Antioxidative and Immunomodulating Properties of Aronia melanocarpa Extract Rich in Anthocyanins
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Extracts
2.2. Chemiluminescent Activity of Investigated Compounds
2.3. Extracts’ Effect on DPPH-Scavenging Activity
2.4. In Vitro Tests Analyzing the Extracts’ Effect on Hemolysis of Rats
2.5. Cytoprotective Activity via In Vitro Experiments
2.6. Hematology Analysis of Rats’ Peripheral Blood
2.7. Leukocyte Phagocytic Activity Test
2.8. Study of Spontaneous and Activated Neutrophil Chemiluminescent Activity
2.9. Lipid Peroxidation Study
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Sampling
4.2. Aronia Extract Preparation
4.3. Anthocyanin Extract Preparation
4.4. Chemical Composition Analysis
4.5. Chromatographic Analysis of Anthocyanin Extract
4.6. Chemicals and Reagents
4.7. Antioxidant Activity and Biologically Active Substance Contents in Aronia Extracts
4.8. Rat Erythrocyte In Vitro Tests for Extracts’ Protective Activity on Osmotic and Peroxide Hemolysis Models
4.9. In Vitro Tests on the Lymphocyte Cell Line RPMI-1788
4.9.1. Determination of Cytoprotective Properties In Vitro
4.9.2. Cell Color Staining and Counting
4.10. In Vivo Tests
4.10.1. Hematological Studies
4.10.2. Functional State of Neutrophilic Granulocytes in Rats’ Blood
4.10.3. Lipid Peroxidation in Rats’ Blood
4.11. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Materials | pH | Total Sugars 1, mg Xy/g Extract | Total Flavonoids 2, mg Rut/g Extract | Total Anthocyanins, mg/g Extract |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aronia ethanol extract | 7.27 | 63.65 | 37.50 | 93.60 |
Cy-3-Gal Aronia | 3.93 | 0.125 | 15.35 | 917.31 |
Sample | Cyanidin-3-O-galactoside | Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside | Cyanidin-3-O-arabinozide | Cyanidin-3-O-xyloside |
---|---|---|---|---|
mg/g ext. | ||||
Aronia ethanol extract | 58.97 | 6.21 | 18.15 | 8.89 |
Cy-3-Gal Aronia | 735.33 | 12.58 | 115.22 | 31.33 |
Fraction | Output Relative to Anthocyanin Fraction | Major Molecular Mass Peak, [M-H] | Anthocyanins | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cyanidin-3-O-galactoside | Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside | Cyanidin-3-O-arabinozide | Cyanidin-3-O-xyloside | ||||
% | Anth. | Anth.HCl− | % | % | % | % | |
6–9 | 81.7 | 447 | 484 | 93.7 | 0.15 | 2.1 | 0.49 |
13–15 | 3.1 | 447 | 484 | 1.1 | 97.8 | 0.7 | 0.3 |
20–22 | 11.3 | 417 | 453 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 94.9 | 0.4 |
26–2 | 3.5 | 417 | 453 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 3.7 | 93.9 |
Sample | Individual Form, mg/g Dry ext. | Glycosidic Form, mg/g Dry ext. | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quercetin | Kaempfe-rol | Rhamnetin | Isorhamnetin | Dihydroquercetin | Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside | Hesperetin 7-O-rutinoside | Quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside | Quercetin-3-O-galactoside | Quercetin-3-O-glucoside | Dihydroquercetin hexoside | |
Aronia ethanol extract | 12.35 | 0.11 | 0.63 | - | 2.17 | 15.35 | 0.97 | 0.93 | 0.18 | 0.49 | 0.27 |
Cy-3-Gal Aronia | 3.235 | 0.029 | 0.371 | 0.023 | 1.153 | 7.973 | 0.69 | 0.067 | 0.036 | 0.075 | 0.115 |
Sample | EC50 1, mg/mL | ARP 2, mg/mL−1 |
---|---|---|
Cyanidin-3-O-galactoside | 0.221 | 4.534 |
Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside | 0.169 | 5.909 |
Cy-3-Gal Aronia | 0.154 | 6.484 |
Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (Rutin) | 0.089 | 11.170 |
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Bushmeleva, K.; Vyshtakalyuk, A.; Terenzhev, D.; Belov, T.; Nikitin, E.; Zobov, V. Antioxidative and Immunomodulating Properties of Aronia melanocarpa Extract Rich in Anthocyanins. Plants 2022, 11, 3333. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11233333
Bushmeleva K, Vyshtakalyuk A, Terenzhev D, Belov T, Nikitin E, Zobov V. Antioxidative and Immunomodulating Properties of Aronia melanocarpa Extract Rich in Anthocyanins. Plants. 2022; 11(23):3333. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11233333
Chicago/Turabian StyleBushmeleva, Kseniya, Alexandra Vyshtakalyuk, Dmitriy Terenzhev, Timur Belov, Evgeny Nikitin, and Vladimir Zobov. 2022. "Antioxidative and Immunomodulating Properties of Aronia melanocarpa Extract Rich in Anthocyanins" Plants 11, no. 23: 3333. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11233333