Nitrogen Fertilization in a Faba Bean–Wheat Intercropping System Can Alleviate the Autotoxic Effects in Faba Bean
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effect of the Water Extract of Faba Bean Roots on Faba Bean Seed Germination
2.2. Effect of Water Extract of Faba Bean Stems on Faba Bean Seed Germination
2.3. Effect of Water Extract of Faba Bean Leaves on Seed Germination of Faba Bean
2.4. Effect of the Water Extract of Faba Bean Rhizosphere Soil on Faba Bean Seed Germination
2.5. Types and Content of Phenolic Acids in the Water Extract of Faba Bean Roots, Stems, Leaves, and Rhizosphere Soil
2.6. Effects of Exogenous Phenolic Acids on the Germination of Faba Bean Seeds
2.7. Effects of Nitrogen Application and Intercropping on Phenolic Acid Content in the Roots, Stems, Leaves, and Rhizosphere Soil of Faba Bean
2.8. Effects of Nitrogen Application and Intercropping on the Dry Weight of the Faba Bean
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Experimental Materials
4.2. Preparation of the Water Extract from Faba Bean Plant and Rhizosphere Soil
4.3. Determination of the Biological Activity of Faba Bean Seed Germination
4.3.1. Determination of the Water Extract of Various Parts of the Faba Bean on the Germination of Faba Bean Seeds
4.3.2. Determination of the Effect of Phenolic Acids on the Germination of Faba Bean Seeds
- (1)
- Germination energy (GE)
- (2)
- Germination rate (GR)
- (3)
- Germination index (GI)
- (4)
- response index (RI)
4.4. Determination of Phenolic Acid Composition and Content
4.5. Field Test
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Types of Phenolic Acids | Concentration (mg·L−1) | Germination Energy (%) | RI | Germination Rate (%) | RI | Germination Index (%) | RI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CK | 46.00 ± 5.48 a | − | 96.00 ± 5.48 a | − | 7.32 ± 0.67 a | − | |
PA | 50 | 36.00 ± 5.48 b | −0.22 | 92.00 ± 8.37 a | −0.04 | 6.48 ± 0.67 b | −0.11 |
100 | 28.00 ± 4.47 c | −0.39 | 82.00 ± 8.37 b | −0.15 | 6.14 ± 0.24 bc | −0.16 | |
200 | 22.00 ± 4.47 cd | −0.52 | 74.00 ± 5.48 bc | −0.23 | 5.65 ± 0.42 c | −0.23 | |
400 | 16.00 ± 5.48 d | −0.65 | 66.00 ± 5.48 cd | −0.31 | 4.98 ± 0.56 d | −0.32 | |
800 | 4.00 ± 5.48 e | −0.91 | 62.00 ± 4.47 d | −0.35 | 3.80 ± 0.15 e | −0.48 | |
CK | 46.00 ± 5.48 a | − | 96.00 ± 5.48 a | − | 7.32 ± 0.67 a | − | |
FA | 50 | 42.00 ± 4.47 ab | −0.09 | 90.00 ± 7.07 a | −0.06 | 6.74 ± 0.54 ab | −0.08 |
100 | 36.00 ± 5.48 b | −0.22 | 76.00 ± 5.48 b | −0.21 | 6.41 ± 0.64 b | −0.13 | |
200 | 26.00 ± 5.48 c | −0.43 | 68.00 ± 4.47 c | −0.29 | 5.37 ± 0.15 c | −0.27 | |
400 | 8.00 ± 4.47 d | −0.83 | 64.00 ± 5.48 c | −0.33 | 3.69 ± 0.22 d | −0.50 | |
800 | 4.00 ± 5.48 d | −0.91 | 56.00 ± 5.48 d | −0.42 | 3.25 ± 0.62 d | −0.56 | |
CK | 46.00 ± 5.48 a | − | 96.00 ± 5.48 a | − | 7.32 ± 0.67 a | − | |
