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Article

Genome-Wide Association Study of Phenylalanine Derived Glucosinolates in Brassica rapa

by
Guoxia Shang
1,†,
Huiyan Zhao
2,†,
Linhui Tong
2,
Nengwen Yin
2,
Ran Hu
2,
Haiyan Jiang
2,
Farah Kamal
2,
Zhi Zhao
1,
Liang Xu
1,
Kun Lu
2,3,4,
Jiana Li
2,3,4,*,
Cunmin Qu
2,3,4,* and
Dezhi Du
1,*
1
Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Key Laboratory of Spring Rape Genetic Improvement, Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
2
Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
3
Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
4
Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Plants 2022, 11(9), 1274; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11091274
Submission received: 2 April 2022 / Revised: 5 May 2022 / Accepted: 5 May 2022 / Published: 9 May 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Genetic Improvement in Brassica Crops)
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Abstract

Glucosinolates (GSLs) are sulfur-containing bioactive compounds usually present in Brassicaceae plants and are usually responsible for a pungent flavor and reduction of the nutritional values of seeds. Therefore, breeding rapeseed varieties with low GSL levels is an important breeding objective. Most GSLs in Brassica rapa are derived from methionine or tryptophan, but two are derived from phenylalanine, one directly (benzylGSL) and one after a round of chain elongation (phenethylGSL). In the present study, two phenylalanine (Phe)-derived GSLs (benzylGSL and phenethylGSL) were identified and quantified in seeds by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. Levels of benzylGSL were low but differed among investigated low and high GSL genotypes. Levels of phenethylGSL (also known as 2-phenylethylGSL) were high but did not differ among GSL genotypes. Subsequently, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using 159 B. rapa accessions to demarcate candidate regions underlying 43 and 59 QTNs associated with benzylGSL and phenethylGSL that were distributed on 10 chromosomes and 9 scaffolds, explaining 0.56% to 70.86% of phenotypic variations, respectively. Furthermore, we find that 15 and 18 known or novel candidate genes were identified for the biosynthesis of benzylGSL and phenethylGSL, including known regulators of GSL biosynthesis, such as BrMYB34, BrMYB51, BrMYB28, BrMYB29 and BrMYB122, and novel regulators or structural genes, such as BrMYB44/BrMYB77 and BrMYB60 for benzylGSL and BrCYP79B2 for phenethylGSL. Finally, we investigate the expression profiles of the biosynthetic genes for two Phe-derived GSLs by transcriptomic analysis. Our findings provide new insight into the complex machinery of Phe-derived GSLs in seeds of B. rapa and help to improve the quality of Brassicaceae plant breeding.
Keywords: benzylglucosinolate; phenethylglucosinolate; 2-phenylethylglucosinolate; glucosinolate biosynthesis and regulation; Brassica rapa; genome-wide association study; LC-MS benzylglucosinolate; phenethylglucosinolate; 2-phenylethylglucosinolate; glucosinolate biosynthesis and regulation; Brassica rapa; genome-wide association study; LC-MS

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MDPI and ACS Style

Shang, G.; Zhao, H.; Tong, L.; Yin, N.; Hu, R.; Jiang, H.; Kamal, F.; Zhao, Z.; Xu, L.; Lu, K.; et al. Genome-Wide Association Study of Phenylalanine Derived Glucosinolates in Brassica rapa. Plants 2022, 11, 1274. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11091274

AMA Style

Shang G, Zhao H, Tong L, Yin N, Hu R, Jiang H, Kamal F, Zhao Z, Xu L, Lu K, et al. Genome-Wide Association Study of Phenylalanine Derived Glucosinolates in Brassica rapa. Plants. 2022; 11(9):1274. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11091274

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shang, Guoxia, Huiyan Zhao, Linhui Tong, Nengwen Yin, Ran Hu, Haiyan Jiang, Farah Kamal, Zhi Zhao, Liang Xu, Kun Lu, and et al. 2022. "Genome-Wide Association Study of Phenylalanine Derived Glucosinolates in Brassica rapa" Plants 11, no. 9: 1274. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11091274

APA Style

Shang, G., Zhao, H., Tong, L., Yin, N., Hu, R., Jiang, H., Kamal, F., Zhao, Z., Xu, L., Lu, K., Li, J., Qu, C., & Du, D. (2022). Genome-Wide Association Study of Phenylalanine Derived Glucosinolates in Brassica rapa. Plants, 11(9), 1274. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11091274

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