Hydrogen Sulfide Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Enhancing Photosynthetic Efficiency and Regulating Sugar Metabolism in Wheat Seedlings
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Materials and Growth Conditions
2.2. Plant Biomass and Chlorophyll Content
2.3. Lipid Peroxidation and ROS
2.4. Photosynthetic Gas Exchange Parameters
2.5. Soluble Sugar Content
2.6. Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters
2.7. Glucose, Fructose, and Sucrose Contents
2.8. Real-Time Quantitative PCR Assay
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. NaHS Pretreatment Alleviated Cd Toxicity in Wheat Seedlings
3.2. Effects of NaHS Pretreatment on Light-Response and Intercellular CO2-Response of Wheat Seedlings
3.3. Effect of NaHS Pretreatment on Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters of Wheat Seedlings
3.4. Effects of NaHS Pretreatment on the Soluble Sugar Content of Wheat Seedlings
3.5. Effects of NaHS Pretreatment on Genes Expression Related to Carbon Assimilation and Sucrose Metabolism
3.6. Effects of NaHS Pretreatment Reactive Oxygen Species of Wheat Seedlings
4. Discussions
4.1. NaHS Pretreatment Alleviated the Cd Stress to Wheat
4.2. NaHS Pretreatment Improved the Light Use Efficiency of Wheat Seedlings under Cd Stress
4.3. NaHS Pretreatment Enhanced Photosynthetic Efficiency of Wheat Seedlings under Cd Stress
4.4. NaHS Pretreatment Increased the Accumulation of Soluble Sugar in Wheat
4.5. NaHS Pretreatment Regulates the Related Gene Expression in Wheat Seedling under Cd Stress
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene Name | Forward Primer | Reverse Primer |
---|---|---|
TaRBCL | 5′-CGGTAGCTTCAGGTGGTATTC-3′ | 5′-GGATGTCCTAAAGTTCCTCCAC-3′ |
TaRBCS | 5′-CAGCAACGGTGGAAGGAT-3′ | 5′-GGTGGCAAGTAGGACAGG-3′ |
TaCpFBA | 5′-GCAGAAGGTGTGGGCGGAG-3′ | 5′-AGCGTCTGCCTCCAACCTC-3′ |
TaPRK | 5′-TGTTGAGAGCCACCTAAGC-3′ | 5′-GAAGAGACCTGTTCCATTGTTG-3′ |
TaSuSy | 5′-CCGACAAGGAGAAGTATG-3′ | 5′-CGAGTTCACTAACATTCAC-3′ |
TaSPS | 5′-ATCGTCACGCTCGCTCAA-3′ | 5′-AGTCATCTTCCTGCCAAAATTACA-3′ |
TaSAInv | 5′-AACGTCACAAGGCTCGTCGTCGT-3′ | 5′-ATGTAGGCCTGATTGTAGGAGGAGT-3′ |
TaA/N-Inv | 5′-CACTGGAGCGTAAGAGGTCATT-3′ | 5′-CCACACTATCAAAGCCGTCAT-3′ |
TaActin | 5′-CCTTAGTACCTTCCAACAGATGT-3′ | 5′-CCAGACAACTCGCAACTTAGA-3′ |
Items | Con | Con + NaHS | Cd | Cd + NaHS |
---|---|---|---|---|
AQE | 0.072 ± 0.002 a | 0.074 ± 0.001 a | 0.039 ± 0.002 c | 0.052 ± 0.001 b |
Rd (μmol CO2 m−2 s−1) | 1.119 ± 0.053 b | 1.268 ± 0.056 a | 0.614 ± 0.016 d | 0.948 ± 0.040 c |
Pmax (μmol CO2 m−2 s−1) | 19.69 ± 0.178 b | 21.33 ± 0.265 a | 15.47 ± 0.273 d | 17.97 ± 0.050 c |
LCP (μmol CO2 m−2 s−1) | 15.83 ± 0.578 c | 17.53 ± 0.589 ab | 16.08 ± 0.468 bc | 18.37 ± 0.907 a |
LSP (μmol CO2 m−2 s−1) | 875.6 ± 22.10 ab | 893.1 ± 16.34 a | 782.1 ± 15.43 c | 845.2 ± 0.186 b |
Amax (μmol CO2 m−2 s−1) | 27.41 ± 0.126 ab | 27.54 ± 0.283 a | 24.04 ± 0.422 c | 26.74 ± 0.261 b |
Γ (μmol CO2 m−2 s−1) | 53.96 ± 0.226 c | 56.39 ± 0.148 b | 61.94 ± 1.533 a | 60.72 ± 0.409 a |
CE (μmol CO2 m−2 s−1) | 0.175 ± 0.005 a | 0.178 ± 0.005 a | 0.090 ± 0.007 b | 0.099 ± 0.002 b |
Rp (μmol CO2 m−2 s−1) | 8.062 ± 0.216 a | 8.494 ± 0.227 a | 5.017 ± 0.204 c | 5.537 ± 0.139 b |
Parameters | Description |
---|---|
Fo | The initial (minimum) fluorescence intensity at 20 µs after dark adaptation |
Fm | The maximum fluorescence intensity |