BA | 50 | 34.00 ± 5.48 b | −0.26 | 86.00 ± 5.48 b | −0.10 | 6.25 ± 0.62 b | −0.15 |
100 | 22.00 ± 4.47 c | −0.52 | 78.00 ± 8.37 c | −0.19 | 5.49 ± 0.36 c | −0.25 | |
200 | 12.00 ± 4.47 d | −0.74 | 70.00 ± 7.07 d | −0.27 | 4.13 ± 0.22 d | −0.44 | |
400 | 6.00 ± 5.48 de | −0.87 | 62.00 ± 4.47 e | −0.35 | 3.29 ± 0.36 e | −0.55 | |
800 | 2.00 ± 4.47 e | −0.96 | 22.00 ± 4.47 f | −0.77 | 1.35 ± 0.36 f | −0.82 | |
CK | 46.00 ± 5.48 a | − | 96.00 ± 5.48 a | − | 7.32 ± 0.67 a | − | |
CA | 50 | 34.00 ± 5.48 b | −0.26 | 92.00 ± 4.47 ab | −0.04 | 6.34 ± 0.66 b | −0.13 |
100 | 22.00 ± 4.47 c | −0.52 | 86.00 ± 8.94 b | −0.10 | 6.20 ± 0.51 b | −0.15 | |
200 | 16.00 ± 5.48 cd | −0.65 | 74.00 ± 5.48 c | −0.23 | 4.74 ± 0.50 c | −0.35 | |
400 | 10.00 ± 0.00 de | −0.78 | 22.00 ± 4.47 d | −0.77 | 1.60 ± 0.56 d | −0.78 | |
800 | 6.00 ± 5.48 e | −0.87 | 6.00 ± 5.48 e | −0.94 | 0.66 ± 0.60e | −0.91 | |
CK | 46.00 ± 5.48 a | − | 96.00 ± 5.48 a | − | 7.32 ± 0.67 a | − | |
VA | 50 | 36.00 ± 5.48 b | −0.22 | 94.00 ± 5.48 a | −0.02 | 6.75 ± 0.92 a | −0.08 |
100 | 32.00 ± 4.47 b | −0.30 | 92.00 ± 4.47 a | −0.04 | 6.60 ± 0.56 a | −0.10 | |
200 | 24.00 ± 5.48 c | −0.48 | 80.00 ± 7.07 b | −0.17 | 5.75 ± 0.47 b | −0.21 | |
400 | 12.00 ± 4.47 d | −0.74 | 64.00 ± 5.48 c | −0.33 | 3.99 ± 0.38 c | −0.46 | |
800 | 10.00 ± 0.00 d | −0.78 | 50.00 ± 0.00 d | −0.48 | 2.72 ± 0.49 d | −0.63 | |
CK | 46.00 ± 5.48 a | − | 96.00 ± 5.48 a | − | 7.32 ± 0.67 a | − | |
SA | 50 | 32.00 ± 4.47 b | −0.30 | 82.00 ± 4.47 b | −0.15 | 6.21 ± 0.46 b | −0.15 |
100 | 24.00 ± 5.48 c | −0.48 | 62.00 ± 4.47 c | −0.35 | 5.26 ± 0.56 c | −0.28 | |
200 | 16.00 ± 5.48 d | −0.65 | 32.00 ± 4.47 d | −0.67 | 2.82 ± 0.39 d | −0.61 | |
400 | 8.00 ± 4.47 e | −0.83 | 14.00 ± 5.48 e | −0.85 | 1.14 ± 0.60 e | −0.85 | |
800 | 2.00 ± 4.47 e | −0.96 | 10.00 ± 0.00 e | −0.90 | 0.56 ± 0.38 e | −0.92 |
Site of Measurement | N Level (N) | Planting Pattern (P) | Content of Phenolic Acid (μg/g) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PA | VA | FA | BA | SA | CA | |||
Roots | N0 | M | 9.48 ± 0.30 a | 5.42 ± 0.18 a | 3.86 ± 0.12 a | 5.48 ± 0.36 a | 9.01 ± 0.29 a | 11.31 ± 0.67 a |
I | 8.37 ± 0.11 A* | 4.42 ± 0.35 A* | 2.39 ± 0.17 A* | 4.56 ± 0.18 A* | 8.13 ± 0.09 A* | 10.08 ± 0.35 A* | ||
N1 | M | 9.19 ± 0.16 a | 5.16 ± 0.12 a | 2.54 ± 0.09 c | 5.01 ± 0.37 a | 8.52 ± 0.34 a | 9.58 ± 0.36 b | |
I | 7.56 ± 0.15 B* | 3.39 ± 0.19 B* | 1.75 ± 0.13 B* | 3.66 ± 0.21 B* | 7.28 ± 0.06 B* | 8.42 ± 0.16 B* | ||
N2 | M | 6.83 ± 0.33 c | 3.77 ± 0.07 c | 1.59 ± 0.26 d | 2.68 ± 0.16 c | 6.16 ± 0.18 c | 8.27 ± 0.38 c | |
I | 4.68 ± 0.31 C* | 2.33 ± 0.13 C* | 1.21 ± 0.09 C* | 1.66 ± 0.23 D* | 3.58 ± 0.13 D* | 5.38 ± 0.26 D* | ||
N3 | M | 8.75 ± 0.11 b | 4.66 ± 0.17 b | 2.85 ± 0.09 b | 3.64 ± 0.21 b | 7.42 ± 0.39 b | 9.65 ± 0.40 b | |
