Assessing the Spontaneous Spread of Climate-Adapted Woody Plants in an Extensively Maintained Collection Garden
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Spontaneously Settled Species in the Study Area
2.2. The Spontaneous Emergence Categories
2.2.1. Category I
2.2.2. Category II
2.2.3. Category III
2.2.4. Category IV
2.2.5. Category V
2.3. Correlation between Spontaneously Emerging and Established Individuals Per Plot
2.4. Effect of the Area on the Number of Individuals
2.5. Comparison of Plots Using a Multivariate Analysis
3. Discussion
3.1. Woody Weeds in the Garden and Other Habitats
3.2. Potential Weeds in Public Open Spaces
3.3. Proposal for Reclassification: A Prelude to Change
3.4. Spontaneous Spreading Abilities of Several Planted Individuals
3.5. Diversity Analysis and Other Additional Correlations
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Research Area—Buda Arboretum
4.2. Field Sampling and Data Collection
- Category I—Intensively spreading taxa (> 100);
- Category II—Spreading taxa (number of individuals 50–99);
- Category III—Weakly spreading, and taxa with a low distribution (10–49);
- Category IV—Just emerging (rare) (number of individuals 1–9);
- Category V—Colonization species (species that reproduce only vegetatively and form large colonies)—not included in statistical evaluations.
4.3. Data Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Spontaneously Spreading Plants | ||
---|---|---|
Taxa | Individuals | |
Native | 38 | 2836 |
Non-native | 76 | 4186 |
Total | 114 | 7022 |
Species in BA | Risks of Biodiversity | Additional Criteria | Bio-Eco Criteria | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Interspecific Competition | Hybridization | Transfer Pathogens | Negative Effect on Ecosystem | Current Distribution | Emergency Measure | Occurs in Important Habitats | Reproduction Cap. | Spread Cap. | Current Spread History | Monopolization of Resources | Facilitation of Climate Change | |
Acer negundo | yes | no | questionable | yes | large-scale | yes | high | high | expansive | yes | unknown | |
Ailanthus altissima | yes | no | no | yes | large-scale | yes | high | high | expansive | yes | yes | |
Amorpha fruticosa | yes | no | questionable | yes | large-scale | yes | high | high | expansive | yes | yes | |
Celtis occidentalis | yes | no | no | yes | large-scale | yes | high | high | expansive | yes | unknown | |
Elaeagus angustifolia | probable | no | no | yes | large-scale | yes | high | high | expansive | no | yes | |
Fraxinus pennsylvanica | yes | no | questionable | yes | large-scale | yes | high | high | expansive | yes | unknown | |
Lycium barbarum | yes | no | no | yes | large-scale | yes | high | low | stable | yes | unknown | |
Parthenocissus inserta | yes | no | no | yes | large-scale | yes | high | high | expansive | yes | unknown | |
Prunus serotina | yes | no | no | yes | large-scale | yes | high | high | expansive | yes | unknown | |
Robinia pseudoacacia | yes | no | questionable | yes | large-scale | yes | high | high | expansive | yes | yes | |
Syringa vulgaris | yes | no | probable | yes | large-scale | yes | high | high | expansive | yes | yes | |
Ulmus pumila | yes | yes | yes | probable | large-scale | no | high | high | expansive | unknown | yes | |
Vitis vulpina | yes | yes | yes | yes | large-scale | yes | high | high | expansive | yes | unknown | |
Elaeagnus commutata | questionable | no | no | yes | small-scale | available | unknown | high | high | unknown | yes | yes |
Hedera crebrescens | probable | probable | questionable | yes | small-scale | available | no | high | high | expansive | yes | unknown |
Ptelea trifoliata | questionable | no | no | yes | small-scale | available | yes | high | high | expansive | unknown | unknown |
Akebia quinata | probable | no | no | yes | absent | available | yes | high | high | unknown | yes | yes |
Baccaris halimifolia | yes | no | no | questionable | absent | available | yes | high | high | expansive | unknown | yes |
Eucalyptus sp. | probable | no | no | yes | absent | available | no | high | high | expansive | yes | yes |
Ligustrum sinense | probable | no | questionable | yes | absent | available | unknown | high | high | expansive | unknown | yes |
Pinus pinaster | yes | no | probable | yes | absent | available | yes | high | high | expansive | yes | yes |
