The Type of Grain Counts: Effectiveness of Three Essential Oil-Based Nanoemulsions against Sitophilus oryzae
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Encapsulation of Essential Oils into Nanoemulsions
4.2. Insect Species
4.3. Grains
4.4. Bioassays
4.5. Data Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Between Exposure Intervals | DF | F | p |
---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 1 | 1499.5 | <0.01 |
Insecticide | 6 | 67.5 | <0.01 |
Grain | 2 | 149.3 | <0.01 |
Insecticide x grain | 12 | 5.6 | <0.01 |
Within exposure intervals | |||
Exposure | 9 | 303.0 | <0.01 |
Exposure x insecticide | 54 | 7.0 | <0.01 |
Exposure x grain | 18 | 20.1 | <0.01 |
Exposure x insecticide x grain | 108 | 2.5 | <0.01 |
Tested Product | 4 h | 8 h | 16 h | 1 Day | 2 Days | 3 Days | 4 Days | 5 Days | 6 Days | 7 Days | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C. acaulis NE 500 ppm | 0.0 ± 0.0 D | 0.0 ± 0.0 D | 0.0 ± 0.0 D | 0.0 ± 0.0 Db | 0.0 ± 0.0 Dc | 5.6 ± 1.8 Cb | 8.9 ± 2.0 Cbc | 16.7 ± 1.7 Bb | 28.9 ± 2.0 ABbc | 45.6 ± 1.8 Abc | 72.9 | <0.01 |
C. acaulis NE 1000 ppm | 0.0 ± 0.0 E | 0.0 ± 0.0 E | 0.0 ± 0.0 E | 0.0 ± 0.0 Eb | 6.7 ± 1.7 Dab | 23.3 ± 2.9 Ca | 33.3 ± 4.1 BCa | 61.1 ± 4.6 ABa | 80.0 ± 2.9 Aa | 94.4 ± 1.8 Aa | 206.5 | <0.01 |
M. longifolia NE 500 ppm | 0.0 ± 0.0 B | 0.0 ± 0.0 B | 0.0 ± 0.0 B | 0.0 ± 0.0 Bb | 0.0 ± 0.0 Bc | 0.0 ± 0.0 Bc | 2.2 ± 1.5 Bd | 4.4 ± 1.8 Bc | 15.6 ± 3.4 Ad | 22.2 ± 5.2 Ad | 17.1 | <0.01 |
M. longifolia NE 1000 ppm | 0.0 ± 0.0 C | 0.0 ± 0.0 C | 0.0 ± 0.0 C | 0.0 ± 0.0 Cb | 0.0 ± 0.0 Cc | 0.0 ± 0.0 Cc | 2.2 ± 1.5 Cd | 12.2 ± 1.5 Bb | 22.2 ± 4.9 ABcd | 35.6 ± 4.4 Ac | 110.7 | <0.01 |
H. voyronii NE 500 ppm | 0.0 ± 0.0 D | 0.0 ± 0.0 D | 0.0 ± 0.0 D | 0.0 ± 0.0 Db | 0.0 ± 0.0 Dc | 0.0 ± 0.0 Dc | 8.9 ± 3.1 Ccd | 20.0 ± 3.3 Bb | 25.6 ± 3.8 ABbcd | 46.7 ± 5.0 Abc | 80.6 | <0.01 |
H. voyronii NE 1000 ppm | 0.0 ± 0.0 E | 0.0 ± 0.0 E | 0.0 ± 0.0 E | 3.3 ± 1.7 DEab | 5.6 ± 1.8 Db | 20.0 ± 2.9 Ca | 27.8 ± 4.7 BCab | 44.4 ± 3.4 ABCa | 56.7 ± 3.3 ABab | 83.3 ± 3.3 Aab | 81.1 | <0.01 |
Pirimiphos-methyl | 0.0 ± 0.0 F | 0.0 ± 0.0 F | 0.0 ± 0.0 F | 4.4 ± 1.8 Ea | 14.4 ± 2.9 Da | 25.6 ±3.4 CDa | 34.4 ± 3.8 BCa | 53.3 ± 5.0 ABCa | 72.2 ± 6.0 ABa | 88.9 ± 3.9 Aab | 100.0 | <0.01 |
