Space Compositional Aspects Regarding the Importance of Trees in the Urban Landscape
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- What are the properties of trees located within historic gardens as compositional elements that make them attract and hold attention, and thereby make them significant elements of the urban environment?
- How big is the area of impact these trees have in terms of visual importance?
- What is the role of seasonality and how much does it determine trees’ visual significance?
- How can trees, as important elements of the urban landscape, be integrated into the existing legal framework and how can their appearance be protected?
2. Materials and Methods
- Perpendicular visibility: the character element (tree, tree group or row of trees) is visible at a right angle from the viewer’s path. This type of visibility usually occurs when the element is located close to streets or typical routes of viewers, only becoming visible from a short distance, at a narrow-angle.
- Parallel visibility: this also occurs when the viewer is on a path close to the character element, but due to the visibility angle being wider, the object is visible from a much greater distance.
- Multi-angle visibility: the character element is visible and visually impactful from several different viewpoints and directions: each visibility axis is at an angle to all other visibility angles from public spaces, squares, and streets.
- A.
- The characteristic tree element is only visible from a short distance (<50 m)
- B.
- Characteristic elements with a visibility range of an entire neighbourhood or settlement part (>100 m or at least 50 m in several different directions)
- C.
- Elements with visual connections (being perceptible and identifiable) from almost the entire settlement or even beyond the urban borders.
3. Results
3.1. Results of the Selection Phase
3.2. Results of the Analysis Phase
3.2.1. Results of the Garden Scale Analysis
- Topography can hide even the largest trees if they are located behind a hill or mound, or they stand significantly below street level or on top of a steep incline, outside the comfortable view range of the average onlooker. The garden of Szeleste is a good example of tree elements being hidden on different sides of the park by topography, buildings and homogenous green walls (rows of street trees) (Figure 7).
- Living elements can also block characteristic trees from view. Hedges, shrubs and trees (either deliberately planted or spontaneously grown from seed) located around the borders of the property can make anything, including the most conspicuous tree elements, invisible from the outside. An example of this is the historic garden of Körmend, where spontaneously grown vegetation hides most of the notable trees from most public viewpoints.
- Built elements are the most common features restricting the visibility of trees inside historic gardens. Buildings surrounding the garden (e.g., the former archducal park of Sárvár) and tall solid fences (e.g., the park of Batthyány Mansion in Ikervár; the garden of the former Vigyázó Mansion in Vácrátót; the Archbishop’s garden of Kalocsa) can both block elements from view (Figure 8).
3.2.2. Results of the Object Scale Analysis
External Characteristics
Internal Characteristics
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Nr. of Location | Nr. of Element | Settlement | Name of the Mansion and the Park | Scientific Name of the Trees | Garden Architecture Element | Visibility Type | Visibility Range | Location | Unique Appearance | Contrast |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | Ivánc | Park of Sigray mansion | Sequoiadendron giganteum | Individual (element) | 2 | B | x | ||
2 | 2 | Zalacsány | Park of Malatinszky- Batthyány country house | Sequoiadendron giganteum * | Individual | 3 | C | x | x | |
3 | 3 | Nagycenk | Park of Széchenyi mansion | Tilia cordata | Linear element (row of trees) | 1 | A | x | ||
4 | Nagycenk | Park of Széchenyi mansion | Platanus × hybrida | Linear element (row of trees) | 2 | B | x | |||
4 | 5 | Nagyvázsony | Park of Zichy mansion | Pinus nigra | Clump (group of trees) | 1 | A | x | ||
5 | 6 | Tornanádaska | Park of Hadick mansion | Sequoiadendron giganteum | Individual | 3 | C | x | x | |
6 | 7 | Surd | Zichy Park | Platanus × hybrida | Linear element (row of trees) | 3 | B | x | ||
8 | Surd | Zichy Park | Quercus robur f. fastigiata | Individual | 3 | B | x | x | ||
7 | 9 | Acsád | Park Szegedy mansion | Platanus × hybrida | Linear element (row of trees) | 3 | B | x | ||
10 | Acsád | Park Szegedy mansion | Sequoiadendron giganteum | Individual | 3 | B | x | |||
8 | 11 | Martonvásár | Park of the Brunszvik mansion | Sophora japonica ‘Pendula’ | Individual | 1 | A | x | x | |
9 | 12 | Iharos | Park of Inkey mansion | Platanus × hybrida | Individual | 2 | B | x | ||
13 | Iharos | Park of Inkey mansion | Ginkgo biloba | Individual | 1 | A | x | x | ||
