Functional Differentiation of Floral Color and Scent in Gall Midge Pollination: A Study of a Schisandraceae Plant
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Plant Species | Plant Family | Gall Midges | Pollination Rewards | Flower Odor and Time | Visiting Time | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S. henryi | Schisandraceae | Resseliella sp. | Pollen | No odor (by human smell and GC-MS) | Daytime | [19,28] |
S. sphenanthera | Resseliella sp. | Brood site | Sweet odor day and night | Day and night for male flowers; day for female flowers | [30] | |
S. repanda | Resseliella sp. | Pollen | Sweet odor day and night | 04:00–12:00 for male flowers; 07:00–12:00 for female flowers | [19] | |
S. bicolor | Resseliella sp. | Pollen | Odor from 19:00–22:00, but no odor after 06:00 | 18:00–23:00 | [19] | |
K. longipedunculata | Megommata sp. | Pollen | Odor from 21:00–02:00 | 21:00–02:00 | [27] | |
K. coccinea | Resseliella sp. | Brood site | Strong odor during the first two nights | 19:00–04:00 | [25] | |
K. heteroclita | Resseliella sp. | Brood site | Strong odor during the first two nights | 22:30–04:00 | [25] | |
K. oblongifolia | Resseliella sp. | Brood site | Strong odor during the first two nights | 20:00–04:00 | [25] | |
I. floridanum | Micromya sp.; Clinodiplosis sp. | Nectar, possibly pollen | Odor like freshly caught fish or wine | All day, more at dusk | [17] | |
I. parviflorum | Clinodiplosis sp.; Giardomyia sp.; Lestodiplosis sp. | Nectar, possibly pollen | Faint sweet odor | All day, more at dusk | [18] | |
I. henryi | Resseliella sp. | Brood site, fungus mycelia | No odor detectable by human smell | All day, more at dusk | Du Unpub. data | |
I. dunnianum; I. tsangii | Clinodiplosis sp. | Brood site (flower heating) | No odor detectable by human smell | Mostly at night | [31] | |
I. lanceolatum; I. majus; I. oligandrum; I. petelotii; I. verum | Resseliella sp. | Brood site | Unknown | Unknown | [6] | |
Amborella trichopoda | Amborellaceae | Asphondylia sp. | Brood site (female flowers), pollen | Scent like licorice or feces | At night | [24] |
Siparuna sp. | Monimiaceae | Asynapta sp.; Clinodiplosis sp.; Dasineura sp. | Brood site (on male flowers) | Strong lemon scent | At night | [32,33,34] |
Piper novae-hollandiae | Piperaceae | Contarinia sp. | Brood site (on male inflorescence) | Sweet scent day and night | At night | [23] |
Aspidistra xuansonensis | Asparagaceae | Species of cecidomyiid | Brood site, pollen | No odor by human smell | 9:00–14:20 | [20] |
Artocarpus heterophyllus | Moraceae | Clinodiplosis ultracrepidata | Brood site (on male inflorescence), fungus mycelia | Primarily methyl 2-methylbutyrate, methyl isovalerate, and methyl tiglate | Unknown | [26] |
Artocarpus integer | Contarinia sp. | Brood site (on male inflorescence), fungus mycelia | Odor similar to ripe watermelon scent between 18:00–20:00 | Mostly at night | [29] | |
Theobroma cacao | Sterculiaceae | Clinodiplosis sp.; Mycodiplosis sp. | Liquid secreted by glandular trichomes on the ovary | No odor detectable via human smell | At night and early morning | [21,22] |
2. Results
2.1. Gall Midge Reaction to Floral Scent and Color
2.2. Visiting Preference for Male and Female Flowers in the Natural Community
3. Discussion
3.1. Floral Odor in Gall Midge Pollination
3.2. Floral Color in Gall Midge Pollination
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Species Studied
4.2. Y-Tube Olfactometer Tests
4.3. Flight Boxes and Behavioral Bioassays
4.4. Flower Visitor Field Observations
4.5. Statistical Analyses
5. Conclusion and Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | Flower | Light Field (n = 10 ) | P | Dark Field (n = 10 ) | P | Light Field with Flowers in Glass Vessels (n = 10 ) | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group 1 | Ym flower | 6.20 ± 1.36 | <0.001 † | 3.20 ± 0.44 | 0.67 | - | - |
Rm flower | 15.60 ± 2.22 | 2.90 ± 0.43 | - | ||||
Group 2 | Ym flower | 15.50 ± 2.38 | 0.004 | 2.70 ± 0.56 | 0.001 | 2.70 ± 0.54 | 0.90 † |
Yf flower | 7.70 ± 1.28 | 0.50 ± 0.22 | 2.60 ± 0.52 |
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Gan, S.-R.; Du, W.; Wang, X.-F. Functional Differentiation of Floral Color and Scent in Gall Midge Pollination: A Study of a Schisandraceae Plant. Plants 2022, 11, 974. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070974
Gan S-R, Du W, Wang X-F. Functional Differentiation of Floral Color and Scent in Gall Midge Pollination: A Study of a Schisandraceae Plant. Plants. 2022; 11(7):974. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070974
Chicago/Turabian StyleGan, Shi-Rui, Wei Du, and Xiao-Fan Wang. 2022. "Functional Differentiation of Floral Color and Scent in Gall Midge Pollination: A Study of a Schisandraceae Plant" Plants 11, no. 7: 974. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070974