F | - | - | - | 4.4 | 16.2 | 69.8 | 17.6 | 32.7 | 13.6 | 15.7 | ||
p | - | - | - | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Tested Product | 4 h | 8 h | 16 h | 1 Day | 2 Days | 3 Days | 4 Days | 5 Days | 6 Days | 7 Days | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C. acaulis NE 500 ppm | 0.0 ± 0.0 B | 0.0 ± 0.0 B | 0.0 ± 0.0 B | 0.0 ± 0.0 B | 0.0 ± 0.0 Bb | 0.0 ± 0.0 Bb | 2.2 ± 1.5 Bb | 3.3 ± 1.7 Bb | 13.3 ± 2.4 Ab | 18.9 ± 2.0 Abc | 41.1 | <0.01 |
C. acaulis NE 1000 ppm | 0.0 ± 0.0 B | 0.0 ± 0.0 B | 0.0 ± 0.0 B | 1.1 ± 1.1 B | 1.1 ± 1.1 Bb | 3.3 ± 1.7 Bb | 3.3 ± 1.7 Bb | 3.3 ± 1.7 Bb | 21.1 ± 2.6 Aab | 43.3 ± 5.8 Aab | 26.7 | <0.01 |
M. longifolia NE 500 ppm | 0.0 ± 0.0 B | 0.0 ± 0.0 B | 0.0 ± 0.0 B | 0.0 ± 0.0 B | 0.0 ± 0.0 Bb | 0.0 ± 0.0 Bb | 1.1 ± 1.1 Bb | 3.3 ± 2.4 Bb | 11.1 ± 3.1 Abc | 14.4 ± 3.4 Ac | 16.6 | <0.01 |
M. longifolia NE 1000 ppm | 0.0 ± 0.0 C | 0.0 ± 0.0 C | 1.1 ± 1.1 C | 2.2 ± 2.2 C | 3.3 ± 2.4 BCb | 3.3 ± 2.4 BCb | 6.7 ± 2.9 ABCb | 10.0 ± 3.7 ABCb | 16.7 ± 5.0 ABbc | 20.0 ± 5.5 Ac | 6.5 | <0.01 |
H. voyronii NE 500 ppm | 0.0 ± 0.0 C | 0.0 ± 0.0 C | 0.0 ± 0.0 C | 0.0 ± 0.0 C | 0.0 ± 0.0 Cb | 0.0 ± 0.0 Cb | 1.1 ± 1.1 BCb | 2.2 ± 2.2 BCb | 5.6 ± 2.4 Bc | 11.1 ± 2.0 Ac | 11.6 | <0.01 |
H. voyronii NE 1000 ppm | 0.0 ± 0.0 E | 0.0 ± 0.0 E | 0.0 ± 0.0 E | 0.0 ± 0.0 E | 0.0 ± 0.0 Eb | 2.2 ± 1.5 DEb | 5.6 ± 1.8 CDb | 7.8 ± 2.2 BCb | 16.7 ± 2.4 ABb | 27.8 ± 3.6 Abc | 25.0 | <0.01 |
Pirimiphos-methyl | 0.0 ± 0.0 E | 0.0 ± 0.0 E | 0.0 ± 0.0 E | 4.4 ± 2.4 DE | 10.0 ± 2.9 CDa | 22.2 ± 4.0 BCa | 30.0 ± 4.4 ABa | 50.0 ± 4.1 ABa | 62.2 ± 5.2 Aa | 76.7 ± 3.7 Aa | 54.9 | <0.01 |
F | - | - | 1.0 | 2.0 | 7.0 | 12.1 | 9.3 | 9.9 | 7.8 | 9.8 | ||
p | - | - | 0.44 | 0.09 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Tested Product | 4 h | 8 h | 16 h | 1 Day | 2 Days | 3 Days | 4 Days | 5 Days | 6 Days | 7 Days | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C. acaulis NE 500 ppm | 0.0 ± 0.0 C | 0.0 ± 0.0 C | 0.0 ± 0.0 C | 0.0 ± 0.0C | 0.0 ± 0.0 Cb | 0.0 ± 0.0 Cb | 0.0 ± 0.0 Cb | 2.2 ± 1.5 BCb | 5.6 ± 1.8 ABbc | 7.8 ± 1.5 Abc | 10.8 | <0.01 |
C. acaulis NE 1000 ppm | 0.0 ± 0.0 B | 0.0 ± 0.0B | 0.0 ± 0.0 B | 0.0 ± 0.0 B | 0.0 ± 0.0 Bb | 0.0 ± 0.0 Bb | 2.2 ± 1.5 Bb | 2.2 ± 1.5 Bb | 8.9 ± 2.6 Ab | 17.8 ± 4.0 Aab | 14.4 | <0.01 |
