Salt Stress Differentially Affects the Primary and Secondary Metabolism of Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) According to the Genotype, Fruit Part, and Salinity Level
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design
2.2. Fruit Sampling
2.3. Extraction of Sugars and Organic Acids
2.4. Extraction of Phenolics and Capsaicinoids
2.5. Chemicals
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Individual and Total Sugars
3.2. Individual and Total Organic Acids
3.3. Individual and Total Analyzed Phenolics
3.3.1. Identification of Individual Phenolics
3.3.2. Quantification of Individual Phenolics
3.3.3. Individual and Total Capsaicinoids
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cultivar/Fruit Part | Sugar | Treatment | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 20 mM NaCl | 40 mM NaCl | Significance | ||||||
‘Somborka’ | Pericarp | Sucrose | 5.53 ± 0.26 | a | 5.22 ± 0.25 | a | 4.96 ± 0.15 | a | NS |
Glucose | 7.13 ± 0.16 | a | 7.36 ± 0.63 | a | 6.02 ± 0.27 | a | NS | ||
Fructose | 6.77 ± 0.12 | a | 6.77 ± 0.51 | a | 5.88 ± 0.26 | a | NS | ||
Total sugars | 19.44 ± 0.55 | a | 19.35 ± 1.39 | a | 16.86 ± 0.69 | b | ** | ||
Placenta | Sucrose | 3.74 ± 0.55 | a | 4.85 ± 0.10 | a | 5.00 ± 0.17 | a | NS | |
Glucose | 5.07 ± 0.22 | a | 5.53 ± 0.12 | a | 2.82 ± 0.19 | b | *** | ||
Fructose | 5.69 ± 0.24 | a | 5.48 ± 0.84 | a | 3.48 ± 0.22 | b | *** | ||
Total sugars | 14.51 ± 1.01 | a | 15.87 ± 3.15 | a | 11.31 ± 0.54 | a | NS | ||
‘Novosadka’ | Pericarp | Sucrose | 4.50 ± 0.67 | a | 6.35 ± 0.14 | a | 5.56 ± 0.91 | a | NS |
Glucose | 10.44 ± 0.84 | a | 9.30 ± 0.40 | a | 8.60 ± 081 | a | NS | ||
Fructose | 9.14 ± 0.61 | a | 8.42 ± 0.41 | ab | 7.19 ± 0.34 | b | ** | ||
Total sugars | 24.09 ± 2.12 | a | 24.08 ± 2.26 | a | 21.37 ± 2.07 | a | NS | ||
Placenta | Sucrose | 9.12 ± 0.64 | a | 9.45 ± 0.21 | a | 8.36 ± 0.14 | a | NS | |
Glucose | 5.23 ± 0.22 | a | 4.51 ± 0.32 | a | 3.39 ± 0.19 | b | *** | ||
Fructose | 4.92 ± 0.17 | a | 4.44 ± 0.35 | a | 3.17 ± 0.08 | b | ** | ||
Total sugars | 19.28 ± 1.04 | a | 18.42 ± 2.79 | a | 14.92 ± 0.42 | b | *** | ||
‘Berenyi F1’ | Pericarp | Sucrose | 3.93 ± 0.28 | a | 3.73 ± 0.24 | a | 3.60 ± 0.24 | a | NS |
Glucose | 9.96 ± 0.21 | a | 7.57 ± 1.23 | b | 7.69 ± 1.53 | b | *** | ||
Fructose | 9.08 ± 0.16 | a | 9.65 ± 1.61 | a | 7.22 ± 1.41 | a | NS | ||
