Water Stress and Seed Color Interacting to Impact Seed and Oil Yield, Protein, Mucilage, and Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside Content in Cultivated Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for Different Biochemical Characteristics of Flaxseed
2.1.1. Seed Yield and Seed Oil Characteristics
2.1.2. Protein and Amino Acids Contents
2.1.3. Mucilage and Fiber Content of Seeds
2.1.4. Seed Lignans Content
2.2. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Heat Mapping
3. Discussion
3.1. Association of Brown Seed Color with the Amount of Protein, Fiber, and Lignan (SDG) Content of Seeds in Conditions of Water Stress
3.2. Effect of Water Stress on the Quality of Oil, Mucilage, Lignan (SECO), and Seed, and Oil Yields in Yellow Seeds
3.3. Effect of Water Stress on the Association between Seed Quality Traits with Seed Coat Color
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Material, Experimental Site, Design, and Imposed Water Stress
4.2. HPLC-DAD Analysis of Lignans
4.3. Oil Extraction, Protein, Fatty Acids, and Amino Acids Profiles
4.4. Mucilage Extraction of Flaxseed
4.5. Dietary Fiber Analysis in Flaxseed
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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S.O.V | df | Mean Squares | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SY | Oil | NDF | ADF | ADL | CEL | HCEL | Muc | SDG | SECO | ||
Moisture regimes (Environment) | 1 | 169,195.4 ** | 333.53 ** | 41.79 ** | 0.02 ns | 52.86 ** | 54.91 ** | 40.1 ** | 235.01 ** | 113.9 ** | 6.92 ** |
Block (Environment) | 2 | 126.43 ns | 12.62 ns | 13.77 ns | 4.08 ns | 0.39 ns | 5.14 ns | 14.01 ns | 0.024 ns | 0.26 ns | 0.05 ns |
Entries | 29 | 3425.21 ** | 22.07 ** | 28.8 ** | 14.05 ** | 9.85 ** | 12.94 ** | 26.08 ** | 4.91 ** | 37.6 **#27 | 5.32 **#27 |
Family | 21 | 3867.41 ** | 17.9 ** | 32.21 ** | 11.55 ** | 10.81 ** | 11.19 ** | 17.89 ** | 5.35 ** | 43.31 **#19 | 5.88 **#19 |
Yellow | 9 | 4192.97 ** | 13.17 ** | 31.72 ** | 8.35 ** | 9.06 ** | 7.13 ** | 18.31 ns | 4.44 ** | 44.04 **#9 | 6.91 **#9 |
Brown | 11 | 2224.41 ** | 22.52 ** | 34.16 ** | 15.18 ** | 12.26 ** | 14.25 ** | 17.45 ** | 6.46 ** | 45.45 **#9 | 4.01 **#9 |
Yellow vs. Brown | 1 | 2701.64 ** | 9.72 ** | 14.59 ** | 0.27 ** | 10.46 ns | 14.13 ns | 18.89 ns | 11.3 ** | 66.92 ** | 4.53 ** |
Parent | 7 | 479.23 ns | 34.39 ** | 22.67 ** | 22.7 ** | 6.08 ** | 12.49 ** | 53.34 * | 0.53 ** | 27.1 ** | 1.67 ** |
Yellow | 3 | 257.01 ns | 15.12 ** | 38.8 ** | 22.21 ** | 6.18 ** | 21.02 ** | 69.25 * | 0.92 ** | 49.98 ** | 3.46 ** |
Brown | 3 | 809.73 ns | 65.03 ** | 12.78 ** | 10.9 ** | 1.41 ** | 4.56 ** | 44.37 * | 0.27 ** | 10.77 ** | 0.44 * |
