Density-Dependent Effects of Simultaneous Root and Floral Herbivory on Plant Fitness and Defense
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Development of Plant Reproduction over Time (Generalized Estimating Equations—GEEs)
2.2. Linear and Non-Linear Effects of Herbviores on Plant Performance and Reproduction
2.3. Herbivore Effects on FH Caterpillar Development Time
2.4. Structural Equation Models (SEMs) of RH and FH Density Effects on Plant Reproduction
2.5. Transgenerational Herbivore Effects on Seedling Emergence: Lifetime Fitness Estimation
3. Discussion
3.1. Density-Dependent FH Damage
3.2. Density-Dependent RH Damage
3.3. RH Consequences for FH Caterpillar Performance
3.4. Additiveness and Non-Additiveness in Simultaneous Root and Floral Herbivory
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study System
4.2. Experimental Set-Up
4.3. Data Collection
4.4. Statistical Analyses
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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RH | FH | RH × FH | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | df | χ² | z | p | df | χ² | z | p | df | χ² | z | p |
Floral bud group production | 1,1704 | 4.14 | −2.05 | 0.04 | 1,1704 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.86 | 1,1704 | 0.12 | −0.34 | 0.73 |
Flower production | 1,1389 | 0.50 | −0.70 | 0.47 | 1,1389 | 11.00 | 3.31 | <0.0001 | 1,1389 | 0.33 | 0.57 | 0.56 |
Fruit production | 1,1202 | 8.15 | −2.85 | 0.004 | 1,1202 | 76.89 | 8.76 | <0.0001 | 1,1202 | 2.03 | 1.42 | 0.15 |
RH | FH | RH × FH | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GLMM/GAMM | F/χ² | df | Statistic | p | df | Statistic | p | df | Statistic | p | |
Aboveground biomass and reproduction | |||||||||||
Aboveground biomass | GLMM | χ² | 1,73 | 6.54 | 0.03 | 1,73 | 3.92 | 0.04 | 1,73 | 0.01 | 0.92 |
Number of flowers | GAMM | χ² | 1,79 | 5.15 | 0.02 | 1,79 | 8.89 | 0.002 | 1,79 | 0.15 | 0.69 |
Number of fruits | GAMM | χ² | 1,79 | 5.05 | 0.02 | 1,79 | 18.22 | <0.0001 | 1,79 | 0.03 | 0.85 |
Number of seeds | GAMM | χ² | 1,79 | 2.17 | 0.14 | 1,79 | 12.05 | 0.0005 | 1,79 | 0.26 | 0.60 |
Leaf and seed nutrient content | |||||||||||
C/N ratio in leaves | GLMM | χ² | 1,76 | 1.10 | 0.29 | 1,76 | 0.43 | 0.51 | 1,76 | 0.00 | 0.92 |
C/N ratio in seeds | GLMM | χ² | 1,59 | 0.04 | 0.82 | 1,59 | 2.04 | 0.15 | 1,59 | 0.44 | 0.50 |
Leaf glucosinolates (GLSs) | |||||||||||
Total GLSs | GLMM | F | 1,77 | 4.62 | 0.03 | 1,77 | 1.16 | 0.28 | 1,77 | 4.79 | 0.03 |
Aliphatic GLSs | GLMM | F | 1,77 | 5.08 | 0.02 | 1,77 | 1.36 | 0.24 | 1,77 | 4.03 | 0.04 |
Indolic GLSs | GLMM | F | 1,77 | 2.65 | 0.10 | 1,77 | 0.33 | 0.56 | 1,77 | 0.28 | 0.59 |
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Aguirrebengoa, M.; Müller, C.; Hambäck, P.A.; González-Megías, A. Density-Dependent Effects of Simultaneous Root and Floral Herbivory on Plant Fitness and Defense. Plants 2023, 12, 283. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12020283
Aguirrebengoa M, Müller C, Hambäck PA, González-Megías A. Density-Dependent Effects of Simultaneous Root and Floral Herbivory on Plant Fitness and Defense. Plants. 2023; 12(2):283. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12020283
Chicago/Turabian StyleAguirrebengoa, Martin, Caroline Müller, Peter A. Hambäck, and Adela González-Megías. 2023. "Density-Dependent Effects of Simultaneous Root and Floral Herbivory on Plant Fitness and Defense" Plants 12, no. 2: 283. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12020283