Total sugars | 22.97 ± 0.68 | a | 20.96 ± 3.09 | a | 18.52 ± 3.18 | a | NS | ||
Placenta | Sucrose | 6.82 ± 0.86 | a | 6.92 ± 0.91 | a | 6.97 ± 0.26 | a | NS | |
Glucose | 4.97 ± 0.48 | a | 3.87 ± 0.31 | b | 3.54 ± 0.21 | b | *** | ||
Fructose | 6.05 ± 1.54 | a | 3.77 ± 0.24 | b | 3.56 ± 0.24 | b | *** | ||
Total sugars | 17.85 ± 2.90 | a | 14.56 ± 1.47 | b | 14.07 ± 0.72 | b | *** | ||
‘Caro F1’ | Pericarp | Sucrose | 3.98 ± 0.69 | b | 6.07 ± 0.76 | b | 9.95 ± 0.77 | a | *** |
Glucose | 9.42 ± 0.77 | a | 10.48 ± 0.11 | a | 9.36 ± 0.43 | a | NS | ||
Fructose | 8.35 ± 0.71 | a | 9.44 ± 0.21 | a | 7.64 ± 0.49 | a | NS | ||
Total sugars | 21.75 ± 2.18 | a | 25.99 ± 1.08 | a | 26.95 ± 1.70 | a | NS | ||
Placenta | Sucrose | 1.13 ± 0.21 | a | 1.09 ± 0.09 | a | 1.21 ± 0.19 | a | NS | |
Glucose | 5.32 ± 0.31 | a | 4.41 ± 0.40 | a | 4.62 ± 0.14 | a | NS | ||
Fructose | 4.56 ± 0.33 | a | 3.76 ± 0.23 | b | 3.63 ± 0.04 | b | *** | ||
Total sugars | 11.01 ± 1.64 | a | 9.26 ± 1.73 | a | 9.46 ± 1.28 | a | NS |
Cultivar/Fruit Part | Organic Acid | Treatment | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 20 mM NaCl | 40 mM NaCl | Significance | ||||||
‘Somborka’ | Pericarp | Oxalic a. | 0.22 ± 0.01 | a | 0.17 ± 0.02 | a | 0.18 ± 0.01 | a | NS |
Citric a. | 0.52 ± 0.02 | b | 0.77 ± 0.29 | a | 1.28 ± 0.10 | a | *** | ||
Malic a. | 1.75 ± 0.09 | a | 1.84 ± 0.30 | a | 1.55 ± 0.08 | a | NS | ||
Qunic a. | 0.43 ± 0.05 | a | 0.84 ± 0.17 | a | 0.53 ± 0.10 | a | NS | ||
Succinic a. | 10.31 ± 0.14 | a | 10.51 ± 0.48 | a | 10.43 ± 0.01 | a | NS | ||
Fumaric a. | 0.021 ± 0.001 | a | 0.022 ± 0.002 | a | 0.017 ± 0.001 | a | NS | ||
Ascorbic a. | 3.06 ± 0.24 | b | 4.08 ± 0.29 | a | 4.72 ± 0.31 | a | *** | ||
Total acids | 16.33 ± 0.57 | b | 18.25 ± 0.15 | a | 18.72 ± 0.63 | a | *** | ||
Placenta | Oxalic a. | 0.35 ± 0.02 | a | 0.06 ± 0.06 | b | 0.17 ± 0.07 | b | ** | |
Citric a. | 1.11 ± 0.26 | a | 0.62 ± 0.07 | b | 0.68 ± 0.13 | b | *** | ||
Malic a. | 2.12 ± 0.14 | a | 2.25 ± 0.21 | a | 1.61 ± 0.28 | a | NS | ||
Qunic a. | 0.08 ± 0.13 | a | 0.37 ± 0.26 | a | 0.06 ± 0.26 | a | NS | ||
Succinic a. | 14.79 ± 0.26 | a | 12.98 ± 0.78 | b | 10.68 ± 1.07 | b | *** | ||
Fumaric a. | 0.023 ± 0.005 | a | 0.014 ± 0.003 | a | 0.012 ± 0.005 | a | NS | ||
Ascorbic a. | 0.11 ± 0.01 | a | 0.06 ± 0.01 | b | 0.04 ± 0.01 | b | *** | ||
Total acids | 18.39 ± 0.88 | a | 16.33 ± 1.45 | b | 13.28 ± 1.84 | b | *** | ||