I | 7.29 ± 0.20 B* | 3.54 ± 0.27 B* | 1.80 ± 0.15 B* | 2.31 ± 0.26 C* | 6.38 ± 0.44 C* | 7.78 ± 0.21 C* | ||
N level (N) | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ||
Planting pattern (P) | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ||
N × P | ** | * | ** | ns | ** | * |
Site of Measurement | N Level (N) | Planting Pattern (P) | Content of Phenolic Acid (μg/g) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PA | VA | FA | BA | SA | CA | |||
Stems | N0 | M | 19.50 ± 0.28 a | 6.02 ± 0.18 a | 4.50 ± 0.26 a | 4.74 ± 0.18 a | 24.70 ± 0.14 a | 28.48 ± 0.32 a |
I | 16.32 ± 0.06 A* | 4.55 ± 0.19 A* | 3.94 ± 0.18 A* | 3.88 ± 0.29 A* | 20.37 ± 0.45 A* | 23.29 ± 0.26 A* | ||
N1 | M | 16.53 ± 0.25 c | 5.57 ± 0.34 b | 3.42 ± 0.14 b | 3.45 ± 0.24 b | 22.63 ± 0.20 b | 26.02 ± 0.82 b | |
I | 13.45 ± 0.29 C* | 3.47 ± 0.19 B* | 2.61 ± 0.25 B* | 2.55 ± 0.11 B* | 17.60 ± 0.09 B* | 19.29 ± 0.35 B* | ||
N2 | M | 14.71 ± 0.16 d | 4.30 ± 0.11 d | 2.35 ± 0.16 c | 2.32 ± 0.23 c | 21.11 ± 0.68 c | 24.83 ± 0.15 c | |
I | 8.70 ± 0.19 D* | 2.33 ± 0.13 C* | 1.54 ± 0.12 C* | 1.49 ± 0.27 D* | 16.47 ± 0.25 C* | 13.92 ± 0.33 D* | ||
N3 | M | 18.12 ± 0.19 b | 4.80 ± 0.16 c | 3.65 ± 0.19 b | 3.51 ± 0.28 b | 22.99 ± 0.24 b | 25.31 ± 0.57 bc | |
I | 15.60 ± 0.24 B* | 3.31 ± 0.17 B* | 2.38 ± 0.16 B* | 2.07 ± 0.19 C* | 17.65 ± 0.11 B* | 18.70 ± 0.16 C* | ||
N level (N) | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ||
Planting pattern (P) | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ||
N × P | ** | * | * | ns | ns | ** |
Site of Measurement | N Level | Planting Pattern | Content of Phenolic Acid (μg/g) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PA | VA | FA | BA | SA | CA | |||
Leaves | N0 | M | 20.14 ± 0.53 a | 8.51 ± 0.26 a | 5.79 ± 0.20 a | 5.28 ± 0.13 a | 27.93 ± 0.33 a | 32.69 ± 0.20 a |
I | 14.25 ± 0.16 A* | 7.26 ± 0.11 A* | 4.37 ± 0.26 A* | 4.24 ± 0.10 A* | 23.35 ± 0.34 A* | 27.60 ± 0.43 A* | ||
N1 | M | 18.27 ± 0.23 b | 7.22 ± 0.09 b | 3.63 ± 0.32 b | 3.43 ± 0.15 b | 25.94 ± 0.35 b | 28.74 ± 0.3 c | |
I | 11.86 ± 0.31 B* | 5.48 ± 0.10 B* | 2.62 ± 0.14 B* | 2.79 ± 0.20 B* | 20.64 ± 0.22 B* | 22.06 ± 0.35 C* | ||
N2 | M | 16.81 ± 0.15 d | 4.55 ± 0.18 d | 2.72 ± 0.19 c | 2.78 ± 0.11 d | 24.48 ± 0.34 c | 27.66 ± 0.21 d | |
I | 9.65 ± 0.36 C* | 2.65 ± 0.31 D* | 1.21 ± 0.09 C* | 1.42 ± 0.07 D* | 17.28 ± 0.24 D* | 20.28 ± 0.85 D* | ||
N3 | M | 17.45 ± 0.23 c | 6.50 ± 0.12 c | 3.47 ± 0.13 b | 3.5 ± 0.11 c | 25.74 ± 0.15 b | 30.29 ± 0.22 b | |
I | 12.35 ± 0.44 B* | 4.43 ± 0.24 C* | 2.72 ± 0.20 B* | 2.29 ± 0.16 C* | 18.58 ± 0.50 C* | 20.28 ± 0.85 B* | ||
N level (N) | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ||
Planting pattern (P) | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ||
N × P | ** | ** | * | ** | ** | ** |
