Abscisic-Acid-Regulated Responses to Alleviate Cadmium Toxicity in Plants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Synthesis and Catabolism of ABA in Plants
3. Physiological Mechanisms Underlying Enhancement in Cd Tolerance in Plants by ABA
3.1. Regulation of Transpiration by ABA in Plants
3.2. Regulation of Metal Ion Transport by ABA in Plants
3.3. Regulation of Metal Ion Sequestration by ABA in Plants
3.4. Regulation of the Antioxidant System in Plants by ABA
3.5. Other Regulatory Effects of ABA
4. ABA-Mediated Signal Transduction
5. Regulation of Cd-Responsive Genes in Plants by ABA
Species | Genes | Regulating Effects | References |
---|---|---|---|
Arabidopsis thaliana | ZAT6 | ABA could upregulate ZAT6, and the latter positively regulates Cd accumulation and tolerance in A. thaliana. | [107,108] |
IRT1 | Compared with the control group, the expression of IRT1 in the roots of A. thaliana treated with CdCl2 and ABA decreased by approximately 90%. | [60] | |
ABI5 | ABA-induced ABI5 interacts with Cd-induced MYB49 to reduce Cd uptake and accumulation. | [103] | |
Brassica juncea L. Czern. et Coss. | BJCDR15 and TGA3 | ABA upregulated BJCDR15 and TGA3 (particularly the latter), and BJCDR15 overexpression in A. thaliana and tobacco increased Cd accumulation. The A. thaliana mutant TGA3-2 had a high Cd content in its roots, and Cd transport was blocked. | [109] |
Boehmeria nivea | BnPCS1 | Cd and ABA significantly induced BnPCS1 expression. Plants overexpressing BnPCS1 accumulated more Cd. | [82] |
BnbZIP3 | ABA treatment could induce BnbZIP3 expression. Overexpression of BnbZIP3 alleviated Cd stress. | [110] | |
Hevea brasiliensis | HbMT2a | ABA could upregulate HbMT2a. Overexpression of MT2s could increase plants’ resistance to Cd. | [111] |
Juglans regia L. | JrVHAG1 | CdCl2 and ABA significantly upregulated JrVHAG1. Overexpression of JrVHAG1 improved the growth of A. thaliana under ABA and/or CdCl2 treatment and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes. | [112] |
Solanum lycopersicum | TCMP-1 | TCMP-1 responded to Cd and ABA, and TCMP-1 interacted with heavy-metals-associated HIPP26 in tomatoes. Cd accumulation was lower in A. thaliana overexpressing TCMP-1. | [113] |
Oryza sativa | OsSMP1 | ABA could upregulate OsSMP1, and OsSMP1 overexpression could improve the tolerance of rice to CdCl2 and CuSO4. | [114] |
Poa Pratensis | Dof, MADS25, BCR-BPC, etc. | Dof, MADS25, BCR-BPC, B3, bZIP23, and MYB30 may be the central transcription factors under Cd stress. Hormonal signals, including ABA, interact with them to regulate the expression of multiple genes related to cell wall membrane stability and Cd tolerance. | [115] |
Sedum alfredii | HsfA4c | Hsfs plays an important role in stress resistance. Treatment with ABA or Cd enhanced the expression of HsfA4c. | [69] |
NAS | NAS encodes nicotianamine, which is involved in the long-distance transport of metals. The expression of NAS was positively correlated with endogenous ABA content. | ||
HMA3 | HMA3 encodes a metal transporter whose expression in the shoots correlated with endogenous ABA content. | ||
CAD | CAD encodes a protein associated with cell wall synthesis, and its expression positively correlated with endogenous ABA content. | ||
HMA4 | HMA4 is a transporter that enhances Cd tolerance and promotes transfer of Cd to the shoots. Under the co-treatment of ABA and Cd, the expression of HMA4 was higher and positively correlated with endogenous ABA content and Cd accumulation. | ||
Saccharum | ScGluD2 | ScGluD2 is involved in responding to heavy metal stress in sugarcane, and ABA plays a role in ScGluD2 activation induced by CdCl2. | [116] |
Triticum aestivum | WRAB15 and WRAB18 | WRAB15 and WRAB18 were regulated by ABA and induced by Cd, and their expression levels in wheat seedling leaves positively correlated with seedlings’ resistance to Cd. | [117] |
Zea mays | GSH1 | GSH treatment restored plant growth, root cell viability, photosynthetic capacity, REDOX balance, and cell ultrastructure. Meanwhile, Cd-tolerance-related genes were strongly upregulated. Under Cd stress, ABA content significantly decreased after GSH application, except in leaves. | [90] |
Tamarix hispida | ThUGT | ThUGT is a gene of the ABA signaling pathway, and overexpression of ThUGT could reduce Cd accumulation. | [34] |
6. Conclusions
- Search for genes that respond to both ABA and stress. Search for transcription factors upstream of genes, and improve the gene network involved in the regulation of ABA. This can be combined with transgenic technology (gene knockout and overexpression) to fundamentally breed stress-resistant crops, which is of great importance for molecular breeding.
- Identify unknown components of the ABA signaling pathway, improve the ABA signaling network, and understand the crosstalk between the ABA signaling pathway and other signaling pathways (e.g., MAPK). This will facilitate the understanding of how the adverse external environment causes the plant to develop a resistance response.
- Understand the mechanism of crosstalk between ABA and other hormones. This will be extremely helpful in understanding plant physiology and developing integrated resistance strategies. Like genes, hormones often do not work in isolation.
- Uncover new stress receptors. This is necessary to elucidate the mechanism of stress response.
- Explore whether ABA has a dosage effect and the differences in sensitivity among plant tissues. This will hopefully improve stress resistance without affecting yield.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zhao, Y.; Wang, J.; Huang, W.; Zhang, D.; Wu, J.; Li, B.; Li, M.; Liu, L.; Yan, M. Abscisic-Acid-Regulated Responses to Alleviate Cadmium Toxicity in Plants. Plants 2023, 12, 1023. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051023
Zhao Y, Wang J, Huang W, Zhang D, Wu J, Li B, Li M, Liu L, Yan M. Abscisic-Acid-Regulated Responses to Alleviate Cadmium Toxicity in Plants. Plants. 2023; 12(5):1023. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051023
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Yuquan, Jiaqi Wang, Wei Huang, Dawei Zhang, Jinfeng Wu, Bao Li, Mei Li, Lili Liu, and Mingli Yan. 2023. "Abscisic-Acid-Regulated Responses to Alleviate Cadmium Toxicity in Plants" Plants 12, no. 5: 1023. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051023