‘Novosadka’ | Pericarp | Oxalic a. | 0.24 ± 0.02 | a | 0.20 ± 0.04 | a | 0.18 ± 0.01 | a | NS |
Citric a. | 0.89 ± 0.23 | a | 0.76 ± 0.21 | a | 1.05 ± 0.17 | a | NS | ||
Malic a. | 1.53 ± 0.29 | a | 1.68 ± 0.14 | a | 1.70 ± 0.12 | a | NS | ||
Qunic a. | 2.02 ± 1.31 | a | 0.84 ± 0.15 | a | 0.86 ± 0.15 | a | NS | ||
Succinic a. | 11.90 ± 0.48 | a | 10.92 ± 0.11 | b | 10.22 ± 0.20 | b | *** | ||
Fumaric a. | 0.028 ± 0.005 | a | 0.025 ± 0.005 | a | 0.023 ± 0.001 | a | NS | ||
Ascorbic a. | 6.34 ± 0.92 | a | 5.29 ± 0.80 | a | 5.61 ± 0.19 | a | NS | ||
Total acids | 22.97 ± 0.32 | a | 19.75 ± 1.47 | b | 19.66 ± 0.87 | b | *** | ||
Placenta | Oxalic a. | 0.40 ± 0.07 | a | 0.35 ± 0.01 | a | 0.23 ± 0.01 | a | NS | |
Citric a. | 1.33 ± 0.08 | a | 1.20 ± 0.27 | a | 1.06 ± 0.09 | a | NS | ||
Malic a. | 1.40 ± 0.17 | b | 1.71 ± 0.21 | a | 2.07 ± 0.14 | a | ** | ||
Qunic a. | N/D | N/D | N/D | ||||||
Succinic a. | 10.93 ± 0.59 | a | 11.48 ± 0.66 | a | 10.46 ± 0.35 | a | NS | ||
Fumaric a. | 0.023 ± 0.005 | a | 0.030 ± 0.011 | a | 0.022 ± 0.003 | a | NS | ||
Ascorbic a. | 0.41 ± 0.06 | a | 0.35 ± 0.04 | a | 0.54 ± 0.12 | a | NS | ||
Total acids | 14.49 ± 1.19 | a | 14.92 ± 1.38 | a | 14.41 ± 0.89 | a | NS | ||
‘Berenyi F1’ | Pericarp | Oxalic a. | 0.16 ± 0.02 | a | 0.10 ± 0.01 | b | 0.09 ± 0.01 | b | *** |
Citric a. | 1.62 ± 0.08 | a | 1.01 ± 0.04 | a | 1.56 ± 0.20 | a | NS | ||
Malic a. | 1.04 ± 0.01 | a | 1.27 ± 0.16 | a | 1.34 ± 0.23 | a | NS | ||
Qunic a. | 0.87 ± 0.04 | a | 0.73 ± 0.16 | a | 0.67 ± 0.17 | a | NS | ||
Succinic a. | 11.79 ± 0.28 | a | 10.45 ± 0.27 | a | 9.98 ± 0.81 | a | NS | ||
Fumaric a. | 0.046 ± 0.008 | a | 0.022 ± 0.001 | b | 0.014 ± 0.001 | b | *** | ||
Ascorbic a. | 5.93 ± 0.55 | a | 5.13 ± 0.89 | a | 4.48 ± 1.43 | a | NS | ||
Total acids | 21.47 ± 1.00 | a | 18.73 ± 1.55 | a | 18.17 ± 2.87 | a | NS | ||
Placenta | Oxalic a. | 0.26 ± 0.01 | a | 0.22 ± 0.02 | a | 0.48 ± 0.22 | a | NS | |
Citric a. | 1.58 ± 0.11 | a | 1.08 ± 0.10 | a | 1.53 ± 0.18 | a | NS | ||
Malic a. | 1.80 ± 0.04 | a | 1.64 ± 0.14 | a | 1.58 ± 0.20 | a | NS | ||
Qunic a. | 0.03 ± 0.00 | a | 0.15 ± 0.07 | a | 0.18 ± 0.10 | a | NS | ||
Succinic a. | 11.62 ± 0.08 | a | 11.61 ± 0.32 | a | 12.15 ± 0.32 | a | NS | ||
Fumaric a. | 0.022 ± 0.002 | a | 0.028 ± 0.005 | a | 0.022 ± 0.002 | a | NS | ||
Ascorbic a. | 0.39 ± 0.11 | a | 0.29 ± 0.06 | a | 0.30 ± 0.04 | a | NS | ||
