Allelopathic Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Grass Genotypes on Eruca Sativa L.
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Germination Percentage
2.2. Hypocotyl Length
2.3. Radicle Length
2.4. Seedling Dry Weight
2.5. Total Phenol and Flavonoid
2.6. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-MS (HPLC-MS) Analysis
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Materials and Methods of Preparation
4.2. Preparation of Leaf Extract of Grass Genotypes and Germination Experiments
4.3. Measurement of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content in Leaves of Grass Genotypes
4.4. Identification of Phenolic Compounds
4.5. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Akter, P.; Ahmed, A.M.A.; Promie, F.K.; Haque, M.E. Root Exudates of Fifteen Common Weed Species: Phytochemical Screening and Allelopathic Effects on T. aestivum L. Agronomy 2023, 13, 381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chauhan, B.S. Grand Challenges in Weed Management. Front. Agron. 2020, 1, 3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jabran, K.; Mahajan, G.; Sardana, V.; Chauhan, B.S. Allelopathy for weed control in agricultural systems. Crop Prot. 2015, 72, 57–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abbas, T.; Ahmad, A.; Kamal, A.; Nawaz, M.Y.; Jamil, M.A.; Saeed, T.; Abid, M.A.; Ali, H.H.; Ateeq, M. Ways to Use Allelopathic Potential for Weed Management: A Review. Int. J. Food Sci. Agric. 2021, 5, 492–498. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De, A.; Bose, R.; Kumar, A.; Mozumdar, S. Worldwide Pesticide Use; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2014; pp. 5–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koehler-Cole, K.; Everhart, S.E.; Gu, Y.; Proctor, C.A.; Marroquin-Guzman, M.; Redfearn, D.D.; Elmore, R.W. Is allelopathy from winter cover crops affecting row crops? Agric. Environ. Lett. 2020, 5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ullah, H.; Khan, N.; Khan, I.A. Complementing cultural weed control with plant allelopathy: Implications for improved weed management in wheat crop. Acta Ecol. Sin. 2023, 43, 27–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karimmojeni, H.; Rezaei, M.; Tseng, T.M.; Mastinu, A. Effects of metribuzin herbicide on some morpho-physiological characteristics of two Echinacea Species. Horticulturae 2022, 8, 169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, J.; Chen, L.; Chen, Q.; Miao, Y.; Peng, Z.; Huang, B.; Guo, L.; Liu, D.; Du, H. Allelopathic effect of Artemisia argyi on the germination and growth of various weeds. Sci. Rep. 2021, 11, 4303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choudhary, C.S.; Behera, B.; Raza, M.B.; Mrunalini, K.; Bhoi, T.K.; Lal, M.K.; Nongmaithem, D.; Pradhan, S.; Song, B.; Das, T.K. Mechanisms of allelopathic interactions for sustainable weed management. Rhizosphere 2023, 25, 100667. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, Y.; Chen, X.; Ding, L.; Kong, C.H. Allelopathy and allelochemicals in grasslands and forests. Forests 2023, 14, 562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Novakoski, A.D.; Coelho, E.M.P.; Ravagnani, G.T.; da Costa, A.C.P.R.; Rocha, S.A.; Zucareli, V.; Lopes, A.D. Allelopathic potential of plant aqueous mixtures on Euphorbia heterophylla. Agriculture 2020, 10, 449. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kato-Noguchi, H. Involvement of allelopathy in the invasive potential of Tithonia diversifolia. Plants 2020, 9, 766. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rob, M.M.; Hossen, K.; Iwasaki, A.; Suenaga, K.; Kato-Noguchi, H. Phytotoxic activity and identification of phytotoxic substances from Schumannianthus dichotomus. Plants 2020, 9, 102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hussain, M.I.; El-Sheikh, M.A.; Reigosa, M.J. Allelopathic potential of aqueous extract from Acacia melanoxylon R. Br. on Lactuca sativa. Plants 2020, 9, 1228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hussain, M.I.; Shackleton, R.T.; El-Keblawy, A.; Del Mar Trigo Pérez, M.; González, L. Invasive Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora), an allergy and health challenge. Plants 2020, 9, 141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Favaretto, A.; Scheffer-Basso, S.M.; Perez, N.B. Allelopathy in Poaceae species present in Brazil: A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 2018, 38, 22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Z.-H.; Wang, Q.; Ruan, X.; Pan, C.-D.; Jiang, D.-A. Phenolics and plant allelopathy. Molecules 2010, 15, 8933–8952. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- El-Shora, H.M.; Alharbi, M.M.; Darwish, D.B.; Gad, D. Allelopathic potential of aqueous leaf extract of Rumex dentatus L. on metabolites and enzyme activities of common purslane leaves. J. Plant Interact. 2022, 17, 267–276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, H.M.; Huang, J.G.; Yang, S.F.; Amist, N.; Zhou, L.J. Plant autotoxicity: A review (Part IV). families: Poaceae to Zingiberaceae. Allelopath. J. 2020, 50, 1–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gharibvandi, A.; Karimmojeni, H.; Ehsanzadeh, P.; Rahimmalek, M.; Mastinu, A. Weed management by allelopathic activity of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil. Plant Biosyst. 2022, 156, 1298–1306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hasan, M.; Ahmad-Hamdani, M.S.; Rosli, A.M.; Hamdan, H. Bioherbicides: An eco-friendly tool for sustainable weed management. Plants 2021, 10, 1212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Masum, S.M.; Hossain, M.A.; Akamine, H.; Sakagami, J.-I.; Bhowmik, P.C. Allelopathic potential of indigenous Bangladeshi rice varieties. Weed Biol. Manag. 2016, 16, 119–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khamare, Y.; Chen, J.J.; Marble, S.C. Allelopathy and its application as a weed management tool: A review. Front. Plant Sci. 2022, 13, 1034649. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gebashe, F.; Aremu, A.O.; Gruz, J.; Finnie, J.F.; Van Staden, J. Phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activity of grasses used in South African traditional medicine. Plants 2020, 9, 371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Scrivanti, L.R.; Anton, A.M. Germination inhibitory activity of aqueous extracts of native grasses from South America. Rodriguésia 2021, 72, e01672019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sheldon, K.; Purdom, S.; Shekoofa, A.; Steckel, L.; Sykes, V. Allelopathic impact of cover crop species on soybean and goosegrass seedling germination and early growth. Agriculture 2021, 11, 965. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kanya, T.C.S.; Urs, M.K. Studies on taramira (Eruca Sativa) Seed Oil and Meal. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1989, 66, 139–140. [Google Scholar]