Yellow vs. Brown P | 1 | 154.39 ns | 0.3 ns | 3.99 ns | 59.54 ** | 19.79 ns | 10.67 ns | 32.57 ns | 0.18 ns | 7.77 ** | 0.021 ns |
Family vs. Parent | 1 | 2089.29 ** | 24.19 * | 7.33 * | 4.51 ns | 10.01 ** | 8.08 ** | 17.20 ** | 5.49 ** | 23.48 ** | 11.42 ** |
Environment × Entries | 29 | 1872.91 ** | 6.8 ns | 33.49 ** | 9.96 ** | 12.25 ** | 8.37 ** | 35.27 ** | 2.60 ns | 13.6 **#27 | 2.15 **#27 |
Environment × Yellow F | 9 | 4608.08 ** | 4.72 ns | 13.26 ** | 3.45 ns | 11.71 ** | 8.83 ** | 15.00 ** | 1.14 ** | 12.39 **#9 | 1.34 **#9 |
Environment × Brown F | 11 | 1474.36 ** | 4.61 ns | 40.23 ** | 11.66 ** | 16.09 ** | 6.18 ** | 45.16 ** | 3.89 ** | 3.73 **#9 | 0.69 **#9 |
Yellow vs. Brown × Environment F | 1 | 10,290.85 * | 9.45 ns | 14.59 ns | 0.27 ns | 10.47 ** | 14.13 * | 18.88 * | 1.30 ns | 66.92 ** | 0.53 ns |
Environment × Yellow P | 3 | 511.09 ns | 6.45 ns | 55.93 ** | 11.93 ** | 6.81 ** | 7.88 ** | 61.57 ** | 1.47 ** | 1.51 * | 1.95 ** |
Environment × Brown P | 3 | 2197.74 ** | 1.17 ns | 35.16 ** | 2.79 ns | 8.55 ** | 2.55 ** | 21.77 ** | 1.29 ** | 4.26 ** | 0.68 ** |
Yellow vs. Brown × Environment P | 1 | 1540.39 * | 0.30 ns | 3.99 ns | 59.54 ** | 19.79 ** | 10.44 ** | 32.54 * | 0.18 ns | 7.77 ** | 0.002 ns |
Error | 58 | 742.59 | 4.4 | 4.68 | 2.26 | 1.03 | 1.97 | 4.52 | 0.69 | 0.49#54 | 0.15#54 |
CV (%) | 13.21 | 7.33 | 6.81 | 9.7 | 12.91 | 15.53 | 12.97 | 7.66 | 4.3 | 3.66 |
S.O.V | df | Mean Squares | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OA | LA | ALA | PA | AA | FIB | PRO | Met | His | Arg | Moi | ash | ||
Moisture regimes(Environment) | 1 | 538.26 ** | 1590.46 ** | 3.22 ns | 1854.8 ** | 0.16 ns | 338.8 ** | 15,555.1 ** | 223.36 ** | 6.32 ** | 3.05 ** | 10.9 ** | 85.57 * |
Block (Environment) | 2 | 29.97 ns | 2.29 ns | 2.13 ns | 2.66 ns | 0.14 ns | 8.83 ns | 819.61 ns | 1.66 ns | 0.42 ns | 0.08 ns | 0.32 ns | 0.85 ns |
Entries | 29 | 126.83 ** | 168.5 ** | 30.91 ** | 68.66 ** | 1.14 ** | 20.64 ** | 3307.50 ** | 1.48 * | 1.33 ** | 0.41 ** | 0.55 * | 14.32 ** |
Family | 21 | 121.1 ** | 128.34 ** | 32.93 ** | 77.49 ** | 0.92 ns | 76.93 ** | 3158.20 ** | 1.58 ** | 1.5 ** | 0.81 ** | 0.5 ns | 15.73 ** |
Yellow | 9 | 127.1 ** | 143.62 ** | 25.01 ** | 101.68 ** | 1.84 ** | 18.03 ns | 4315.02 ** | 1.09 * | 1.35 ** | 0.52 ** | 0.79 ** | 14.19 ** |
Brown | 11 | 106.67 ** | 127.2 ** | 38.82 ** | 57.75 ** | 1.82 ** | 87.55 ** | 2461.31 ** | 1.54 ** | 1.76 ** | 0.79 ** | 0.32 * | 17.98 ** |
Yellow vs. Brown | 1 | 167.94 ** | 142.15 ** | 58.22 ** | 33.95 ns | 0.79 ns | 36.78 ** | 997.75 ns | 12.39 ** | 0.96 * | 0. 01 ns | 0.05 ns | 0.08 * |
