Analysis of the Orchidaceae Diversity in the Pululahua Reserve, Ecuador: Opportunities and Constraints as Regards the Biodiversity Conservation of the Cloud Mountain Forest
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Collection and Analysis
2.3. Diversity
2.4. Similarity and Dissimilarity
- Xij is the number of individuals of species i in location j,
- Xik is the number of individuals of species i in location k,
- and n is the total number of species.
2.5. Conservation of Orchids in Natural Settings Following the IUCN Scale
3. Results
3.1. Diversity of the Forest in the Chaupisacha and La Reventazón Sectors
3.2. Similarity between the Forests in the Chaupisacha and La Reventazón Sectors
3.3. State of Conservation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Chaupisacha | IUCN Status | Frequency |
---|---|---|
Acronia cordata (Ruiz & Pav.) Luer | - | 1 |
Acronia sp. | - | 2 |
Byrsella angulata (Rchb. f.) Luer | NT, VU | 2 |
Corymborkis flava (Sw.) Kuntze | - | 28 |
Cyclopogon sp. | - | 2 |
Cyrthochilium sp. | - | 2 |
Cyrtochilummeirax(Rchb. f.) Dalström | - | 1 |
Cyrtochilum serratum (Lindl.) Kraenzl. | - | 58 |
Cyrtochilum tricostatum Kraenzl. | - | 9 |
Dichaea morrisii Fawc. & Rendle | - | 13 |
Dracula felix (Luer) Luer | NT, VU, | 15 |
Elleanthuscapitatus(R. Br.) Cogn. | - | 6 |
Elleanthus gastroglottis Schltr. | - | 3 |
Epidendrum ornithoglossum Schltr. | CR, VU, | 7 |
Epidendrum embreei Dodson | - | 209 |
Epidendrum fimbriatum Vell. | - | 1 |
Epidendrum hymenodes Rchb. f. | - | 1 |
Epidendrum leucochilum Link, Klotzsch& Otto ex Klotzsch | - | 37 |
Epidendrum macroophorum Hágsater & Dodson | - | 7 |
Epidendrum porphyreum Lindl. | - | 18 |
Epidendrum sp. 1 | - | 1 |
Epidendrum sp. 2 | - | 2 |
Epidendrum sp. 3 | - | 1 |
Epidendrum sp. 4 | - | 4 |
Epidendrum sp. 5 | - | 22 |
Epidendrum sp. 6 | - | 3 |
Epidendrum sp. 7 | - | 2 |
Kefersteinia sanguinolenta Rchb. f. | - | 12 |
Malaxis sp1. | - | 6 |
Malaxis sp2. | - | 5 |
Maxillaria graminifolia (Kunth) Rchb. f. | - | 20 |
Maxillariella pardalina (Garay)M.A.Blanco & Carnevali | - | 24 |
Oncidium cimiciferum (Rchb. f.) Rchb. f. ex Lindl. | - | 3 |
Oncidium pentadactylon Lindl. | - | 17 |
Oncidium sp. 1 | - | 9 |
Oncidium sp. 2 | - | 11 |
Pelexia sp. | - | 6 |
Pleurothallis anceps Luer | - | 3 |
Pleurothallis restrepioides Lindl. | - | 1 |
Pleurothallis ruscifolia (Jacq.) R. Br. | - | 6 |
Pleurothallis sclerophylla Lindl. | - | 1 |
Pleurothallis sp. 1 | - | 17 |
Pleurothallis sp. 2 | - | 2 |
Pleurothallis sp. 3 | - | 1 |
Scelochilus luerae Dodson | VU, | 2 |
Stanhopea impressa Rolfe | - | 1 |
Stanhopea sp. | - | 9 |
Stelisvillosa (Knowles &Westc.) Pridgeon& M. W. Chase. | - | 5 |
Stelis argentata Lindl. | - | 30 |
Stelis columnaris Lindl. | - | 1 |
Stelis striolata Lindl. | -DD (EX), | 24 |
Sudamerlycaste fimbriata (Poepp. &Endl.) Archila | - | 19 |
Symphyglossumsanguineum(Rchb. f.) Schltr. | - | 4 |
Trichopilia fragrans (Lindl.) Rchb. f. | - | 77 |
Xylobiumleontoglossum(Rchb. f.) Rolfe | - | 149 |
TOTAL | 922 |
Appendix B
La Reventazón | UICN Status | Frequency |
---|---|---|
Aa sp. | 6 | |
Acronia cordata (Ruiz & Pav.) Luer | - | 2 |
Anathallissclerophylla (Lindl.) Pridgeon& M.W. Chase | - | 343 |
Barbosella cucullata (Lindl.) Schltr. | - | 168 |
Buccella ventricosa (Schltr.) Luer | - | 11 |
Byrsella angulata (Rchb. f.) Luer | NT, VU | 18 |
Cyclopogon sp. | - | 1 |
Cyrtochilum cimiciferum (Rchb. f.) Dalström | - | 24 |
Cyrtochilum serratum (Lindl.) Kraenzl. | - | 184 |
Dichaea muricata (Sw.) Lindl. | - | 62 |