- Piragine, E.; Flori, L.; Mannelli, L.D.; Ghelardini, C.; Pagnotta, E.; Matteo, R.; Lazzeri, L.; Martelli, A.; Miragliotta, V.; Pirone, A.; et al. Eruca sativa Mill. seed extract promotes anti-obesity and hypoglycemic effects in mice fed with a high-fat diet. Phytother. Res. 2021, 35, 1983–1990. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jia, C.-Z.; Wang, J.-J.; Chen, D.-L.; Hu, X.-W. Seed germination and seed bank dynamics of Eruca sativa (Brassicaceae): A weed on the Northeastern edge of Tibetan Plateau. Front. Plant Sci. 2022, 13, 820925. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fragasso, M.; Platani, C.; Miullo, V.; Papa, R.; Iannucci, A. A bioassay to evaluate plant responses to the allelopathic potential of rhizosphere soil of wild oat (Avena fatua L.). Agrochimica 2012, 56, 120–128. [Google Scholar]
- Shi, S.; Cheng, J.B.; Ahmad, N.; Zhao, W.Y.; Tian, M.F.; Yuan, Z.Y.; Li, C.Y.; Zhao, C.J. Effects of potential allelochemicals in a water extract of Abutilon theophrasti Medik. on germination and growth of Glycine max L., Triticum aestivum L., and Zea mays L. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2023, 103, 2155–2165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Villela, A.L.G.; Martinelli, R.; Zenatti, T.F.; Rufino-Jr, L.R.; Monquero, P.A.; Conceição, P.M.d.; Azevedo, F.A.d. Potential of two cover crops, signal grass and ruzi grass: Suggested allelopathic effect on some important weeds. Aust. J. Crop Sci. 2021, 15, 260–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Patane, C.; Pellegrino, A.; Cosentino, S.L.; Testa, G. Allelopathic effects of Cannabis sativa L. aqueous leaf extracts on seed germination and seedling growth in durum wheat and barley. Agronomy 2023, 13, 454. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karimmojeni, H.; Taab, A.; Rashidi, B.; Bazrafshan, A.H. Dormancy breaking and seed germination of the annual weeds Thlaspi arvense, Descurainia sophia and Malcolmia africana (Brassicaceae). J. Plant Prot. Res. 2014, 54, 179–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, K.L.; Wang, T.; Ren, C.; Dou, P.P.; Miao, Z.Z.; Liu, X.Q.; Huang, D.; Wang, K. Aqueous extracts of three herbs allelopathically inhibit lettuce germination but promote seedling growth at low concentrations. Plants 2022, 11, 486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cheng, H.; Wang, S.; Wei, M.; Yu, Y.; Wang, C. Effect of leaf water extracts of four Asteraceae alien invasive plants on germination performance of Lactuca sativa L. under acid deposition. Plant Ecol. 2021, 222, 433–443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, D.; Chen, J.; Xiong, X.; Wang, S.; Liu, J. Allelopathic effects of Cinnamomum migao on seed germination and seedling growth of its associated species Liquidambar formosana. Forests 2019, 10, 535. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haramoto, E.R.; Gallandt, E.R. Brassica cover cropping: II. Effects on growth and interference of green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus). Weed Sci. 2017, 53, 702–708. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nishida, N.; Tamotsu, S.; Nagata, N.; Saito, C.; Sakai, A. Allelopathic effects of volatile monoterpenoids produced by Salvia leucophylla: Inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis in the root apical meristem of Brassica campestris seedlings. J. Chem. Ecol. 2005, 31, 1187–1203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cheng, F.; Cheng, Z.H. Research progress on the use of plant allelopathy in agriculture and the physiological and ecological mechanisms of allelopathy. Front. Plant Sci. 2016, 7, 1697. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ziaebrahim, L.; Khavari-Ne, R.A.; Fahimi, H.; Nejadsatar, T. Effects of aqueous Eucalyptus extracts on seed germination, seedling growth and activities of peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase in three wheat cultivar seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.). Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 2007, 10, 3415–3419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sharma, P.; Jha, A.B.; Dubey, R.S.; Pessarakli, M. Reactive oxygen species, oxidative damage, and antioxidative defense mechanism in plants under stressful conditions. J. Bot. 2012, 2012, 217037. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goraya, G.K.; Asthir, B. Magnificant role of intracellular reactive oxygen species production and its scavenging encompasses downstream processes. J. Plant Biol. 2016, 59, 215–222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Razavifar, Z.; Karimmojeni, H.; Sini, F.G. Effects of wheat-canola intercropping on Phelipanche aegyptiaca parasitism. J. Plant Prot. Res. 2017, 57, 268–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lipińska, H.; Kępkowicz, A.; Sykut, M.; Jackowska, I. Effects of decomposing biomass of Festuca arundinacea, Festuca ovina and Festuca rubra lawn cultivars on growth of other lawn grasses. Allelopath. J. 2019, 46, 107–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koo, D.; Gonçalves, C.G.; Askew, S.D. Lolium arundinaceum leaf and root developmental temperatures influence its allelopathic potency on Poa annua. Int. Turfgrass Soc. Res. J. 2022, 14, 787–790. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scavo, A.; Pandino, G.; Restuccia, A.; Lombardo, S.; Pesce, G.R.; Mauromicale, G. Allelopathic potential of leaf aqueous extracts from Cynara cardunculus L. on the seedling growth of two cosmopolitan weed species. Ital. J. Agron. 2019, 14, 78–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Inderjit. Plant phenolics in allelopathy. Bot. Rev. 1996, 62, 186–202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sahoo, T.R.; Behera, B.; Paikaray, R.K.; Garnayak, L.M.; Sethi, D.; Jena, S.; Raza, M.B.; Panda, R.K.; Song, B.Q.; Lal, M.K.; et al. Effects of sunflower residue management options on productivity and profitability of succeeding rice under different crop establishment methods. Field Crops Res. 2023, 290, 108763. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kagan, I.A. Soluble phenolic compounds of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.): Potential effects on animal performance, and challenges in determining profiles and concentrations. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2021, 277, 114960. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jang, S.J.; Kim, K.R.; Yun, Y.B.; Kim, S.S.; Kuk, Y.I. Inhibitory effects of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) seedlings of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Allelopath. J. 2018, 44, 219–232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Djurdjević, L.; Gajić, G.; Kostić, O.; Jarić, S.; Pavlović, M.; Mitrović, M.; Pavlović, P. Seasonal dynamics of allelopathically significant phenolic compounds in globally successful invader Conyza canadensis L. plants and associated sandy soil. Flora Morphol. Distrib. Funct. Ecol. Plants 2012, 207, 812–820. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khaleghnezhad, V.; Yousefi, A.R.; Tavakoli, A.; Farajmand, B.; Mastinu, A. Concentrations dependent effect of exogenous abscisic acid on photosynthesis, growth and phenolic content of Dracocephalum moldavica L. under drought stress. Planta 2021, 253, 127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Majidi, M.M.; Mirlohi, A.; Amini, F. Genetic variation, heritability and correlations of agro-morphological traits in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Euphytica 2009, 167, 323–331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bali, A.S.; Batish, D.R.; Singh, H.P.; Kaur, S.; Kohli, R.K. Phytotoxicity and weed management potential of leaf extracts of Callistemon viminalis against the weeds of rice. Acta Physiol. Plant 2016, 39, 25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alinian, S.; Razmjoo, J.; Zeinali, H. Flavonoids, anthocynins, phenolics and essential oil produced in cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) accessions under different irrigation regimes. Ind. Crops Prod. 2016, 81, 49–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Proestos, C.; Sereli, D.; Komaitis, M. Determination of phenolic compounds in aromatic plants by RP-HPLC and GC-MS. Food Chemistry 2006, 95, 44–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Origin | Variety | Genotype Code | Specie |
---|---|---|---|
- | - | FA-ET | Festuca arundinacea Schreb. |
Germany, Zurich | Belfine | FA-B | Festuca arundinacea Schreb. |
Germany, Zurich | Elfina | FA-E | Festuca arundinacea Schreb. |
Croatia | B-18 | GR 1336 | Festuca arundinacea Schreb. |
New Zealand | Roa | GR 1412 | Festuca arundinacea Schreb. |
Iran, Isfahan, Fozve | 16Early-Half Sib | 16E-HS | Festuca arundinacea Schreb. |
Romania | Cluj | GR 8265 | Festuca arundinacea Schreb. |
Spain | - | FA-A | Festuca arundinacea Schreb. |
Iran, Isfahan, Fozve | 9Early-Parent | 9E-P | Festuca arundinacea Schreb. |
Hungary, unknown | 11Moderate-Half Sib | 11M-HS | Festuca arundinacea Schreb. |
Iran, Kohkiluye, Yasuj | 6Late-Half Sib | 6L-HS | Festuca arundinacea Schreb. |
Poland, unknown | 22Moderate-Parent | 22M-P | Festuca arundinacea Schreb. |
USA, New Jersey | 10Early-Half Sib | 10E-HS | Festuca arundinacea Schreb. |
Hungary, unknown | 14Early-Parent | 14E-P | Festuca arundinacea Schreb. |
Iran, Isfahan, Fozve | 20Late-Half Sib | 20L-HS | Festuca arundinacea Schreb. |
Hungary, unknown | 12Late-Half Sib | 12L-HS | Festuca arundinacea Schreb. |
Iran, Isfahan, Yazdabad | 1Early-Parent | 1E-P | Festuca arundinacea Schreb. |
Iran, Shahrud | - | 19L | Festuca arundinacea Schreb. |
Iran, Isfahan, Yazdabad | 1Moderate -Parent | 1M-P | Festuca arundinacea Schreb. |
Iran, Kohkiluye, Yasuj | 3Early-Half Sib | 3E-HS | Festuca arundinacea Schreb. |
Iran, Isfahan, Yazdabad | 1Moderate-Half Sib | 1M-HS | Festuca arundinacea Schreb. |
Iran, Shahrud | - | 25E | Festuca arundinacea Schreb. |
Iran, Kohkiluye, Yasuj | 3Early-Parent | 3E-P | Festuca arundinacea Schreb. |
Iran, Isfahan, Mobarake | 4Early-Half Sib | 4E-HS | Festuca arundinacea Schreb. |
USA, New Jersey | 10Early-Parent | 10E-P | Festuca arundinacea Schreb. |
Hungary, unknown | 12Late-Parent | 12L-P | Festuca arundinacea Schreb. |
Iran, Isfahan, Yazdabad | 1Early-Half Sib | 1E-HS | Festuca arundinacea Schreb. |
Poland, unknown | 23Moderate-Half Sib | 23M-HS | Festuca arundinacea Schreb. |