Parent | 7 | 152.6 ** | 258.41 ** | 29.64 ** | 32.82 ** | 1.77 * | 31.32 ns | 3055.79 ** | 2.83 ** | 0.79 ** | 0.14 ** | 0.29 ns | 6.22 ns |
Yellow | 3 | 113.25 ** | 329.48 ** | 38.86 ** | 33.63 ** | 1.91 * | 15.93 ns | 4246.02 ** | 1.89 * | 0.45 ** | 0.19 * | 0.42 ns | 12.68 * |
Brown | 3 | 235.86 ** | 259.48 ** | 81.26 ** | 42.82 ** | 0.74 ns | 77.07 ns | 2882.00 * | 0.15 ns | 1.26 ** | 0.19 * | 0.23 ns | 1.22 ns |
Yellow vs. Brown P | 1 | 40.65 ns | 0.31 ns | 66.15 ** | 0.002 ns | 3.68 * | 21.04 ns | 5.45 ns | 0.6 ns | 0.42 ns | 2.28 ** | 0.002 ns | 12.8 ns |
Family vs. Parent | 1 | 147.34 ** | 156.38 ** | 0.29 ns | 11.39 ns | 0.57 ns | 26.28 ** | 239.34 ns | 1.74 ns | 1.72 ** | 0.62 ** | 0.98 ** | 5.89 ns |
Environment × Entries | 29 | 115.7 ** | 61.85 ** | 32.96 ** | 47.23 ** | 1.06 ** | 14.09 ** | 4424.01 ** | 1.43 * | 0.95 ** | 0.44 ** | 0.28 ns | 13.58 ** |
Environment × Yellow F | 9 | 130.02 ** | 1324.5 ** | 25.98 ** | 771.49 ** | 2.01 ** | 47.43 ns | 27,277.6 ** | 80.31 ** | 4.63 ** | 0.73 ** | 5.55 ** | 15.64 ** |
Environment × Brown F | 11 | 31.85 ns | 276.32 ** | 22.59 ** | 662.38 ** | 0.03 ns | 99.27 ** | 48,694.02 ** | 94.61 ** | 0.8 ** | 0.55 ** | 4.49 ** | 34.05 ** |
Yellow vs. Brown × Environment F | 1 | 226.50 * | 3.34 ns | 30.39 * | 79.98 * | 0.54 ns | 0.79 ns | 411.05 ns | 6.45 * | 0.06 ns | 3.38 ** | 0.01 ns | 4.94 ns |
Environment × Yellow P | 3 | 548.49 ** | 158.04 ** | 0.64 ns | 163.58 ** | 2.13 * | 286.9 ** | 52,675.01 ** | 17.09 ** | 0.07 ns | 3.33 ** | 0.84 * | 15.81 * |
Environment × Brown P | 3 | 151.59 ** | 106.34 ** | 34.72 ** | 227.5 ** | 6.83 ** | 28.48 ns | 42,690.8 ** | 33.37 ** | 2.83 ** | 0.99 ** | 0.52 ns | 56.73 ** |
Yellow vs. Brown × Environment P | 1 | 21.04 ns | 40.65 ns | 66.15 ** | 0.30 ns | 3.68 ** | 0.20 ns | 5.54 ns | 0.60 ns | 0.43 * | 0.09 ns | 0.002 ns | 1.80 ns |
Error | 58 | 21.44 | 16.22 | 7.20 | 0.29 | 0.74 | 34.57 | 773.91 | 0.74 | 0.16 | 0.05 | 0.29 | 4.57 |
CV (%) | 6.07 | 6.08 | 8.36 | 5.61 | 5.25 | 9.12 | 9.1 | 5.25 | 8.5 | 6.1 | 5.61 | 8.93 |
Parent/ Family | SY(g/m2) | Oil (%) | ADF (%) | ADL (%) | CEL (%) | HCEL (%) | Muc (g/100 g) | NDF (%) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | S | N | S | N | S | N | S | N | S | N | S | N | S | N | S | |
B1 | 172.98 | 106.12 | 41.7 max | 32.41 | 12.21 | 13.12 | 5.21 | 7.83 | 7.22 | 7.66 | 19.62 | 18.83 | 9.71 | 10.25 | 31.83 | 34.33 |
B2 | 165.81 | 108.03 | 25.7 min | 26.02 | 14.35 | 14.53 | 7.07 | 6.43 | 7.35 | 8.62 | 18.8 | 15.16 | 9.75 | 11.75 | 31.17 | 31.5 |
B3 | 191.21 | 162.08 | 32.32 | 34.63 | 15.12 | 18.27 | 4.66 | 9.88 | 10.33 | 8.39 | 12.12 | 12.56 | 11.5 | 12.71 | 27.17 | 30.83 |
