Apoplastic and Symplasmic Markers of Somatic Embryogenesis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Somatic Embryogenesis
1.2. Importance of Information Exchange
2. Cell Wall Composition as a Marker of Changes in Cell Fate during SE
2.1. Pectins
2.2. Extensins
2.3. Arabinogalactan Proteins (AGPs)
Epitope | Characteristic | Species | Cell Type Marker |
---|---|---|---|
Pectin | |||
LM6 | Linear pentasaccharide in (1–5)-α-l-arabinans (RG I side chain | Brachypodium distachyon | embryogenic calli [25] |
Daucus carota | meristematic/pluripotent cells [26] | ||
35S:BBM Arabidopsis thaliana | embryogenic cells | ||
Trifolium nigrescens | embryogenic swellings [27] | ||
Brassica napus | embryogenic microspore, pollen-like structure [30] | ||
Quercus suber | proembryogenic masses, somatic embryos [28] | ||
LM5 | Linear tetrasaccharide in (1–4)-β-D-galactans (RG I side chain) | Arabidopsis thaliana | cells in embryogenic protrusions [29] |
Brassica napus | embryogenic microspore, pollen-like structure [30] | ||
Trifolium nigrescens | nonembryonic cells [27] | ||
35S:BBM Arabidopsis thaliana | explant cells | ||
Daucus carota | nonembryonic cells [26] | ||
JIM7 | Highly methyl-esterified HG | Quercus alba | embryogenic cells [36] |
Brachypodium distachyon | embryogenic calli [25] | ||
Arabidopsis thaliana | embryogenic cells [29] | ||
Quercus suber | proembryogenic masses [28] | ||
Musa spp. | nonembryonic cells [37] | ||
Cichorium hybrid | nonembryonic cells [33] | ||
JIM5 | Low methyl-esterified HG | Musa spp. | embryogenic cells [37] |
Cichorium hybrid | embryogenic cells [33] | ||
Quercus suber | advanced stages of somatic embryogenesis [28] | ||
LM19 | Homogalacturonan (HG) domain in pectic polysaccharides, which recognizes a range of HGs with preferential binding to unesterified HGs | Brachypodium distachyon | embryogenic cells [25,38] |
Quercus suber | advanced stages of somatic embryogenesis [28] | ||
LM20 | HG domain in pectic polysaccharides, which requires methyl esters for recognition of HG and binding to esterified HGs | Brachypodium distachyon | embryogenic cells [25,38] |
Quercus suber | proembryogenic masses [28] | ||
Extensin | |||
JIM11 | Extensin/HRGP glycoprotein | Musa spp. | embryogenic cells [40] |
Phalaenopsis | embryogenic cells [42] | ||
Brachypodium distachyon | embryogenic calli [25] | ||
Actinidia arguta | embryogenic and nonembryonic cells [43] | ||
JIM20 | Extensin/HRGP glycoprotein | Musa spp. | embryogenic cells and nonembrygenc cells [40] |
Phalaenopsis | embryogenic cells [42] | ||
Brachypodium distachyon | embryogenic calli [25] | ||
Actinidia arguta | embryogenic and nonembryonic cells [43] | ||
JIM12 | Extensin/HRGP glycoprotein | Dactylis glomerata | embryogenic calli [41] |
Actinidia arguta | embryogenic and nonembryonic cells [43] | ||
Brachypodium distachyon | nonembryonic cells [25] | ||
AGP | |||
JIM8 | Arabinogalactan | Arabidopsis thaliana | explant cells [29] |
Daucus carrota | nonembryonic cells [26] | ||
JIM4 | Arabinogalactan glycoprotein, βGlcA-(1,3)-αGalA-(1,2)-Rha | Arabidopsis thaliana | explant cells [29] |
LM2 | Arabinogalactan protein, carbohydrate epitope containing β-linked GlcA | Quercus suber | proembryogenic masses, somatic embryos [28] |
Brachypodium distachyon | embryogenic calli [25] | ||
Fagopyrum tataricum | embryogenic cells [47] | ||
Arabidopsis thaliana | explant cells [29] | ||
Daucus carrota | meristematic/pluripotent cells [26] | ||
JIM13 | Arabinogalactan/Arabinogalactan protein, carbohydrate epitope (β)GlcA1->3(α)GalA1->2Rha | Daucus carrota | nonembryonic cells [26] |
Brassica napus | totipotent cells [30,49] | ||
JIM16 | Arabinogalactan/Arabinogalactan protein | Brachypodium distachyon | embryogenic calli [25] |
Arabidopsis thaliana | embryogenic cells [29] |
2.4. Lipid Transfer Proteins (LTPs)
2.5. Summary of Wall Components in SE and Future Prospects
3. Symplasmic Isolation as a Mechanism Controlling Somatic Embryogenesis
3.1. Callose
3.2. PD Number and Symplasmic Communication
3.3. Summary of Symplasmic Isolation during SE and Future Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Kurczynska, E.; Godel-Jędrychowska, K. Apoplastic and Symplasmic Markers of Somatic Embryogenesis. Plants 2023, 12, 1951. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12101951
Kurczynska E, Godel-Jędrychowska K. Apoplastic and Symplasmic Markers of Somatic Embryogenesis. Plants. 2023; 12(10):1951. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12101951
Chicago/Turabian StyleKurczynska, Ewa, and Kamila Godel-Jędrychowska. 2023. "Apoplastic and Symplasmic Markers of Somatic Embryogenesis" Plants 12, no. 10: 1951. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12101951