France | Flecha | FA-F | Festuca arundinacea Schreb. |
Iran, Isfahan, IUT | - | Rubra 4 | Festuca rubra L. |
Iran, Isfahan, IUT | - | Rubra 3 | Festuca rubra L. |
Hungary | - | BI-G25 | Bromus inermis Leyss. |
Hungary | RCAT042134 | B-11 | Bromus inermis Leyss. |
France | Medly | DG-M | Dactylis glomerata L. |
Germany, Zurich | PRATO | DG-P | Dactylis glomerata L. |
Hungary | RCAT041111 | DG-G;7 | Dactylis glomerata L. |
France | Ludac | DG-L | Dactylis glomerata L. |
Iran, Isfahan, Fozve | 4000 ∕ 24 | DG-G10 | Dactylis glomerata L. |
Iran, Isfahan, Najaf Abad | 31.4000 | D-1 | Dactylis glomerata L. |
France | Kasbah | DG-K | Dactylis glomerata L. |
Hungary | RCAT041111 | D-13 | Dactylis glomerata L. |
Netherland | Baroldi, Barwoldi, Barenza | GR 2541 | Lolium multiflorum Lam. |
Germany, Zurich | Alces | LM-AL | Lolium multiflorum Lam. |
Germany, Zurich | Arvella | LP-AR1 | Lolium perenne L. |
Germany, Zurich | Tapirus | LH-T | Lolium × hybridum Hausskn. |
CSFR | Perun | GR 5004 | X Festulolium braunii (K. Richt.) |
Germany | Paulita | GR 5003 | X Festulolium braunii (K. Richt.) |
Germany | F1 3.79 | GR 5009 | X Festulolium sp. |
Netherland | Civ 254 | GR 1692 | X Festulolium sp. |
Spain | - | PASP 9;90 | Paspalum dilatatum Poir. |
Source of Variation | df | Mean Square | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Germination | Hypocotyl Length | Radicle Length | Dry Weight | ||
Extract concentration | 5 | 148,872 ** | 31,270 ** | 4954 ** | 845 ** |
Genotypes | 49 | 398 ** | 287 ** | 38.6 ** | 28.9 ** |
Genotypes × Extract concentration | 245 | 99.6 ** | 59.6 ** | 3.87 ** | 0.78 ** |
Error | 600 | 1.58 | 0.61 | 0.145 | 0.12 |
Coefficient of variation | 15.7 | 13.9 | 12.3 | 17.4 |
Extract Concentration | Germination (%) | Hypocotyl Length (mm) | Radicle Length (mm) | Dry Weight (mg Plant) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 90 ± 1.08 a | 49.44 ± 0.43 a | 19.25 ± 0.37 a | 8.29 ± 0.15 a |
12.5 | 90.13 ± 0.80 a | 49.62 ± 0.59 a | 19.22 ± 0.49 a | 8.27 ± 0.09 a |
25 | 71.28 ± 0.92 b | 42.49 ± 1.42 b | 15.51 ± 0.34 b | 7.05 ± 0.10 b |
50 | 50.56 ± 0.55 c | 36.90 ± 0.85 c | 13.02 ± 0.52 c | 5.76 ± 0.17 c |
75 | 21.48 ± 1.35 d | 10.39 ± 1.27 d | 7.21 ± 0.19 d | 3.15 ± 0.12 d |
100 | 21.16 ± 1.14 d | 10.20 ± 1.06 d | 3.58 ± 0.21 e | 2.02 ± 0.06 e |
LSD (5%) | 0.349 | 0.237 | 0.081 | 0.074 |
Grass Genotyp | Germination (%) | Hypocotyl Length (mm) | Radicle Length (mm) | Dry Weight(mg) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (FA-ET) | 63.22 ± 6.09 b | 40.41 ± 4.17 ab | 14.67 ± 1.82 ab | 7.79 ± 0.39 ab |
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (FA-B) | 49.27 ± 7.36 lmn | 28.39 ± 4.09 t–w | 10.01 ± 1.56 yz | 3.89 ± 0.56 r |
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (FA-E) | 59.38 ± 6.19 fg | 36.62 ± 3.39 m–q | 12.77 ± 1.39 u–y | 5.64 ± 0.67 mno |
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (GR 1336) | 59.22 ± 5.82 fgh | 36.58 ± 3.17 n–q | 12.72 ± 1.09 u–y | 5.63 ± 0.38 mno |
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (GR 1412) | 58.55 ± 4.38 h–k | 37.69 ± 4.21 fgh | 13.46 ± 1.14 m–q | 6.39 ± 0.29 hi |
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (16E-HS) | 59.11 ± 5.44 f–j | 36.48 ± 4.32 o–r | 12.66 ± 1.12 wxy | 5.62 ± 0.51 mno |
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (GR 8265) | 59.08 ± 5.12 f–j | 37.96 ± 4.25 fg | 13.8 ± 1.33 g–j | 6.69 ± 0.37 fg |
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (FA-A 71) | 58.83 ± 7.04 f–k | 36.91 ± 3.01 k–o | 12.91 ± 1.02 t–x | 5.74 ± 0.39 m |
