (Cd), Silymarin (Sm), and Dopamine (DA)
2.7. Determination of Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Activities
2.8. Evaluation of Antioxidant Enzymes’ Activity
2.9. Evaluation of Polyamine Contents
2.10. Assaying for Polyamine Biosynthetic Enzymes and Polyamine Oxidase (PAO) Activities
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Sm (mg kg−1 DW) | DA (μg kg−1 DW) |
---|---|---|
Control | 11.1 ± 0.4 d | 18.7 ± 0.02 d |
DA (SP) + Sm (FS) | 28.9 ± 0.9 b | 18.8 ± 0.03 d |
Sm (SP) + DA (FS) | 15.7 ± 0.6 c | 18.7 ± 0.03 d |
Cadmium (Cd) | 15.8 ± 0.6 c | 29.4 ± 0.05 c |
Cd + DA (SP) + Sm (FS) | 36.2 ± 1.2 a | 36.1 ± 0.07 b |
Cd + Sm (SP) + DA (FS) | 28.4 ± 0.8 b | 45.2 ± 0.09 a |
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Abdulmajeed, A.M.; Alharbi, B.M.; Alharby, H.F.; Abualresh, A.M.; Badawy, G.A.; Semida, W.M.; Rady, M.M. Simultaneous Action of Silymarin and Dopamine Enhances Defense Mechanisms Related to Antioxidants, Polyamine Metabolic Enzymes, and Tolerance to Cadmium Stress in Phaseolus vulgaris. Plants 2022, 11, 3069. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11223069
Abdulmajeed AM, Alharbi BM, Alharby HF, Abualresh AM, Badawy GA, Semida WM, Rady MM. Simultaneous Action of Silymarin and Dopamine Enhances Defense Mechanisms Related to Antioxidants, Polyamine Metabolic Enzymes, and Tolerance to Cadmium Stress in Phaseolus vulgaris. Plants. 2022; 11(22):3069. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11223069
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdulmajeed, Awatif M., Basmah M. Alharbi, Hesham F. Alharby, Amani M. Abualresh, Ghada A. Badawy, Wael M. Semida, and Mostafa M. Rady. 2022. "Simultaneous Action of Silymarin and Dopamine Enhances Defense Mechanisms Related to Antioxidants, Polyamine Metabolic Enzymes, and Tolerance to Cadmium Stress in Phaseolus vulgaris" Plants 11, no. 22: 3069. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11223069