Comparison of Phytochemical Composition and Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis of an Extract from Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Mill.) I. I. Johnst and Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass. and Biological Cytotoxic and Antiproliferative Activity In Vitro
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Polyphenol Profile and Untargeted Metabolomics from CA and PR Samples
2.2. CA and PR Extracts Decreased SW480 Metabolic Activity in a Dose–Response Manner
2.3. CA and PR Extracts Induced SW480 Apoptosis and Arrested Cell Cycle at G0/G1 Stage
2.4. Impact of CA and PR Extracts on Apc and Kras Gene Expression
2.5. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) for the Evaluated Responses in SW480 Cells
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Materials
4.2. Extracts Preparation, Identification, and Quantification of Phenolic Compounds
4.2.1. Extracts Preparation
4.2.2. Quantification of Total Phenolic Compounds, Total Flavonoids, and Condensed Tannins
4.2.3. Identification of Phenolic Compounds by UPLC-DAD-QTof/MS-ESI
4.2.4. Identification and Quantification of Free Phenolic Compounds by HPLC-DAD
4.3. Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis
4.4. Cell Culture Assays
4.4.1. Determination of Cell’s Metabolic Activity by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) Assay
4.4.2. Determination of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Release
4.4.3. Apoptosis Assessment by Flow Cytometry
4.4.4. Cell Cycle Analysis by Flow Cytometry
4.4.5. Evaluation of Apc and Kras Gene Expression by qPCR
4.5. In Silico Assessment of the Interaction between Phenolic Compounds and Target Proteins
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Phenolic Compounds | CA | PR |
---|---|---|
TPC (mg GAE/100 g LE) | 5109.00 ± 1034.00 * | 2645.50 ± 10.70 * |
TFC (mg CE/100 g LE) | 309.50 ± 29.00 * | 475.40 ± 26.10 * |
CT (mg CE/100 g LE) | 2.40 ± 0.10 * | 3.00 ± 0.10 * |
Compound Name | RT (min) | CA (mg eq./g DW) | PR (mg. eq./g. DW) |
---|---|---|---|
Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives | |||
Chlorogenic acid | 10.58 | 6.51 ± 0.01 * | 0.22 ± 0.01 * |
Sinapic acid | 11.67 | 3.87 ± 0.02 * | 2.82 ± 0.06 * |
Caffeic acid | 11.82 | 14.46 ± 0.27 * | 1.45 ± 0.01 * |
p-Coumaric acid | 14.42 | 6.36 ± 0.03 * | 1.26 ± 0.13 * |
Ferulic acid | 15.30 | 5.17 ± 0.05 * | 2.78 ± 0.02 * |
Hydroxybenzoic acids and derivatives and benzaldehydes | |||
Gallic acid | 7.49 | 2.04 ± 0.01 * | 0.71 ± 0.02 * |
Hydroxybenzoic acid | 12.35 | 0.60 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 |
Benzenoids | |||
Hydroxyphenylacetic acid | 9.89 | 1.05 ± 0.07 * | 0.11 ± 0.02 * |
Flavonols | |||
Rutin | 12.90 | 1.22 ± 0.18 * | 2.83 ± 0.14 * |
Quercetin | 18.44 | 0.20 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.01 |
Flavones | |||
(+)-catechin | 10.85 | 0.45 ± 0.01 * | 14.01 ± 0.04 * |
Epicatechin | 11.55 | 1.06 ± 0.1 * | 57.74 ± 0.29 * |
Epigallocatechin gallate | 11.80 | 3.29 ± 0.01 * | 14.37 ± 0.04 * |
Other compounds | |||
Resveratrol | 17.46 | 3.62 ± 0.31 * | 0.02 ± 0.01 * |
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Vargas-Madriz, Á.F.; Luzardo-Ocampo, I.; Moreno-Celis, U.; Roldán-Padrón, O.; Chávez-Servín, J.L.; Vergara-Castañeda, H.A.; Martínez-Pacheco, M.; Mejía, C.; García-Gasca, T.; Kuri-García, A. Comparison of Phytochemical Composition and Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis of an Extract from Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Mill.) I. I. Johnst and Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass. and Biological Cytotoxic and Antiproliferative Activity In Vitro. Plants 2023, 12, 1987. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12101987
Vargas-Madriz ÁF, Luzardo-Ocampo I, Moreno-Celis U, Roldán-Padrón O, Chávez-Servín JL, Vergara-Castañeda HA, Martínez-Pacheco M, Mejía C, García-Gasca T, Kuri-García A. Comparison of Phytochemical Composition and Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis of an Extract from Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Mill.) I. I. Johnst and Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass. and Biological Cytotoxic and Antiproliferative Activity In Vitro. Plants. 2023; 12(10):1987. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12101987
Chicago/Turabian StyleVargas-Madriz, Ángel Félix, Ivan Luzardo-Ocampo, Ulisses Moreno-Celis, Octavio Roldán-Padrón, Jorge Luis Chávez-Servín, Haydé A. Vergara-Castañeda, Mónica Martínez-Pacheco, Carmen Mejía, Teresa García-Gasca, and Aarón Kuri-García. 2023. "Comparison of Phytochemical Composition and Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis of an Extract from Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Mill.) I. I. Johnst and Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass. and Biological Cytotoxic and Antiproliferative Activity In Vitro" Plants 12, no. 10: 1987. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12101987