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (9E-P) | 61 ± 9.23 e | 37.94 ± 4.30 fg | 13.89 ± 1.21 fghi | 6.7 ± 0.36 fg |
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (11M-HS) | 59.18 ± 4.87 fgh | 36.3 ± 3.44 pqr | 12.62 ± 2.22 xy | 5.55 ± 0.40 mno |
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (6L-HS) | 48.94 ± 6.36 lmno | 28.07 ± 5.21 vwx | 9.86 ± 1.30 yz | 3.56 ± 0.38 s |
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (22M-P) | 59.13 ± 5.02 f–j | 37.18 ± 3.42 i–l | 13.17 ± 1.44 r–v | 6.06 ± 0.40 kl |
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (10E-HS) | 61.2 ± 5.91 de | 39.61 ± 3.61 de | 14.21 ± 1.19 de | 7.4 ± 0.42 de |
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (14E-P) | 58.78 ± 7.49 f–k | 37.90 ± 3.37 fg | 13.7 ± 1.25 h–l | 6.61 ± 0.37 gh |
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (20L-HS) | 49.67 ± 9.05 l | 32.37 ± 7.41 s | 11.58 ± 1.36 xyz | 4.89 ± 0.81 p |
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (12L-HS) | 58.88 ± 3.93 f–j | 37.57 ± 4.22 f–i | 13.41 ± 1.41 m–r | 6.31 ± 0.40 ij |
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (1E-P) | 61.5 ± 5.32 cd | 39.85 ± 4.07 cde | 14.31 ± 1.56 cd | 7.51 ± 0.39 cd |
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (19L) | 58.80 ± 6.07 f–k | 37.13 ± 3.59 i–m | 13.02 ± 1.27 t–x | 6.03 ± 0.42 l |
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (1M-P) | 58.94 ± 6.23 f–j | 37.02 ± 3.27 j–n | 12.96 ± 1.57 t–x | 5.75 ± 0.37 m |
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (3E-HS) | 61.3 ± 6.14 cde | 39.55 ± 3.09 e | 14.10 ± 1.38 def | 7.22 ± 0.29 e |
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (1M-HS) | 61.2 ± 5.79 de | 40.16 ± 4.19 bc | 14.02 ± 1.82 efg | 7.23 ± 0.29 e |
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (25E) | 58.33 ± 6.41 jk | 37.24 ± 4.83 h–l | 13.22 ± 1.30 q–u | 6.11 ± 0.28 jkl |
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (3E-P) | 59 ± 6.55 f | 36.77 ± 4.15 l–p | 12.81 ± 1.16 u–y | 5.7 ± 0.26 mn |
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (4E-HS) | 59.16 ± 6.61 f–j | 37.13 ± 4.33 ijkl | 13.11 ± 1.42 s–w | 6.06 ± 0.33 kl |
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (10E-P) | 49.38 ± 5.69 lm | 28.51 ± 6.20 tu | 10.06 ± 1.45 yz | 4 ± 0.75 r |
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (12L-P) | 59.16 ± 6.04 f–j | 37.94 ± 3.49 fg | 13.76 ± 1.37 h–k | 6.66 ± 0.37 fg |
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (1E-HS) | 58.61 ± 5.87 g–k | 37.86 ± 3.32 fg | 13.65 ± 1.20 i–m | 6.56 ± 0.45 gh |
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (23m-HS) | 49.61 ± 4.84 l | 28.72 ± 5.75 t | 11.43 ± 1.16 yz | 4.25 ± 0.59 q |
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (FA-F) | 58.72 ± 5.92 f–k | 36.05 ± 4.11 r | 12.45 ± 1.52 xyz | 5.42 ± 0.39 o |
Festuca rubra L. (Rubra 4) | 58.16 ± 6.40 k | 37.86 ± 3.66 fg | 13.49 ± 2.07 l–p | 6.39 ± 0.41 hi |
Festuca rubra L. (Rubra 3) | 61.16 ± 6.17 de | 38.04 ± 3.60 f | 13.94 ± 1.49 fgh | 6.84 ± 0.38 f |
Bromus inermis Leyss. (BI-G25) | 49.65 ± 7.08 l | 32.19 ± 4.05 s | 11.48 ± 1.24 yz | 4.31 ± 0.53 q |
Bromus inermis Leyss. (B-11) | 58.44 ± 7.43 ijk | 37.29 ± 3.42 h–k | 13.27 ± 1.51 p–t | 6.17 ± 0.31 jkl |
Dactylis glomerata L. (DG-M) | 64.55 ± 6.86 a | 40.47 ± 3.30 ab | 14.7 ± 1.32 ab | 7.88 ± 0.38 a |
Dactylis glomerata L.(DG-P) | 64.33 ± 6.23 a | 40.91 ± 3.69 a | 14.83 ± 1.46 a | 7.68 ± 0.36 abc |
