Novel Combination of the Biophysical, Nutritional, and Nutraceutical Properties in Subtropical Pigmented Maize Hybrids
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Biophysical Properties
2.2. Nutritional Properties
2.3. Nutraceutical Properties
2.4. Free and Bound Phenolic Acids and Antioxidant Capacity
2.5. Anthocyanin Content and Antioxidant Capacity
2.6. Total Carotenoid Content of Vitamaiz Hybrids
2.7. Comparison between Crosses
2.8. Association Analysis
3. Discussion
3.1. Physical Properties of Novel Hybrids
3.2. Nutraceuticals in Pigmented Maize
3.3. Effects of Genetic Background and Origin
3.4. Physical, Nutrimental, and Nutraceutical Associations
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Maize Germplasm and Hybrid Production
4.2. Measurement of Biophysical Properties
4.3. Nutrimental Analysis
4.4. Quantification of Total Soluble and Bound Phenolic Acids
4.5. Total Anthocyanin Quantification
4.6. Antioxidant Capacity Determination
4.7. Total Carotenoid Content Determination
4.8. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ID | Hybrid Cross | Genetic Source BC Parent | Yield Ton ha−1 | Test Weight kg/hL | TKW 1 g | FI % | Color | Kernel Dimensions (mm) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b | L | Thickness | Width | Length | |||||||
1 | Vm451 × Vm311 | CML451 (Y) | 8.3 | 78.5 | 400.1 | 3.0 | 10.9 | 42.6 | 3.5 | 9.1 | 12.6 |
2 | Vm496 × Vm311 | CML496 (Y) | 7.9 | 79.1 | 330.9 | 4.8 | 10.4 | 36.1 | 3.4 | 8.7 | 11.5 |
3 | Vm496 × Vm451 | CML451 (Y) | 8.1 | 79.8 | 328.3 | 1.7 | 13.5 | 51.7 | 3.0 | 9.0 | 11.1 |
4 | Vm492 × Vm451 | CML451 (Y) | 7.5 | 82.0 | 355.2 | 5.7 | 7.7 | 38.8 | 4.2 | 8.7 | 10.5 |
5 | MzDtp222 × Vm311 | CML311 (W) | 6.9 | 79.3 | 274.5 | 3.5 | 13.1 | 56.1 | 2.8 | 8.5 | 10.6 |
6 | MzDtp222 × Vm321 | CML321 (W) | 5.6 | 78.9 | 269.7 | 8.5 | 10.4 | 49.3 | 3.1 | 8.7 | 10.4 |
7 | MzDtp222 × Vm451 | CML451 (Y) | 8.2 | 80.0 | 336.7 | 4.3 | 13.7 | 47.0 | 3.2 | 8.7 | 11.4 |
8 | MzDtp411 × Vm311 | CML311 (W) | 6.7 | 80.4 | 333.3 | 2.2 | 10.5 | 47.7 | 3.4 | 8.9 | 11.1 |
9 | MzDtp411 × Vm321 | CML321 (W) | 6.0 | 78.3 | 302.8 | 11.3 | 10.7 | 45.4 | 3.1 | 9.2 | 10.7 |
10 | MzDtp413 × Vm451 | CML451 (Y) | 8.4 | 80.0 | 342.8 | 4.2 | 11.3 | 41.3 | 3.4 | 9.0 | 11.2 |
11 | MzDtp831 × Vm321 | CML321 (W) | 7.3 | 77.3 | 321.8 | 16.5 | 6.5 | 39.4 | 3.6 | 9.5 | 11.1 |
12 | MzDtp831 × Vm451 | CML451 (Y) | 8.2 | 78.8 | 347.4 | 18.0 | 12.3 | 47.1 | 3.8 | 9.0 | 11.3 |
13 | MzDtpY1212 × Vm451 | CML451 (Y) | 9.2 | 79.6 | 403.7 | 3.8 | 14.4 | 49.8 | 3.8 | 9.5 | 11.9 |
14 | MzLPSF86 × Vm311 | CML449 (W) | 7.2 | 78.5 | 340.5 | 10.5 | 9.1 | 41.0 | 3.0 | 9.5 | 11.3 |
15 | MzLPSF86 × Vm321 | CML321 (W) | 7.1 | 78.5 | 304.8 | 7.2 | 11.0 | 47.2 | 2.5 | 9.2 | 10.7 |
16 | MzLPSF86 × Vm451 | CML451 (Y) | 8.1 | 80.3 | 350.2 | 3.3 | 9.1 | 39.7 | 3.5 | 8.8 | 11.5 |
17 | VmLPSF103 × Vm451 | CML451 (Y) | 7.4 | 82.3 | 313.1 | 0.5 | 6.1 | 32.7 | 3.1 | 8.1 | 11.3 |
18 | Vm254 × Vm311 | CML311 (W) | 6.6 | 77.7 | 300.6 | 9.0 | 11.6 | 53.0 | 2.8 | 8.9 | 11.2 |
19 | Vm254 × Vm321 | CML321 (W) | 6.0 | 78.8 | 310.9 | 6.2 | 6.9 | 39.5 | 2.9 | 9.2 | 11.2 |