B4 | 198.76 | 120.11 | 33.81 | 28.51 | 12.23 | 16.17 | 4.52 | 8.65 | 7.73 | 6.52 | 24.4 max | 14.52 | 10.25 | 12.51 | 30.67 | 34.65 |
Y5 | 157.81 | 130.75 | 26.11 | 31.22 | 16.17 | 16.66 | 7.66 | 8.65 | 7.01 | 8.51 | 16.17 | 10.8 | 11.11 | 11.62 | 32.33 | 35.17 |
Y6 | 172.53 | 140.02 | 34.4 | 34.9 max | 14.83 | 14.99 | 8.33 | 6.17 | 6.51 | 8.22 | 12.17 | 24.9 max | 12.25 | 12.51 | 27.19 | 39.3 max |
Y7 | 253.75 | 131.65 | 33.81 | 33.3 | 17.67 | 23.3 max | 7.67 | 7.21 | 10.1 | 12.3 max | 10.17 | 8.33 | 10.12 | 12.85 | 25.83 | 31.65 |
Y8 | 174.25 | 108.52 | 34.33 | 32.81 | 14.83 | 21.12 | 7.66 | 9.17 | 7.17 | 9.83 | 18.51 | 17.66 | 10.75 | 12.75 | 33.35 | 38.62 |
12b | 201.32 | 147.75 | 32.22 | 33.23 | 19.6 max | 21.67 | 9.56 | 7.33 | 11.22 | 10.33 | 11.52 | 22.52 | 9.9 | 13.11 | 31.17 | 38.17 |
13b | 190.48 | 170.31 | 31.35 | 33.53 | 17.05 | 18.76 | 7.66 | 7.17 | 9.39 | 5.33 | 8.61 min | 14.33 | 6.55 | 12.58 | 25.6 min | 26.67 |
17y | 268.22 | 145.42 | 37.21 | 32.78 | 12.55 | 13.35 | 5.83 | 6.02 | 5.72 | 7.35 | 16.84 | 18.15 | 8.62 | 11.61 | 29.42 | 32.5 |
23b | 162.58 | 123.35 | 32.56 | 25.42 | 16.83 | 17.16 | 7.53 | 10.6 | 9.35 | 3.54 | 12.65 | 24.16 | 7.04 | 12.02 | 29.53 | 38.73 |
26y | 130.1 min | 34.23 min | 32.46 | 25.1 min | 18.15 | 18.51 | 10.66 | 9.13 | 7.48 | 9.51 | 17.18 | 14.51 | 12.7 max | 13.7 max | 32.33 | 34.02 |
28b | 197.66 | 121.17 | 26.46 | 23.11 | 11.8 min | 10.3 min | 7.67 | 5.1 min | 8.16 | 5.16 | 19.35 | 16.51 | 9.15 | 12.25 | 35.16 | 36.83 |
32b | 171.81 | 114.22 | 27.12 | 26.12 | 15.15 | 16.52 | 11.1 max | 10.3 | 5.63 min | 5.66 | 20.16 | 19.16 | 8.57 | 12.5 | 35.67 | 33.65 |
34b | 191.82 | 100.31 | 35.14 | 26.62 | 15.17 | 22.17 | 7.56 | 17.3 max | 8.22 | 4.84 | 18.65 | 16.76 | 11.25 | 13.25 | 34.71 | 38.33 |
43b | 206.25 | 139.27 | 33.72 | 27.34 | 17.21 | 19.47 | 10.25 | 7.33 | 6.75 | 9.66 | 21.15 | 13.67 | 9.25 | 12.25 | 38.5 max | 34.65 |
45y | 147.11 | 93.11 | 33.87 | 27.08 | 14.16 | 16.33 | 8.16 | 9.42 | 6.06 | 7.33 | 16.45 | 13.33 | 11.63 | 13.25 | 28.83 | 30.67 |
47y | 189.42 | 149.27 | 32.76 | 29.12 | 12.94 | 11.52 | 6.16 | 7.33 | 4.78 | 6.16 | 18.18 | 13.33 | 8.75 | 12.52 | 31.83 | 24.83 |
47b | 217.71 | 199.14 | 36.65 | 28.91 | 14.5 | 15.83 | 7.16 | 10.9 | 7.35 | 4.89 | 19.16 | 15.16 | 7.25 | 8.75 min | 33.67 | 34.11 |
48b | 175.83 | 171.56 | 33.65 | 33.71 | 16.52 | 16.33 | 8.52 | 9.93 | 8.21 | 8.52 | 14.83 | 19.13 | 10.23 | 11.53 | 31.35 | 35.49 |
53b | 188.44 | 169.21 | 32.96 | 27.41 | 15.35 | 17.83 | 7.66 | 8.17 | 7.66 | 6.67 | 16.35 | 20.35 | 6.06 min | 11.01 | 31.65 | 36.52 |
56b | 155.11 | 147.43 | 31.22 | 25.24 | 16.66 | 18.38 | 9.44 | 8.83 | 7.65 | 5.33 | 15.12 | 15.21 | 11.56 | 13.7max | 31.66 | 33.77 |
