Exogenous Proline Enhances Systemic Defense against Salt Stress in Celery by Regulating Photosystem, Phenolic Compounds, and Antioxidant System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Changes in Growth and Photosynthetic Pigment Content under Salt Stress
2.2. Leaf Stomata and Gas Exchange Parameters
2.3. Calvin Cycle Enzyme Activity
2.4. Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters
2.5. Analysis of Cell Membrane Damage and Osmotic Substances under Salt Stress
2.6. Effect of Exogenous Proline on Phenolic Compounds and Total Phenolic Content in Celery
2.7. ROS Content
2.8. Effect of Exogenous Proline on the Antioxidant Enzyme Activity of Celery under Salt Stress
2.9. Effect of Exogenous Proline on the Content of Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Substances in Celery under Salt Stress
2.10. Effect of Exogenous Proline on the Activity of Ascorbic Acid–Glutathione Cycle Related Enzymes in Celery under Salt Stress
2.11. Pearson’s Correlation Analysis of Phenolic Compounds and Ascorbic Acid–Glutathione Cycle
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Materials and Growth Conditions
4.2. Treatments and Experimental Design
4.3. Morphological Index Determination
4.4. Leaf stomatal, Photosynthetic Gas Exchange Parameter and Calvin Cycle Enzyme Activity
4.5. Chlorophyll Content and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters
4.6. Analysis of Biological Membrane Damage and Osmotic Substances
4.7. Analysis of Phenolic Compounds
4.8. Histochemical Staining and Quantitative Determination of O2− and H2O2
4.9. Antioxidant Enzyme Activity Assays
4.10. Measurement of Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Contents
4.11. Ascorbic Acid–Glutathione Cycle-Related Enzyme Activity
4.12. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Wavelength | 240 nm | 280 nm | 322 nm |
---|---|---|---|
Phenolic compounds | Protocatechuic acid | 4-Coumaric acid | Caffeic acid |
P-hydroxybenzoic acid | Cinnamic acid | Erucic acid | |
Chlorogenic acid | Benzoic acid | Kaempferol | |
Quercetin | Gallic acid | Cynarin | |
Rutin | Ferulic acid | Gentilic acid |
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Gao, Y.; Zhang, J.; Wang, C.; Han, K.; Hu, L.; Niu, T.; Yang, Y.; Chang, Y.; Xie, J. Exogenous Proline Enhances Systemic Defense against Salt Stress in Celery by Regulating Photosystem, Phenolic Compounds, and Antioxidant System. Plants 2023, 12, 928. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12040928
Gao Y, Zhang J, Wang C, Han K, Hu L, Niu T, Yang Y, Chang Y, Xie J. Exogenous Proline Enhances Systemic Defense against Salt Stress in Celery by Regulating Photosystem, Phenolic Compounds, and Antioxidant System. Plants. 2023; 12(4):928. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12040928
Chicago/Turabian StyleGao, Yanqiang, Jing Zhang, Cheng Wang, Kangning Han, Lixia Hu, Tianhang Niu, Yan Yang, Youlin Chang, and Jianming Xie. 2023. "Exogenous Proline Enhances Systemic Defense against Salt Stress in Celery by Regulating Photosystem, Phenolic Compounds, and Antioxidant System" Plants 12, no. 4: 928. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12040928