20 | Vm321 × Vm311 | CML321 (W) | 7.1 | 78.3 | 288.9 | 7.5 | 12.0 | 49.2 | 3.3 | 8.9 | 10.7 |
21 | Vm492 × Vm311 | CML311 (W) | 6.0 | 79.2 | 310.7 | 10.8 | 10.7 | 44.6 | 3.3 | 8.6 | 10.6 |
22 | Vm492 × Vm321 | CML321 (W) | 7.3 | 77.4 | 282.3 | 21.5 | 9.1 | 42.8 | 2.8 | 8.8 | 10.5 |
23 | Vm492 × Vm451 | CML451 (Y) | 7.2 | 80.9 | 372.7 | 5.3 | 8.5 | 37.1 | 4.3 | 8.5 | 11.3 |
24 | Vm311 × Vm321 | CML311 (W) | 6.4 | 76.4 | 299.6 | 17.0 | 7.6 | 39.9 | 3.0 | 8.9 | 10.8 |
25 | Vm311 × Vm451 | CML451 (Y) | 7.3 | 79.1 | 334.3 | 13.8 | 14.0 | 50.9 | 4.1 | 8.8 | 10.4 |
26 | Vm490 × Vm311 | CML311 (W) | 6.4 | 80.4 | 312.0 | 2.3 | 10.0 | 47.7 | 3.4 | 8.9 | 10.8 |
27 | Vm490 × Vm321 | CML321 (W) | 6.6 | 79.5 | 300.6 | 7.0 | 7.6 | 38.1 | 3.1 | 9.1 | 10.5 |
28 | Vm327 × Vm321 | CML496 (Y) | 7.1 | 76.1 | 309.7 | 34.7 | 12.1 | 43.5 | 3.1 | 9.0 | 10.3 |
29 | Vm327 × Vm451 | CML451 (Y) | 9.0 | 79.8 | 363.0 | 8.3 | 12.8 | 38.4 | 3.8 | 8.4 | 11.1 |
30 | Vm338 × Vm311 | CML338 (Y) | 7.3 | 75.5 | 318.7 | 16.3 | 15.7 | 50.3 | 3.0 | 9.4 | 11.2 |
Mean by Cross (C) | Blue × White | 6.6 | 79.4 | 347.1 | 8.5 | 11.5 | 43.1 | 3.54 | 8.9 | 11.2 | |
Blue × Yellow | 7.9 | 78.5 | 303.5 | 9.4 | 9.8 | 45.4 | 3.07 | 9.0 | 10.8 | ||
Cross (C) | ns | ** | *** | ns | ** | ns | *** | ns | ns | ||
Genotype (G) | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | ||
Genotype LSD (0.05) | 2.1 | 0.3 | 7.9 | 3.4 | 4.1 | 10.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | ||
Environment (E) | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ||
G×E | ns | *** | *** | * | *** | *** | *** | ns | ns | ||
Heritability | 0.71 | 0.76 | 0.88 | 0.45 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.26 | 0.12 | 0.16 |
ID | Hybrid Cross | Genetic Source BC Parent | Protein | Oil | CHOs 1 | Fiber | Ash |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
g/100 g of Dry Weight | |||||||
1 | Vm451 × Vm311 | CML451 (Y) | 10.0 | 3.9 | 60.3 | 1.3 | 1.1 |
2 | Vm496 × Vm311 | CML496 (Y) | 9.4 | 4.2 | 61.3 | 0.9 | 1.1 |
3 | Vm496 × Vm451 | CML451 (Y) | 9.7 | 4.4 | 59.7 | 1.1 | 1.0 |
4 | Vm492 × Vm451 | CML451 (Y) | 10.4 | 4.0 | 59.6 | 1.4 | 1.1 |
5 | MzDtp222 × Vm311 | CML311 (W) | 10.3 | 4.2 | 61.2 | 0.6 | 1.1 |
6 | MzDtp222 × Vm321 | CML321 (W) | 9.6 | 4.3 | 61.1 | 0.9 | 1.0 |
7 | MzDtp222 × Vm451 | CML451 (Y) | 9.4 | 4.3 | 60.2 | 1.1 | 1.0 |
8 | MzDtp411 × Vm311 | CML311 (W) | 9.8 | 4.5 | 60.3 | 0.8 | 1.1 |
9 | MzDtp411 × Vm321 | CML321 (W) | 9.5 | 4.6 | 60.3 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
10 | MzDtp413 × Vm451 | CML451 (Y) | 10.1 | 4.2 | 59.1 | 1.4 | 1.0 |
11 | MzDtp831 × Vm321 | CML321 (W) | 9.4 | 4.4 | 60.4 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
12 | MzDtp831 × Vm451 | CML451 (Y) | 10.0 | 4.3 | 59.7 | 1.3 | 1.1 |
13 | MzDtpY1212 × Vm451 | CML451 (Y) | 10.5 | 3.9 | 59.4 | 1.3 | 1.1 |
14 | MzLPSF86 × Vm311 | CML449 (W) | 9.4 | 4.3 | 61.6 | 0.8 | 1.1 |
15 | MzLPSF86 × Vm321 | CML321 (W) | 9.6 | 4.5 | 60.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
16 | MzLPSF86 × Vm451 | CML451 (Y) | 10.0 | 4.1 | 60.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 |