10 | 14 | Iharosberény | Park of Inkey mansion | Platanus × hybrida | Mass-like appearance | 3 | B | x | x | |
15 | Iharosberény | Park of Inkey mansion | Ginkgo biloba | Individual | 2 | A | x | |||
16 | Iharosberény | Park of Inkey mansion | Cedrus deodara | Individual | 2 | B | x | x | ||
17 | Iharosberény | Park of Inkey mansion | Fagus sylvatica ‘Atropunicea’ (group of 3) | Clump | 2 | B | x | x | ||
11 | 18 | Nagyrécse | Park of Inkey mansion | Sequoiadendron giganteum | Individual | 2 | B | x | x | |
12 | 19 | Somogyzsitfa | Park of Véssey-Somssich mansion | Quercus robur f. fastigiata | Individual | 1 | A | x | x | |
13 | 20 | Fehérvárcsurgó | Park of Károlyi mansion | Aesculus hippocastanum | Individual | 2 | A | x | ||
14 | 21 | Zalaszentgrót | Park of Batthyány mansion | Platanus × hybrida | Individual | 1 | A | x | ||
22 | Zalaszentgrót | Park of Batthyány mansion | Platanus × hybrida | Individual | 2 | B | x | |||
23 | Zalaszentgrót | Park of Batthyány mansion | Sophora japonica ‘Pendula’ | Individual | 3 | B | x | x | ||
15 | 24 | Lengyeltóti | Park of Inkey-Zichy mansion | Platanus × hybrida | Individual | 3 | B | x | x | |
16 | 25 | Somogysárd | Park of Somssich mansion | Seauoiadendron giganteum (2) | Clump | 2 | A | x | ||
17 | 26 | Szécsény | Park of Forgách mansion | Sophora japonica ‘Pendula’ (2) | Individual elements | 1 | B | x | x | |
18 | 27 | Parádsasvár | Park of Károlyi mansion | Pinus nigra (2) | Individual | 2 | B | x | x | |
19 | 28 | Geszt | Park of Tisza mansion | Platanus × hybrida (2) | Individual | 1 | A | x | x | |
20 | 29 | Gyula | Park of Harruckern-Almássy- Wenckheim mansion | Platanus × hybrida | Individual | 3 | B | x | x | x |
30 | Gyula | Csigakert public park | Populus alba | Individual | 3 | B | x | x | x | |
21 | 31 | Ádánd | Park of Csapody mansion | Platanus × hybrida | Individual | 2 | B | x | x | x |
22 | 32 | Hőgyész | Park of Apponyi mansion | Platanus × hybrida | Individual | 2 | B | x | x | |
23 | 33 | Zala | Park of Zichy mansion | Aesculus hippocastanum | Linear element (row of trees) | 1 | A | x | ||
24 | 34 | Hédervár | Park of Khuen-Hédervár mansion | Platanus × hybrida (inside the garden) | Individual (in winter), mass-like appearance (summer) | 3 | A | x | ||
35 | Hédervár | Park of Khuen-Hédervár mansion | Platanus × hybrida (front of the garden) | Individual elements | 3 | B | x | x | ||
25 | 36 | Berkesz | Park of Vay mansion | Aesculus hippocastanum | Linear element (row of trees) | 1 | A | x | x | |
26 | 37 | Putnok | Park of Serényi mansion | Fraxinus excelsior | Individual | 1 | A | x | ||
27 | 38 | Mihályi | Park of Dőry mansion | Aesculus hippocastanum (2) | Individual | 1 | A | x | x | |
39 | Mihályi | Park of Dőry mansion | Pinus nigra | Individual | 2 | B | x | |||
28 | 40 | Dénesfa | Park of Cziráky mansion | Seauoiadendron giganteum | Individual | 3 | B | x | x | |
41 | Dénesfa | Park of Cziráky mansion | Fraxinus angustifolia | Individual | 1 | A | x | |||
42 | Dénesfa | Park of Cziráky mansion | Tilia cordata | Individual | 1 | A | x | |||
43 | Dénesfa | Park of Cziráky mansion | Larix decidua | Individual | 1 | A | x | x |
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Name of Settlement | Tree Elements or Gardens Emphasised in Handbook as Valuable |
---|---|
Acsád | No |
Ádánd | No |
Berkesz | Yes |
Dénesfa | Yes |
Fehérvárcsurgó | No |
Geszt | No |
Gyula | No |
Hédervár | Yes |
Hőgyész | No |
Iharos | Yes |
Iharosberény | Yes |
Ivánc | No |
Lengyeltóti | No |
Martonvásár | No |
Mihályi | No |
Nagycenk | Yes |
Nagyrécse | Yes |
Nagyvázsony | Yes |
Parádsasvár | No |
Putnok | No |
Somogysárd | No |
Somogyzsitfa | Yes |
Surd | Yes |
Szécsény | No |
Tornanádaska | Yes |
Zala | No |
Zalacsány | No |
Zalaszentgrót | No |
Visibility Type | Visibility Range | Combination | Number of Examples | % of Examples |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | A | 1/A | 14 | 32.5% |
1 | B | 1/B | 1 | 2.3% |
1 | C | 1/C | - | 0% |
2 | A | 2/A | 3 | 7.0% |
2 | B | 2/B | 11 | 25.6% |
2 | C | 2/C | - | 0% |
3 | A | 3/A | 1 | 2.3% |
3 | B | 3/B | 11 | 25.6% |
3 | C | 3/C | 2 | 4.7% |
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Nádasy, L.Z.; Valánszki, I.; Sárospataki, M. Space Compositional Aspects Regarding the Importance of Trees in the Urban Landscape. Plants 2023, 12, 2581. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12132581
Nádasy LZ, Valánszki I, Sárospataki M. Space Compositional Aspects Regarding the Importance of Trees in the Urban Landscape. Plants. 2023; 12(13):2581. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12132581
Chicago/Turabian StyleNádasy, László Zoltán, István Valánszki, and Máté Sárospataki. 2023. "Space Compositional Aspects Regarding the Importance of Trees in the Urban Landscape" Plants 12, no. 13: 2581. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12132581