Toona sinensis | yes | no | probable | probable | absent | unknown | unknown | high | high | unknown | yes | yes |
Taxa in BA | Operative Group | Watch List | Spontaneous Appearance in Urban Environments |
---|---|---|---|
For Natural Habitats | |||
Acer pseudoplatanus cv. Atropurpureum | x | x | |
Acer opalus | x | ||
Broussonetia papyrifera | x | x | |
Buddleja davidii | x | x | |
Celtis australis | x | x | |
Cotoneaster divaricatus | x | ||
Cotoneaster horizontalis | x | ||
Cytisus scoparius | x | ||
Diospyros lotus | x | ||
Euonymus fortunei | x | x | |
Fallopia baldschuanica | x | x | |
Gleditsia triacanthos | x | x | |
Juglans nigra | x | x | |
Koelreuteria paniculata | x | x | |
Lonicera fragrantissima | x | ||
Lonicera × purpusii | x | ||
Lonicera standishii | x | ||
Mahonia aquifolium | x | x | |
Mahonia repens | x | ||
Morus alba | x | x | |
Parthenocissus quinquefolia | x | x | |
Paulownia tomentosa | x | x | |
Phyllostachys viridiglaucescens | x | x | |
Pinus nigra | x | x | |
Populus × euramericana | x | x | |
Prunus cerasus | x | x | |
Prunus mahaleb | x | x | |
Prunus cerasifera | x | x | |
Pterocarya fraxinifolia | x | ||
Rhus typhina | x | x | |
Robinia viscosa | x | ||
Rosa rugosa | x | x | |
Rubus phoenicolasius | x | ||
Yucca filamentosa | x |
Non-Native/Non-Indigenous Intensively spreading taxa (> 100) Category I | Ailanthus altissima | 0.24 |
Celtis occidentalis | 0.16 | |
Cotoneaster spp. | 0.59 | |
Diospyros spp. | 0.75 | |
Koelreuteria paniculata | 0.40 | |
Mahonia spp. | 0.11 | |
Morus alba | 0.02 | |
Parthenocissus spp. | 0.13 | |
Prunus cerasifera | 0.76 | |
Robinia spp. | 0.34 | |
Non-Native/Non-Indigenous Spreading taxa (number of individuals (50–99) Category II | Acer negundo | 0.56 |
Crataegus spp. | 0.48 | |
Fraxinus spp. | 0.80 | |
Ligustrum spp. (evergreen) | 0.17 | |
Ligustrum ovalifolium | 0.43 | |
Smilax spp. | 0.39 | |
Viburnum spp. | 0.18 | |
Non-Native/Non-Indigenous Weakly spreading, taxa with a low distribution (10–49) Category III | Aesculus hippocastanum | 0.12 |
Berberis julianae | 0.14 | |
Cercis siliquastrum | 0.31 | |
Cladrastris kentukea | 0.58 | |
Cotoneaster multiflorus | 0.01 | |
Fontanesia phillyreoides | 0.99 | |
Gymnocladus dioicus | 1.00 | |
Lonicera japonica | 0.83 | |
Parrotia persica | 0.52 | |
Populus spp. | 0.40 | |
Prunus spp. (mahaleb) | 0.28 | |
Sophora japonica | 0.01 | |
Symphoricarpos spp. | 0.24 | |
Tetradium daniellii | 0.44 | |
Toona sinensis | 1.00 | |
Vitis spp. | 0.46 | |
Wisteria spp. | 0.92 | |
Native/Indigenous | Acer campestre | 0.44 |
Category I–III | Acer platanoides | 0.55 |
Acer pseudoplatanus | 0.75 | |
Acer tataricum | 0.73 | |
Corylus avellana | 0.28 | |
Crataegus spp. | 0.48 | |
Fraxinus excelsior | 0.27 | |
Fraxinus ornus | 0.16 | |
Ligustrum vulgare | 0.07 | |
Lonicera tatarica | 0.12 | |
Prunus avium | 0.50 | |
Prunus padus | 0.15 | |
Quercus ssp. (deciduous) | 0.31 | |
Sambucus nigra | 0.03 | |
Taxus baccata | 0.33 | |
Tilia spp. | 0.52 | |
Tilia tomentosa | 0.42 | |
Ulmus spp. | 0.72 | |
Viburnum spp. | 0.18 |
Ranking | Species | Spontaneous Number of Individuals | Planted Number of Individuals | Rate |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Celtis occidentalis | 561 | 3 | 187 |
2 | Ailanthus altissima | 432 | 3 | 144 |
3 | Koelreuteria paniculata | 258 | 5 | 52 |
4 | Acer campestre | 216 | 5 | 43 |
5 | Diospyrus lotus | 157 | 4 | 39 |
6 | Acer platanoides | 647 | 18 | 36 |
7 | Morus alba | 108 | 3 | 36 |
8 | Acer pseudoplatanus | 193 | 6 | 32 |
9 | Prunus cerasifera | 337 | 20 | 17 |
10 | Acer negundo | 52 | 4 | 13 |
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Szabó, K.; Gergely, A.; Tóth, B.; Szilágyi, K. Assessing the Spontaneous Spread of Climate-Adapted Woody Plants in an Extensively Maintained Collection Garden. Plants 2023, 12, 1989. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12101989
Szabó K, Gergely A, Tóth B, Szilágyi K. Assessing the Spontaneous Spread of Climate-Adapted Woody Plants in an Extensively Maintained Collection Garden. Plants. 2023; 12(10):1989. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12101989
Chicago/Turabian StyleSzabó, Krisztina, Attila Gergely, Barnabás Tóth, and Kinga Szilágyi. 2023. "Assessing the Spontaneous Spread of Climate-Adapted Woody Plants in an Extensively Maintained Collection Garden" Plants 12, no. 10: 1989. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12101989