17 | VmLPSF103 × Vm451 | CML451 (Y) | 9.4 | 4.2 | 60.6 | 1.0 | 1.1 |
18 | Vm254 × Vm311 | CML311 (W) | 9.0 | 4.1 | 61.5 | 1.1 | 1.1 |
19 | Vm254 × Vm321 | CML321 (W) | 9.3 | 4.4 | 60.8 | 1.0 | 1.1 |
20 | Vm321 × Vm311 | CML321 (W) | 9.6 | 4.3 | 61.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
21 | Vm492 × Vm311 | CML311 (W) | 9.6 | 4.4 | 61.7 | 0.6 | 1.1 |
22 | Vm492 × Vm321 | CML321 (W) | 9.8 | 4.5 | 61.0 | 0.7 | 1.1 |
23 | Vm492 × Vm451 | CML451 (Y) | 9.9 | 4.1 | 60.6 | 1.0 | 1.1 |
24 | Vm311 × Vm321 | CML311 (W) | 9.4 | 4.1 | 62.0 | 0.9 | 1.0 |
25 | Vm311 × Vm451 | CML451 (Y) | 10.3 | 4.0 | 60.4 | 1.2 | 1.1 |
26 | Vm490 × Vm311 | CML311 (W) | 9.2 | 4.8 | 60.4 | 0.8 | 1.1 |
27 | Vm490 × Vm321 | CML321 (W) | 9.1 | 4.8 | 60.4 | 0.8 | 1.1 |
28 | Vm327 × Vm321 | CML496 (Y) | 9.9 | 3.5 | 60.4 | 1.6 | 1.0 |
29 | Vm327 × Vm451 | CML451 (Y) | 10.7 | 3.7 | 59.5 | 1.4 | 1.1 |
30 | Vm338 × Vm311 | CML338 (Y) | 10.0 | 4.6 | 60.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Cross Mean | Blue × White | 10.0 | 4.1 | 60.1 | 1.2 | 1.1 | |
Blue × Yellow | 9.5 | 4.4 | 60.9 | 0.9 | 1.1 | ||
Cross (C) | *** | *** | *** | *** | ns | ||
Genotype (G) | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | ||
Genotype LSD (0.05) | 2.1 | 0.3 | 7.9 | 4.1 | |||
Environment (E) | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ||
G × E | ** | ns | ns | ** | ns | ||
Heritability | 0.42 | 0.09 | 0.27 | 0.25 | 0.24 |
Trait | FPA | BPA | Nutraceutical | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AOX-FPA | AOX-BPA | AOX-Ant | Carotenoids | |||||||||
Biochemical | ||||||||||||
Oil | −0.311 | ** | ||||||||||
Protein | 0.403 | *** | ||||||||||
CHOs | −0.547 | *** | −0.260 | * | −0.526 | *** | −0.260 | * | −0.255 | * | ||
Fiber | 0.422 | *** | 0.262 | * | 0.448 | *** | 0.390 | ** | 0.355 | ** | ||
Ash | 0.372 | *** | −0.443 | *** | ||||||||
Physical | ||||||||||||
TW | 0.480 | *** | 0.387 | ** | 0.447 | *** | 0.432 | *** | ||||
TKW | 0.395 | ** | 0.358 | ** | −0.316 | ** | ||||||
FI | −0.277 | * | −0.291 | * | −0.340 | ** | 0.388 | ** | ||||
Length | 0.415 | *** | 0.358 | ** | 0.366 | ** | 0.488 | *** |
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Tiessen-Favier, A.; Escalante-Aburto, A.; Espinosa-Leal, C.; García-Lara, S. Novel Combination of the Biophysical, Nutritional, and Nutraceutical Properties in Subtropical Pigmented Maize Hybrids. Plants 2022, 11, 3221. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11233221
Tiessen-Favier A, Escalante-Aburto A, Espinosa-Leal C, García-Lara S. Novel Combination of the Biophysical, Nutritional, and Nutraceutical Properties in Subtropical Pigmented Maize Hybrids. Plants. 2022; 11(23):3221. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11233221
Chicago/Turabian StyleTiessen-Favier, Axel, Anayansi Escalante-Aburto, Claudia Espinosa-Leal, and Silverio García-Lara. 2022. "Novel Combination of the Biophysical, Nutritional, and Nutraceutical Properties in Subtropical Pigmented Maize Hybrids" Plants 11, no. 23: 3221. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11233221