Site of Measurement | N Level | Planting Pattern (P) | Content of Phenolic Acid (μg/g) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PA | VA | FA | BA | SA | CA | |||
Rhizosphere soil | N0 | M | 11.38 ± 0.17 a | 5.85 ± 0.25 a | 4.55 ± 0.12 a | 4.74 ± 0.11 a | 26.48 ± 0.36 a | 21.40 ± 0.18 a |
I | 9.35 ± 0.15 A* | 4.26 ± 0.08 A* | 3.82 ± 0.14 A* | 3.71 ± 0.21 A* | 23.30 ± 0.27 A* | 17.61 ± 0.25 A* | ||
N1 | M | 9.76 ± 0.08 c | 5.37 ± 0.11 b | 3.51 ± 0.22 b | 3.90 ± 0.23 b | 23.79 ± 0.44 c | 16.73 ± 0.24 c | |
I | 6.70 ± 0.20 B* | 4.03 ± 0.37 A* | 2.23 ± 0.12 B* | 2.64 ± 0.23 B* | 20.52 ± 0.25 C* | 13.92 ± 0.21 C* | ||
N2 | M | 8.73 ± 0.14 d | 4.06 ± 0.08 d | 2.27 ± 0.06 c | 2.49 ± 0.08 c | 20.58 ± 0.60 d | 14.56 ± 0.07 d | |
I | 5.51 ± 0.34 C* | 2.46 ± 0.18 C* | 1.25 ± 0.12 C* | 1.67 ± 0.10 C* | 15.58 ± 0.16 D* | 10.97 ± 0.24 D* | ||
N3 | M | 10.37 ± 0.09 b | 4.83 ± 0.10 c | 3.46 ± 0.13 b | 3.87 ± 0.11 b | 24.88 ± 0.17 b | 17.64 ± 0.20 b | |
I | 9.09 ± 0.16 B* | 3.09 ± 0.30 B* | 2.47 ± 0.26 B* | 2.52 ± 0.19 B* | 22.25 ± 0.29 B* | 15.98 ± 0.32 B* | ||
N level (N) | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ||
Planting pattern (P) | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ||
N × P | ** | ns | ns | ns | ** | ** |
N Level (N) | Planting Pattern (P) | Dry Weight of above Ground Part of the Faba Bean (g) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Branching Stage | Flowering Stage | Maturity Stage | ||
N0 | M | 9.72 ± 0.17 b | 11.82 ± 0.85 c | 12.65 ± 0.89 d |
I | 9.81 ± 0.38 C | 18.65 ± 0.88 C* | 19.57 ± 1.54 C* | |
N1 | M | 10.29 ± 0.20 b | 18.63 ± 1.04 b | 19.60 ± 0.90 c |
I | 10.83 ± 0.42 B | 25.69 ± 1.00 B* | 27.92 ± 1.49 B* | |
N2 | M | 13.16 ± 0.65 a | 23.05 ± 1.34 a | 24.85 ± 1.12 a |
I | 14.12 ± 0.57 A* | 27.78 ± 1.01 A* | 31.46 ± 0.81 A* | |
N3 | M | 12.89 ± 0.82 a | 21.85 ± 1.24 a | 22.78 ± 1.61 b |
I | 13.47 ± 0.65 A | 24.15 ± 1.77 B* | 27.10 ± 0.63 B* | |
N level (N) | ** | ** | ** | |
Planting pattern (P) | * | ** | ** | |
N × P | ns | * | ns |
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Cen, Z.; Zheng, Y.; Guo, Y.; Yang, S.; Dong, Y. Nitrogen Fertilization in a Faba Bean–Wheat Intercropping System Can Alleviate the Autotoxic Effects in Faba Bean. Plants 2023, 12, 1232. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061232
Cen Z, Zheng Y, Guo Y, Yang S, Dong Y. Nitrogen Fertilization in a Faba Bean–Wheat Intercropping System Can Alleviate the Autotoxic Effects in Faba Bean. Plants. 2023; 12(6):1232. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061232
Chicago/Turabian StyleCen, Zixuan, Yiran Zheng, Yuting Guo, Siyin Yang, and Yan Dong. 2023. "Nitrogen Fertilization in a Faba Bean–Wheat Intercropping System Can Alleviate the Autotoxic Effects in Faba Bean" Plants 12, no. 6: 1232. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061232