M. longifolia NE 500 ppm | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 b | 0.0 ± 0.0b | 0.0 ± 0.0c | 1.1 ± 1.1d | 1.0 | 0.45 |
M. longifolia NE 1000 ppm | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 b | 0.0 ± 0.0b | 0.0 ± 0.0 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 b | 1.1 ± 1.1 c | 3.3 ± 2.4 cd | 1.7 | 0.10 |
H. voyronii NE 500 ppm | 0.0 ± 0.0 B | 0.0 ± 0.0 B | 0.0 ± 0.0 B | 0.0 ± 0.0 B | 0.0 ± 0.0 Bb | 0.0 ± 0.0 Bb | 0.0 ± 0.0 Bb | 0.0 ± 0.0 Bb | 2.2 ± 1.5 ABbc | 4.4 ± 2.4 Acd | 3.0 | <0.01 |
H. voyronii NE 1000 ppm | 0.0 ± 0.0 B | 0.0 ± 0.0 B | 0.0 ± 0.0 B | 0.0 ± 0.0 B | 0.0 ± 0.0 Bb | 0.0 ± 0.0 Bb | 2.2 ± 1.5 ABb | 3.3 ± 2.4 ABb | 5.6 ± 2.4 ABbc | 6.7 ± 2.4 Abcd | 4.1 | <0.01 |
Pirimiphos-methyl | 0.0 ± 0.0 D | 0.0 ± 0.0 D | 0.0 ± 0.0 D | 0.0 ± 0.0 D | 7.8 ± 2.8 Ca | 11.1 ± 3.5 Ca | 14.4 ± 4.8 BCa | 27.8 ± 4.0 ABa | 41.1 ± 4.6 Aa | 57.8 ± 3.2 Aa | 34.3 | <0.01 |
F | - | - | - | - | 9.7 | 15.0 | 7.3 | 22.0 | 13.6 | 13.7 | ||
p | - | - | - | - | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
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Kavallieratos, N.G.; Bonacucina, G.; Nika, E.P.; Skourti, A.; Georgakopoulou, S.K.C.; Filintas, C.S.; Panariti, A.M.E.; Maggi, F.; Petrelli, R.; Ferrati, M.; et al. The Type of Grain Counts: Effectiveness of Three Essential Oil-Based Nanoemulsions against Sitophilus oryzae. Plants 2023, 12, 813. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12040813
Kavallieratos NG, Bonacucina G, Nika EP, Skourti A, Georgakopoulou SKC, Filintas CS, Panariti AME, Maggi F, Petrelli R, Ferrati M, et al. The Type of Grain Counts: Effectiveness of Three Essential Oil-Based Nanoemulsions against Sitophilus oryzae. Plants. 2023; 12(4):813. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12040813
Chicago/Turabian StyleKavallieratos, Nickolas G., Giulia Bonacucina, Erifili P. Nika, Anna Skourti, Stavroula Kyriaki C. Georgakopoulou, Constantin S. Filintas, Anna Maria E. Panariti, Filippo Maggi, Riccardo Petrelli, Marta Ferrati, and et al. 2023. "The Type of Grain Counts: Effectiveness of Three Essential Oil-Based Nanoemulsions against Sitophilus oryzae" Plants 12, no. 4: 813. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12040813