Tfm | Time to reach maximal fluorescence intensity Fm |
Fv/Fm | The maximal PSII photochemistry efficiency |
Vj | Relative variable fluorescence intensity at J-step |
Vi | Relative variable fluorescence intensity at I-step |
dVG/dto | The net rate of reaction center is closed at 100 μs |
dV/dto | The net rate of reaction center is closed at 300 μs |
PI(abs) | Performance index on absorption basis |
PI(total) | Performance index for energy conservation from exciton to the reduction of PSI end acceptors |
Wk | The degree of damage to oxygen-evolving center |
ψEo | Probability that a trapped exciton moves an electron into the electron transport chain beyond Q−A (at t = 0) |
φEo | Quantum yield (at t = 0) for electron transport |
φRo | Quantum yield for reduction of end electron acceptors at PSI side |
φDo | Quantum yield of dissipated energy |
Mo | Approximated initial slope of the fluorescence transient |
ABS/RC | Absorption flux per reaction center |
TRo/RC | Trapped energy flux per reaction center |
ETo/RC | Electron transport flux per reaction center |
DIo/RC | Dissipated energy flux per reaction center |
RC/CSo | Density of RCs per excited cross-section (at t = 0) |
ABS/CSo | Absorption flux per excited cross-section (at t = 0) |
TRo/CSo | Trapped energy flux per excited cross-section (at t = 0) |
ETo/CSo | Electron transport flux per excited cross-section (at t = 0) |
DIo/CSo | Dissipated energy flux per excited cross-section (at t = 0) |
RC/CSo | Density of RCs per excited cross-section (at t = t Fm) |
ABS/CSo | Absorption flux per excited cross-section (at t = t Fm) |
TRo/CSo | Trapped energy flux per excited cross-section (at t = t Fm) |
ETo/CSo | Electron transport flux per excited cross-section (at t = t Fm) |
DIo/CSo | Dissipated energy flux per excited cross-section (at t = t Fm) |
SFI(abs) | Structural function index |
PI(ABS/CSo/CSm) | The performance indices were based on absorbed light energy (ABS)/basal fluorescence (Fo)/maximum fluorescence (Fm) |
D.F. | Drive force photosynthesis |
Treatments | Fructose Content (mg g−1 FW) | Glucose Content (mg g−1 FW) | Sucrose Content (mg g−1 FW) |
---|---|---|---|
Con | 8.78 ± 0.84 bc | 6.37 ± 0.45 b | 11.22 ± 0.91 b |
Con + NaHS | 8.49 ± 0.47 c | 5.93 ± 0.25 b | 11.62 ± 0.65 b |
Cd | 11.38 ± 0.54 a | 9.08 ± 0.61 a | 12.68 ± 0.3 b |
Cd + NaHS | 10.06 ± 0.29 b | 6.79 ± 0.28 b | 14.29 ± 0.45 a |
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Zheng, X.; Zhang, B.; Pan, N.; Cheng, X.; Lu, W. Hydrogen Sulfide Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Enhancing Photosynthetic Efficiency and Regulating Sugar Metabolism in Wheat Seedlings. Plants 2023, 12, 2413. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12132413
Zheng X, Zhang B, Pan N, Cheng X, Lu W. Hydrogen Sulfide Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Enhancing Photosynthetic Efficiency and Regulating Sugar Metabolism in Wheat Seedlings. Plants. 2023; 12(13):2413. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12132413
Chicago/Turabian StyleZheng, Xiang, Bei Zhang, Ni Pan, Xue Cheng, and Wei Lu. 2023. "Hydrogen Sulfide Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Enhancing Photosynthetic Efficiency and Regulating Sugar Metabolism in Wheat Seedlings" Plants 12, no. 13: 2413. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12132413