61b | 251.47 | 197.7 max | 35.31 | 31.34 | 14.98 | 16.78 | 7.12 | 11.95 | 7.98 | 3.72 | 22.02 | 13.33 | 8.36 | 11.52 | 37.12 | 39.12 |
71y | 234.72 | 95.36 | 39.92 | 33.13 | 14.33 | 15.03 | 6.65 | 7.16 | 7.66 | 6.83 | 14.83 | 12.65 | 8.51 | 12.5 | 29.16 | 27.66 |
72y | 238.22 | 110.22 | 32.64 | 25.67 | 15.06 | 14.83 | 3.3 min | 8.5 | 12.6 max | 4.16 | 17.11 | 13.15 | 8.54 | 12.25 | 30.17 | 29.83 |
75y | 252.02 | 105.14 | 34.33 | 26.12 | 13.65 | 17.67 | 5.33 | 11.33 | 8.33 | 3.33 min | 19.16 | 8.83 min | 8.75 | 12.5 | 32.83 | 26.54 |
81y | 161.68 | 152.2 | 36.12 | 33.63 | 17.17 | 16.56 | 7.17 | 7.34 | 10.12 | 9.16 | 19.83 | 21.65 | 8.5 | 12.51 | 37.13 | 38.16 |
82y | 220.71 | 143.51 | 33.14 | 25.25 | 15.19 | 14.66 | 3.83 | 6.85 | 8.16 | 7.81 | 11.16 | 11.83 | 8.54 | 12.75 | 36.36 | 32.51 |
83y | 271.1 max | 137.02 | 33.62 | 26.11 | 15.88 | 16.83 | 7.21 | 7.21 | 5.64 | 6.83 | 15.78 | 11.83 | 8.36 | 12.11 | 31.66 | 24.6 min |
LSD (%) | 31.72 | 28.86 | 3.28 | 2.19 | 1.89 | 1.68 | 0.52 | 1.55 | 0.91 | 1.77 | 4.08 | 4.5 | 0.95 | 1.06 | 1.19 | 1.09 |
Parent/ Family | OA (ω-9) (%) | LA (ω-6) (%) | ALA (ω-3) (%) | Rate(ω-6)/(ω-3) | PA (%) | FIB (%) | Ash (%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | S | N | S | N | S | N | S | N | S | N | S | N | S | |
B1 | 13.36 | 14.67 | 26.76 | 31.96 | 27.71 | 30.86 | 0.97:1 | 01:01 | 7.09 | 6.88 | 13.36 | 14.57 | 10.12 | 16.29 |
B2 | 14.32 | 15.53 | 21.87 | 30.33 | 38.14 | 27.48 | 0.7:1 | 01:01 | 6.46 | 8.06 | 11.39 | 16.69 | 11.87 | 13.97 |
B3 | 17.01 | 16.00 | 22.08 | 31.50 | 32.18 | 30.16 | 0.73:1 | 0.97:1 | 4.96 | 6.01 | 9.71 | 13.77 | 13.31 | 15.67 |
B4 | 8.2 min | 11.31 | 44.5 | 42.05 | 37.47 | 32.39 | 1.9:1 max | 1.2:1 | 8.06 | 7.95 | 17.02 | 22.14 | 10.03 | 18.3 |
Y5 | 18.13 | 15.18 | 38.66 | 55.3 max | 28.73 | 36.12 | 1.3:1 | 1.7:1 | 5.46 | 6.4 | 8.91 | 23.01 max | 14.52 | 17.33 |
Y6 | 15.14 | 18.18 | 28.17 | 28.1 min | 32.50 | 37.27 | 0.66:1 | 0.92:1 | 4.99 | 5.93 | 12.60 | 16.54 | 9.18 | 17.11 |
Y7 | 12.52 | 10.47 | 20.7 min | 35.06 | 29.71 | 34.53 | 0.7:1 | 01:01 | 8.21 | 7.71 | 9.96 | 14.03 | 17.96 | 14.56 |
Y8 | 16.47 | 11.21 | 34.47 | 28.67 | 28.36 | 31.48 | 1.2:1 | 0.9:1min | 5.57 | 6.76 | 9.06 | 15.81 | 10.21 | 13.57 |
12b | 13.17 | 16.51 | 36.68 | 31.51 | 34.54 | 31.98 | 01:01 | 0.98:1 | 6.59 | 7.78 | 19.19 max | 17.73 | 14.43 | 13.65 |
13b | 19.55 | 11.36 | 34.56 | 40.25 | 36.87 | 25.2 min | 01:01 | 1.6:1 | 7.47 | 7.47 | 9.63 | 15.53 | 17.81 | 16.95 |
17y | 19.18 | 17.52 | 36.52 | 47.87 | 27.86 | 37.6 max | 1.3:1 | 1.3:1 | 5.21 | 9.01 max | 16.01 | 15.07 | 13.98 | 17.15 |
23b | 15.34 | 13.07 | 21.06 | 45.14 | 35.22 | 30.60 | 0.65:1 | 1.7:1 | 7.09 | 6.56 | 11.90 | 22.04 | 19.45 max | 16.66 |