Total acids | 15.73 ± 0.52 | a | 15.04 ± 0.74 | a | 16.26 ± 1.09 | a | NS | ||
‘Caro F1’ | Pericarp | Oxalic a. | 0.16 ± 0.02 | a | 0.09 ± 0.01 | b | 0.04 ± 0.01 | b | *** |
Citric a. | 1.54 ± 0.23 | a | 1.52 ± 0.15 | a | 2.08 ± 0.10 | a | NS | ||
Malic a. | 1.62 ± 0.52 | a | 1.31 ± 0.21 | a | 0.78 ± 0.12 | a | NS | ||
Qunic a. | 1.76 ± 0.61 | a | 0.66 ± 0.17 | a | 0.99 ± 0.30 | a | NS | ||
Succinic a. | 11.51 ± 0.17 | a | 9.71 ± 0.01 | b | 10.45 ± 0.04 | b | *** | ||
Fumaric a. | 0.033 ± 0.007 | a | 0.013 ± 0.001 | b | 0.012 ± 0.003 | b | ** | ||
Ascorbic a. | 5.66 ± 0.97 | a | 6.12 ± 0.79 | a | 4.40 ± 0.77 | a | NS | ||
Total acids | 22.30 ± 2.55 | a | 19.44 ± 1.37 | a | 18.77 ± 1.36 | a | NS | ||
Placenta | Oxalic a. | 0.34 ± 0.01 | a | 0.15 ± 0.08 | b | 0.15 ± 0.01 | b | *** | |
Citric a. | 1.41 ± 0.03 | a | 1.24 ± 0.36 | a | 2.22 ± 0.48 | a | NS | ||
Malic a. | 3.96 ± 0.09 | a | 2.17 ± 0.83 | b | 2.00 ± 0.23 | b | *** | ||
Qunic a. | 0.04 ± 0.02 | a | 0.28 ± 0.08 | a | 0.95 ± 0.29 | a | NS | ||
Succinic a. | 14.38 ± 0.37 | a | 10.34 ± 0.175 | b | 11.89 ± 0.53 | b | ** | ||
Fumaric a. | 0.063 ± 0.01 | a | 0.025 ± 0.012 | b | 0.034 ± 0.004 | b | *** | ||
Ascorbic a. | 0.54 ± 0.20 | a | 0.53 ± 0.14 | a | 0.42 ± 0.17 | a | NS | ||
Total acids | 20.75 ± 0.73 | a | 14.77 ± 3.27 | b | 17.70 ± 1.74 | b | *** |
Compound | Rt | [M-H]− | MS2 | MS3 | MS4 | Plant Tissue | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(min) | (m/z) | (m/z) | (m/z) | (m/z) | Pericarp | Placenta | Seeds | |
Coumaroylquinic acid derivative 1 | 7.39 | 391 | 216 (100), 173 (45), 111 (44), 191 (30), 129 (3) | × | × | |||
Tricin | 9.27 | 329 | 314 (100), 311 (43), 285 (17) | × | ||||
Caffeic acid hexoside 1 | 10.12 | 341 | 179 (100), 161 (26), 135 (4) | × | ||||
Caffeic acid hexoside 2 | 11.95 | 341 | 179 (100), 135 (4) | × | × | |||
p-Coumaroylquinic acid | 12.18 | 371 | 325 (100), 307 (80), 191 (61), 163 (46) | 163 (100) | × | |||
Caffeic acid hexoside derivative | 13.79 | 387 | 179 (100), 341 (69) | × | × | |||
Ferulic acid hexoside 1 | 14.07 | 355 | 193 (100), 217 (55), 175 (30) | 134 (100), 149 (52), 178 (22) | × | × | × | |
Ferulic acid hexoside 2 | 14.45 | 551 | 389 (100), 193 (43), 341 (15) | 341 (100), 193 (43) | 149 (100), 178 (57), 134 (30) | × | × | |
Chlorogenic acid | 15.35 | 353 | 293 (100) | 191 (100), 131 (55) | × | |||