Dactylis glomerata L. (DG-G7) | 59.27 ± 6.18 fg | 37.52 ± 4.31 ghi | 13.37 ± 1.05 n–r | 6.27 ± 0.29 ijk |
Dactylis glomerata L. (DG-L) | 58.66 ± 4.57 g–k | 37.86 ± 4.54 fg | 13.59 ± 2.31 j–n | 6.56 ± 0.36 gh |
Dactylis glomerata L. (DG-G10) | 61.94 ± 5.96 cd | 40.38 ± 5.11 b | 14.46 ± 1.71 bc | 7.62 ± 0.36 bcd |
Dactylis glomerata L. (D-1) | 62.11 ± 6.09 c | 40.11 ± 4.40 bcd | 14.57 ± 1.53 b | 7.74 ± 0.38 ab |
Dactylis glomerata L. (DG-K) | 58.34 ± 7.33 jk | 37.32 ± 3.24 h–k | 13.33 ± 1.17 o–s | 6.22 ± 0.35 i–l |
Dactylis glomerata L. (D-13) | 59.07 ± 6.26 f–j | 37.83 ± 5.16 fg | 13.55 ± 1.79 k–o | 6.53 ± 0.36 gh |
Lolium multiflorum Lam. (GR 2541) | 58.74 ± 7.18 f–k | 36.81 ± 3.23 k–p | 12.85 ± 1.35 t–x | 5.74 ± 0.38 m |
Lolium multiflorum Lam. (LM-AL) | 58.77 ± 7.01 f–k | 36.27 ± 4.38 qr | 12.5 ± 1.31 xyz | 5.49 ± 0.39 o |
Lolium perenne L. (LP-AR1) | 49.11 ± 5.72 lmn | 28.2 ± 6.12 u–x | 9.96 ± 1.37 yz | 3.82 ± 0.48 r |
Lolium × hybridum Hausskn. (LH-T) | 58.88 ± 7.50 f–k | 36.28 ± 4.13 qr | 12.57 ± 1.76 xyz | 5.46 ± 0.39 o |
X Festulolium braunii (K. Richt.) (GR 5004) | 48.61 ± 6.22 mno | 27.94 ± 6.24 wx | 9.66 ± 1.81 z | 3.41 ± 0.42 st |
X Festulolium braunii (K. Richt.) (GR 5003) | 49.55 ± 7.47 l | 28.66 ± 5.73 tu | 11.38 ± 1.45 yz | 3.83 ± 0.55 r |
X Festulolium sp. (GR 5009) | 48.5 ± 6.95 no | 27.91 ± 4.85 wx | 9.54 ± 1.49 z | 3.56 ± 0.70 s |
X Festulolium sp. (GR 1692) | 48.16 ± 7.39 o | 27.71 ± 4.19 x | 9.48 ± 1.64 z | 3.23 ± 0.54 t |
Paspalum dilatatum Poir. (PASP 990) | 59.05 ± 5.73 f–j | 37.13 ± 4.52 i–m | 13.07 ± 1.29 t–x | 6.01 ± 0.38 l |
LSD (5%) | 0.865 | 0.539 | 0.274 | 0.234 |
Grass Genotypes | Total Phenolic Content (mg GAE/g DW) | Total Flavonoid Content (mg QE/g DW) |
---|---|---|
X Festulolium sp. (GR 5009) | 7.76 ± 0.72 a | 0.52 ± 0.11 a |
X Festulolium sp. (GR 1692) | 7.43 ± 0.54 b | 0.506 ± 0.17 b |
X Festulolium braunii (K. Richt.) GR 5004 | 7.13 ± 1.07 c | 0.503 ± 0.15 b |
Dactylis glomerata L. (D-M) | 5.07 ± 0.29 d | 0.385 ± 0.04 c |
Dactylis glomerata L. (DG-P) | 4.55 ± 0.52 e | 0.341 ± 0.02 d |
LSD (5%) | 0.14 | 0.06 |
Grass Genotypes | GA | CGA | CA | PCA | FA | AP | VA | SyA | 4HBA | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(μg g DW) | ||||||||||
GR 5009 | 23.8 | 103.3 | 388.1 | 179.9 | 153.1 | 148.1 | 190.6 | 280.6 | 84 | 1551.6 |
GR 1692 | 24.4 | 108.4 | 359.9 | 154.1 | 135.6 | 137.4 | 165.7 | 281.7 | 80.9 | 1448.4 |
GR 5004 | 64 | 105.9 | 327.4 | 182.8 | 102.6 | 109.6 | 166.4 | 285.4 | 83.4 | 1427.9 |
DG-M | 34 | 63.5 | 130.1 | 133.9 | 95.8 | 115.1 | 129.3 | 248.2 | 76.9 | 1027.1 |
DG-P | 29.1 | 55.2 | 82.5 | 123.9 | 86.5 | 148.9 | 127.5 | 281.8 | nd | 935.7 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Motalebnejad, M.; Karimmojeni, H.; Majidi, M.M.; Mastinu, A. Allelopathic Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Grass Genotypes on Eruca Sativa L. Plants 2023, 12, 3358. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12193358
Motalebnejad M, Karimmojeni H, Majidi MM, Mastinu A. Allelopathic Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Grass Genotypes on Eruca Sativa L. Plants. 2023; 12(19):3358. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12193358
Chicago/Turabian StyleMotalebnejad, Masoud, Hassan Karimmojeni, Mohammad Mahdi Majidi, and Andrea Mastinu. 2023. "Allelopathic Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Grass Genotypes on Eruca Sativa L." Plants 12, no. 19: 3358. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12193358