26y | 19.35 | 9.4 min | 30.12 | 41.02 | 33.08 | 36.46 | 0.9:1 | 1.5:1 | 6.46 | 7.67 | 13.13 | 14.55 | 17.18 | 10.67 min |
28b | 18.28 | 11.90 | 24.31 | 36.45 | 32.07 | 32.04 | 0.76:1 | 01:01 | 5.56 | 8.56 | 12.32 | 17.06 | 11.96 | 13.90 |
32b | 10.11 | 18.78 | 33.78 | 33.52 | 35.46 | 31.51 | 1.1:1 | 01:01 | 4.02 | 7.67 | 13.12 | 16.57 | 18.68 | 15.40 |
34b | 14.44 | 10.39 | 42.38 | 42.52 | 37.87 | 27.13 | 1.5:1 | 0.97:1 | 8.17 | 5.19 | 9.96 | 15.29 | 14.46 | 17.18 |
43b | 20.6 max | 11.74 | 49.09 max | 54.28 | 30.11 | 31.53 | 1.6:1 | 1.6:1 | 7.57 | 7.21 | 9.02 | 16.46 | 9.25 | 17.58 |
45y | 16.10 | 12.91 | 32.07 | 45.08 | 33.01 | 35.37 | 0.97:1 | 1.7:1 | 6.82 | 4.47 | 10.02 | 13.25 | 9.01 min | 16.98 |
47y | 19.74 | 22.7 max | 30.95 | 37.22 | 29.60 | 35.42 | 01:01 | 1.5:1 | 7.06 | 5.79 | 8.17 min | 14.08 | 17.74 | 17.34 |
47b | 12.79 | 13.07 | 34.58 | 33.37 | 35.24 | 31.76 | 0.98:1 | 01:01 | 6.12 | 4.18 | 12.41 | 15.02 | 18.55 | 19.81 |
48b | 14.07 | 14.89 | 35.61 | 41.91 | 37.32 | 27.63 | 01:01 | 01:01 | 5.71 | 3.02 min | 9.71 | 16.11 | 12.13 | 15.9 |
53b | 11.30 | 16.51 | 27.77 | 41.69 | 25.85 | 33.01 | 01:01 | 1.5:1 | 6.04 | 5.46 | 10.36 | 16.37 | 9.02 | 17.05 |
56b | 12.15 | 19.81 | 37.90 | 31.48 | 44.42 max | 35.55 | 0.85:1 | 1.3:1 | 8.47 | 5.13 | 14.04 | 15.89 | 16.78 | 16.3 |
61b | 14.87 | 18.22 | 33.31 | 36.53 | 34.07 | 30.81 | 01:01 | 1.2:1 | 6.89 | 8.63 | 9.41 | 10.53 min | 9.22 | 15.51 |
71y | 16.80 | 17.87 | 28.14 | 33.32 | 25.27 | 31.3 | 1.1:1 | 01:01 | 7.70 | 6.52 | 13.32 | 11.85 | 16.41 | 16.20 |
72y | 14.02 | 17.13 | 22.49 | 32.35 | 35.03 | 32.02 | 0.6:1 min | 01:01 | 5.12 | 4.46 | 14.46 | 17.27 | 19.04 | 15.56 |
75y | 13.68 | 20.82 | 41.73 | 48.12 | 33.99 | 36.05 | 1.2:1 | 1.8:1 max | 6.46 | 5.46 | 11.96 | 10.86 | 11.12 | 16.96 |
81y | 17.57 | 14.89 | 30.51 | 48.45 | 32.85 | 34.53 | 0.9:1 | 1.5:1 | 3.7 min | 6.86 | 14.71 | 17.98 | 17.92 | 19.91 max |
82y | 17.81 | 10.23 | 22.36 | 34.73 | 24.05 | 27.68 | 0.9:1 | 1.2:1 | 4.15 | 4.07 | 10.84 | 11.57 | 17.56 | 17.60 |
83y | 11.52 | 20.27 | 30.21 | 52.03 | 22.32 min | 32.97 | 1.3:1 | 1.6:1 | 9.6 max | 7.04 | 10.31 | 15.23 | 14.01 | 14.96 |
LSD (%) | 3.66 | 2.03 | 5.04 | 6.95 | 5.81 | 3.14 | - | - | 5.96 | 2.01 | 2.27 | 2.64 | 2.36 | 4.37 |
Parent/ Family | PRO (mg. g−1) | AA (%) | Met (%) | His (%) | Arg (%) | Moi (%2) | SDG (mg/g) | SECO (mg/g) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | S | N | S | N | S | N | S | N | S | N | S | N | S | N | S | |
B1 | 129.54 | 254.48 | 1.9 | 5.01 max | 1.93 | 4.09 | 1.77 | 3.33 | 0.58 | 1.83 | 3.01 | 3.69 | 11.29 | 15.63 | 4.8 | 3.22 |
B2 | 135.96 | 213.95 | 2.84 | 2.73 | 1.18 | 4.43 | 1.67 | 2.53 | 0.28 min | 1.82 | 3.12 | 3.77 | 11.17 | 13.26 | 5.12 | 4.33 |