Apigenin pentosyl hexoside 1 | 15.60 | 696 | 469 (100), 353 (40), 243 (30) | 325 (100), 353 (93), 243 (30) | × | × | ||
Caffeic acid hexoside 3 | 16.37 | 583 | 241 (100), 341 (40), 179 (1) | 179 (100), 161 (23) | × | |||
Apigenin pentosyl hexoside 2 | 17.03 | 563 | 443 (100), 473 (86), 383 (20), 353 (19) | 353 (100), 383 (14) | × | |||
Apigenin pentosyl hexoside 3 | 18.16 | 563 | 443 (100), 473 (53), 353 (13) | 353 (100), 383 (35) | 325 (100), 297 (30) | × | ||
Luteolin-8-C-hexoside 1 | 18.79 | 567 | 357 (100) | 209 (100) | × | × | × | |
Luteolin-8-C-hexoside 2 | 20.77 | 567 | 477 (100), 447 (96), 387 (88), 357 (79) | 357 (100), 387 (74) | 209 (100) | × | × | |
Kaempferol dihexoside | 21.16 | 427 | 397 (100), 257 (48), 241 (4) | 257 (100), 241 (8) | 97 (100), 231 (41), 151 (20) | × | ||
Quercetin rutinoside | 22.19 | 609 | 301 (100), 300 (11), 179 (2) | × | ||||
Quercetin rhamnoside | 22.88 | 447 | 301 (100), 300 (26), 179 (1) | × | × | |||
Kaempferol hexoside 1 | 22.99 | 349 | 241 (100), 151 (10) | × | ||||
Luteolin-7-O- hexoside | 23.05 | 665 | 621 (100) | 489 (100), 285 (56) | × | |||
Isorhamnetin rhamnoside | 24.76 | 461 | 314 (100), 315 (58) | 285 (100), 286 (67), 271 (66), 243 (20) | × | |||
Kaempferol hexoside 2 | 25.43 | 393 | 241 (100), 349 (61), 257 (49) | × |
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Zamljen, T.; Medic, A.; Hudina, M.; Veberic, R.; Slatnar, A. Salt Stress Differentially Affects the Primary and Secondary Metabolism of Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) According to the Genotype, Fruit Part, and Salinity Level. Plants 2022, 11, 853. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070853
Zamljen T, Medic A, Hudina M, Veberic R, Slatnar A. Salt Stress Differentially Affects the Primary and Secondary Metabolism of Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) According to the Genotype, Fruit Part, and Salinity Level. Plants. 2022; 11(7):853. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070853
Chicago/Turabian StyleZamljen, Tilen, Aljaz Medic, Metka Hudina, Robert Veberic, and Ana Slatnar. 2022. "Salt Stress Differentially Affects the Primary and Secondary Metabolism of Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) According to the Genotype, Fruit Part, and Salinity Level" Plants 11, no. 7: 853. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070853