Dracula felix (Luer) Luer | NT, VU | 2 |
Elleanthuscapitatus (Poepp. & Endl.) Rchb. f. | - | 991 |
Elleanthus gastroglottis Schltr. | - | 188 |
Elleanthusmyrosmatis (Rchb. f.) Rchb. f. | - | 1293 |
Epidendrum aff. secundum Jacq. | - | 3 |
Epidendrum aff. sophronitoides F. Lehm. & Kraenzl. | - | 2 |
Epidendrumbrachystele Schltr. | NT | 1 |
Epidendrumcoryophorum (Kunth) Rchb. f. | - | 33 |
Epidendrumdiothonaeoides Schltr. | LC | 3 |
Epidendrumgeminiflorum Kunth | - | 6 |
Epidendrumjamiesonis Lindl. | - | 703 |
Epidendrummacroöphorum Hágsater & Dodson | - | 26 |
Epidendrumpolyanthogastrium Hágsater & Dodson | VU, | 4 |
Malaxis sp. | - | 3 |
Maxillaria aff. pardalina | - | 1 |
Maxillaria calantha Schltr. | - | 10 |
Maxillariella arbuscula (Lindl.) M.A.Blanco & Carnevali | - | 332 |
Maxillariella graminifolia (Kunth) M.A.Blanco & Carnevali | - | 158 |
Maxillariella pardalina (Garay) M.A.Blanco & Carnevali | - | 1108 |
Oncidium pentadactylon Lindl. | - | 4 |
Ornithidium aggregatum (Kunth) Rchb.f. | - | 601 |
Phragmipediumlindenii (Lindl.) Dressler & N.H. Williams | LC | 9 |
Pleurothallis macra Lindl. | LC | 3 |
Pleurothallis ruscifolia (Jacq.) R.Br. | - | 4 |
Pleurothallis pulchella (Kunth) Lindl. | - | 2664 |
Prosthecheapamplonensis (Rchb. f.) W.E. Higgins | - | 3 |
Restrepia guttulata Lindl. | LC | 2 |
Restrepiopsis tubulosa (Lindl.) Luer | - | 1 |
Sobralia sp. | - | 78 |
Stelis argentata Lindl. | - | 5 |
Stelis pusilla Kunth | - | 1 |
Stelisrestrepioides(Lindl.) Pridgeon&M.W.Chase | - | 80 |
Stelis sp. 1 | - | 25 |
Stelis sp. 2 | - | 11 |
Trichopilia fragrans (Lindl.) Rchb. f. | - | 4 |
Zootrophion hypodiscus (Rchb.f.) Luer | - | 15 |
TOTAL | 9196 |
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Parameter | Chaupisacha | La Reventazón |
---|---|---|
Plot surface (m2) | 10,000 | 10,000 |
No. orchid individuals | 922 | 9196 |
No. exclusive species | 41 | 32 |
No. shared species | 14 | |
Density (ind./100 m2) | 0.96 | 122 |
Simpson’s diversity (1 − λ) | 0.90 | 0.85 |
Shannon-Weaner (H′) * | 1.29 a | 1.02 b |
Equity (Pielou’s J′) | 0.78 | 0.61 |
Index | Index Value |
---|---|
Jaccard | 0.161 |
Euclidean distance | 1490 |
Mean Euclidean distance | 398 |
Bray-Curtis (dissimilarity) | 0.906 |
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Mites, M.; García-Mozo, H.; Galán, C.; Oña, E. Analysis of the Orchidaceae Diversity in the Pululahua Reserve, Ecuador: Opportunities and Constraints as Regards the Biodiversity Conservation of the Cloud Mountain Forest. Plants 2022, 11, 698. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11050698
Mites M, García-Mozo H, Galán C, Oña E. Analysis of the Orchidaceae Diversity in the Pululahua Reserve, Ecuador: Opportunities and Constraints as Regards the Biodiversity Conservation of the Cloud Mountain Forest. Plants. 2022; 11(5):698. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11050698
Chicago/Turabian StyleMites, Mariana, Herminia García-Mozo, Carmen Galán, and Edwin Oña. 2022. "Analysis of the Orchidaceae Diversity in the Pululahua Reserve, Ecuador: Opportunities and Constraints as Regards the Biodiversity Conservation of the Cloud Mountain Forest" Plants 11, no. 5: 698. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11050698
APA StyleMites, M., García-Mozo, H., Galán, C., & Oña, E. (2022). Analysis of the Orchidaceae Diversity in the Pululahua Reserve, Ecuador: Opportunities and Constraints as Regards the Biodiversity Conservation of the Cloud Mountain Forest. Plants, 11(5), 698. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11050698