B3 | 104.9 min | 189.06 | 2.48 | 3.66 | 1.55 | 4.41 | 0.91 min | 2.09 | 0.82 | 1.72 | 3.81 max | 3.55 | 13.82 | 16.16 | 5.07 | 3.31 |
B4 | 146.3 | 273.93 | 1.92 | 2.97 | 1.46 | 5.01 | 1.45 | 1.2 | 0.48 | 1.56 | 2.9 | 3.29 | 12.66 | 19.19 | 4.55 | 4.6 |
Y5 | 139.4 | 307.5 max | 2.27 | 1.49 | 3.03 | 4.49 | 2.61 | 1.33 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 3.46 | 3.5 | 12.57 | 17.62 | 5.12 | 5.4 |
Y6 | 120.03 | 168.49 | 2.95 max | 2.57 | 1.48 | 3.44 | 1.21 | 3.45 | 1.57 | 0.29 | 3.08 | 3.72 | 17.99 | 22.21 max | 5.48 | 4.54 |
Y7 | 112.95 | 254.93 | 2.95 max | 2.3 | 1.95 | 5.58 | 2.36 | 2.48 | 1.2 | 0.55 | 2.87 | 3 | 10.27 | 16.29 | 2.56 | 3.89 |
Y8 | 125.55 | 226.04 | 1.9 | 1.67 | 2.41 | 3.64 | 1.94 | 1.45 | 1.84 | 0.41 | 3.12 | 4.26 | 10.51 | 13.63 | 2.92 | 5.24 |
12b | 139.66 | 257.91 | 1.93 | 2.83 | 3.22 max | 5.96 | 1.83 | 1.5 | 0.56 | 1.81 | 3.05 | 3.38 | NE | NE | NE | NE |
13b | 138.57 | 211.53 | 2.76 | 2.48 | 2.52 | 6.45 max | 2.46 | 1.95 | 0.58 | 1.77 | 2.55 | 3.07 | 9.03 | 9.51 min | 2.43 | 1.14 |
17y | 147.52 | 215.5 | 2.73 | 1.65 | 2 | 5.48 | 1.7 | 3.16 | 1.23 | 1.85 max | 2.63 | 3.94 | 9.94 | 12.25 | 1.78 | 2.19 |
23b | 259.47 | 259.98 | 1.23 min | 2.34 | 1.53 | 6.04 | 1.62 | 0.76 min | 0.42 | 1.67 | 2.03 | 4.09 | NE | NE | NE | NE |
26y | 136.51 | 199.88 | 2.81 | 2.5 | 2.16 | 3.31 | 1.4 | 1.44 | 1.56 | 0.82 | 2.75 | 2.80 min | 11.53 | 13.58 | 1.67 min | 4.52 |
28b | 128.57 | 252.05 | 1.35 | 1.07 | 2.08 | 5.45 | 2.71 | 1.69 | 0.58 | 0.21 min | 2.98 | 3.15 | NE | NE | NE | NE |
32b | 127.1 | 291.28 | 2.25 | 1.34 | 1.26 | 5.96 | 1.55 | 3.79 | 0.31 | 1.69 | 2.37 | 3.37 | 17.22 | 20.05 | 3.11 | 1.24 |
34b | 147.99 | 245.38 | 2.89 | 2.5 | 2.34 | 3.85 | 2.6 | 2.96 | 0.45 | 1.82 | 2.53 | 3.73 | 14.24 | 18.21 | 2.98 | 1.55 |
43b | 152.22 | 193.05 | 2.67 | 1 | 3.06 | 4.49 | 3.57 max | 3.45 | 0.9 | 1.78 | 4.02 | 3.58 | 14.5 | 17.22 | 4.67 | 2.48 |
45y | 187.82 | 218.72 | 2.06 | 1.84 | 2.25 | 4.13 | 2.23 | 2.66 | 2.36 | 0.51 | 3.54 | 3.43 | 18.11 | 15.45 | 4.77 | 5.28 |
47y | 272.1 max | 207.99 | 2.08 | 1.24 | 2.31 | 6.37 | 1.42 | 2.64 | 1.07 | 0.81 | 1.08 min | 2.85 | 13.06 | 11.88 | 4.75 | 3.44 |
47b | 184.21 | 216.73 | 1.78 | 3.15 | 3 | 6.27 | 1.55 | 2.39 | 0.5 | 0.83 | 3.25 | 3.28 | 9.17 | 15.73 | 5.63 max | 3.41 |
48b | 249.74 | 214.56 | 2 | 2.63 | 2.51 | 2.96 min | 2.2 | 3.48 | 1.51 | 1.62 | 3.08 | 3.77 | 10.6 | 14.06 | 1.57 | 1.03 min |
53b | 258.56 | 153.7 min | 1.9 | 1.27 | 1.43 | 5.07 | 1.13 | 1.48 | 0.68 | 1.75 | 2.98 | 4.17 | 8.26 | 15.14 | 5.13 | 2.84 |
56b | 129.77 | 222.95 | 2.47 | 2.87 | 2.52 | 4.03 | 1.96 | 2.12 | 0.34 | 1.83 | 3.14 | 3.46 | 18.89 | 21.56 | 4.69 | 2.47 |
61b | 127.42 | 288.55 | 2.05 | 1.1 | 2.96 | 5.59 | 1.8 | 2.53 | 0.41 | 1.72 | 3.02 | 3.75 | 13.67 | 18.76 | 3.68 | 2.15 |
71y | 120.32 | 172.48 | 2.07 | 2.6 | 1.2 | 4.98 | 2.08 | 2.87 | 0.64 | 0.83 | 2.9 | 3.91 | 6.37 min | 10 | 2.91 | 3.99 |
72y | 133.03 | 246 | 2.19 | 1.93 | 1.09 min | 5.98 | 1.52 | 2.8 | 0.88 | 1.18 | 3.33 | 3.56 | 16.36 | 11.29 | 1.85 | 2.88 |
75y | 161.02 | 293.46 | 2.54 | 2.53 | 1.55 | 3.71 | 2.95 | 2.15 | 0.45 | 1.07 | 2.96 | 3.9 | 8.95 | 11.61 | 4.81 | 5.49 |
81y | 255.5 | 239.58 | 2.46 | 3.26 | 1.65 | 3.98 | 1.34 | 2.26 | 0.94 | 0.48 | 2.61 | 3.19 | NE | NE | NE | NE |
82y | 141.28 | 202.12 | 1.91 | 0.98 min | 2.4 | 3.49 | 2.07 | 1.51 | 2.56 max | 0.84 | 2.91 | 3.88 | NE | NE | NE | NE |
83y | 161.53 | 243.23 | 1.65 | 3.67 | 1.46 | 4.99 | 2.55 | 4.54 max | 0.57 | 1.15 | 3.18 | 4.62 max | 19.15 max | 15.94 | 4.81 | 5.72 max |
LSD (%) | 15.434 | 37.82 | 0.53 | 0.95 | 0.73 | 1.35 | 0.85 | 0.78 | 0.45 | 0.43 | 0.95 | 1.02 | 1.36 | 1.51 | 0.87 | 0.74 |
Parents | IPK Code | Origin | Flower Color | Seed Color |
---|---|---|---|---|
B1 | Ind111 | India | White | Brown |
B2 | LTU1474 | Lithuania | White | Brown |
B3 | Ko37 | Iran | Blue | Brown |
B4 | FRA806 | France | Blue | Brown |
Y5 | FRA771 | France | White | Yellow |
Y6 | USA1580 | United States | White | Yellow |
Y7 | Sp1066 | Canada | Blue | Yellow |
Y8 | Gol12 | Canada | Blue | Yellow |
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Zare, S.; Mirlohi, A.; Sabzalian, M.R.; Saeidi, G.; Koçak, M.Z.; Hano, C. Water Stress and Seed Color Interacting to Impact Seed and Oil Yield, Protein, Mucilage, and Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside Content in Cultivated Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). Plants 2023, 12, 1632. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12081632
Zare S, Mirlohi A, Sabzalian MR, Saeidi G, Koçak MZ, Hano C. Water Stress and Seed Color Interacting to Impact Seed and Oil Yield, Protein, Mucilage, and Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside Content in Cultivated Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). Plants. 2023; 12(8):1632. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12081632
Chicago/Turabian StyleZare, Sara, Aghafakhr Mirlohi, Mohammad R. Sabzalian, Ghodratollah Saeidi, Mehmet Zeki Koçak, and Christophe Hano. 2023. "Water Stress and Seed Color Interacting to Impact Seed and Oil Yield, Protein, Mucilage, and Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside Content in Cultivated Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)" Plants 12, no. 8: 1632. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12081632