Effects of Spraying KH2PO4 on Flag Leaf Physiological Characteristics and Grain Yield and Quality under Heat Stress during the Filling Period in Winter Wheat
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Chlorophyll Content in Flag Leaf
2.2. Net Photosynthetic Rate in Flag Leaf
2.3. Antioxidant Enzyme Activities and MDA in Flag Leaves
2.4. Dry Matter Production of Wheat
2.4.1. Dry Matter Accumulation and Remobilization Pre and Post Anthesis
2.4.2. Dry Matter Accumulation and Partitioning of Wheat Plants at Maturity
2.5. Grain Yield and Yield Components at Harvest
2.6. Soluble Sugar and Sucrose Content in Stems and Sheaths and Flag Leaves
2.7. Grain Quality Parameters after Harvest
3. Discussion
3.1. Effects of Spraying KH2PO4 on Photosynthesis in Flag Leaves of Wheat under Heat Stress during the Filling Period
3.2. Effects of Spraying KH2PO4 on the Antioxidant Enzyme Activity of Wheat Flag Leaves under Heat Stress during the Filling Period
3.3. Effects of Spraying KH2PO4 on the Dry Matter Production of Wheat under Heat Stress during the Filling Period
3.4. Effects of Spraying KH2PO4 on the Grain Weight and Quality of Wheat under Heat Stress during the Filling Period
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Experimental Site
4.2. Experimental Design
4.3. Sampling and Measurements
4.3.1. Net Photosynthetic Rate (Pn)
4.3.2. Chlorophyll Content, Antioxidant Enzyme Activities, and MDA Content
4.3.3. Soluble Sugar and Sucrose Content
4.3.4. Dry Matter Accumulation and Grain Yield (GY)
4.3.5. Grain Quality Parameters
4.4. Data Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | Treatment | DMM (t·ha−1) | DMR (t·ha−1) | CRBA (%) | CRAA (%) | Harvest Index (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020–2021 | CK | 22.61 ± 0.03 b | 4.62 ± 0.07 b | 42.35 ± 0.55 b | 57.65 ± 0.55 b | 48.30 ± 0.14 b |
HT | 20.23 ± 0.23 c | 5.63 ± 0.15 a | 58.94 ± 1.64 a | 41.06 ± 1.64 c | 47.23 ± 0.44 c | |
KDP | 24.48 ± 0.54 a | 3.94 ± 0.18 c | 32.61 ± 2.38 c | 67.39 ± 2.38 a | 49.47 ± 0.31 a | |
PHT | 22.74 ± 0.33 b | 4.51 ± 0.21 b | 41.26 ± 2.64 b | 58.74 ± 2.64 b | 48.12 ± 0.07 b | |
2021–2022 | CK | 20.93 ± 0.10 c | 2.63 ± 0.12 b | 27.71 ± 1.22 b | 72.29 ± 1.22 b | 45.41 ± 0.34 b |
HT | 20.18 ± 0.30 d | 2.92 ± 0.10 a | 32.33 ± 1.82 a | 67.67 ± 1.82 c | 44.78 ± 0.34 c | |
KDP | 21.83 ± 0.08 a | 2.37 ± 0.11 c | 23.36 ± 0.98 c | 76.64 ± 0.98 a | 46.44 ± 0.36 a | |
PHT | 21.51 ± 0.12 b | 2.47 ± 0.06 bc | 24.92 ± 0.75 c | 75.08 ± 0.75 a | 46.13 ± 0.15 a |
Year | Treatment | Stem and Sheath | Leaf | Spike | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DM (t·ha−1) | Ratio (%) | DM (t·ha−1) | Ratio (%) | DM (t·ha−1) | Ratio (%) | ||
2020–2021 | CK | 7.20 ± 0.02 b | 31.83 ± 0.07 b | 2.33 ± 0.02 b | 10.32 ± 0.09 a | 13.08 ± 0.04 b | 57.85 ± 0.16 ab |
HT | 6.72 ± 0.12 c | 33.22 ± 0.23 a | 2.06 ± 0.02 c | 10.18 ± 0.12 a | 11.45 ± 0.11 c | 56.60 ± 0.19 c | |
KDP | 7.66 ± 0.18 a | 31.29 ± 0.09 c | 2.52 ± 0.08 a | 10.31 ± 0.20 a | 14.29 ± 0.30 a | 58.39 ± 0.29 a | |
PHT | 7.24 ± 0.08 b | 31.86 ± 0.48 b | 2.37 ± 0.08 b | 10.41 ± 0.24 a | 13.13 ± 0.25 b | 57.73 ± 0.49 b | |
2021–2022 | CK | 6.85 ± 0.11 b | 32.62 ± 0.45 ab | 2.36 ± 0.04 c | 11.23 ± 0.09 b | 11.79 ± 0.12 a | 56.15 ± 0.41 a |
HT | 6.71 ± 0.06 c | 33.77 ± 0.96 a | 2.17 ± 0.08 d | 10.90 ± 0.21 c | 11.00 ± 0.38 b | 55.34 ± 0.17 a | |
KDP | 7.14 ± 0.05 a | 32.47 ± 0.59 b | 2.60 ± 0.03 a | 11.81 ± 0.14 a | 12.25 ± 0.26 a | 55.72 ± 0.52 a | |
PHT | 7.00 ± 0.06 a | 32.49 ± 0.38 b | 2.51 ± 0.01 b | 11.63 ± 0.03 a | 12.04 ± 0.13 a | 55.88 ± 0.39 a |
Factors | GY | SN | GN | TGW | PC | TW | WGC | DT | HAI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Y | 2.69 * | 0.28 ns | 15.34 *** | 36.07 *** | 180.71 *** | 261.26 *** | 123.17 *** | 55.74 *** | 795.02 *** |
P | 51.03 *** | 0.15 ns | 1.00 ns | 194.18 *** | 0.05 ns | 6.35 * | 0.04 ns | 3.28 ns | 8.60 ** |
H | 29.10 *** | 0.00 ns | 0.06 ns | 111.50 *** | 60.69 *** | 3.91 ns | 41.95 *** | 65.36 *** | 82.77 *** |
Y × P | 1.00 ns | 0.53 ns | 1.17 ns | 6.51 * | 0.01 ns | 0.07 ns | 0.07 ns | 1.22 ns | 5.43 * |
Y × H | 0.12 ns | 0.38 ns | 0.44 ns | 3.40 ns | 2.48 ns | 0.25 ns | 1.00 ns | 1.22 ns | 6.16 * |
P × H | 1.47 ns | 1.13 ns | 2.01 ns | 17.00 *** | 0.00 ns | 0.66 ns | 0.06 ns | 0.16 ns | 0.01 ns |
Y × P × H | 0.21 ns | 0.53 ns | 0.69 ns | 5.36 * | 0.46 ns | 0.54 ns | 0.14 ns | 1.22 ns | 0.46 ns |
Year | Treatment | GY (t·ha−1) | SN (×104) | GN (Spike−1) | TGW (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2021–2021 | CK | 9.77 ± 0.19 b | 633.33 ± 8.79 a | 41.68 ± 0.42 a | 43.09 ± 0.67 b |
HT | 8.55 ± 0.36 c | 636.10 ± 11.11 a | 41.61 ± 0.59 a | 39.09 ± 0.10 c | |
KDP | 10.83 ± 0.20 a | 635.00 ± 7.24 a | 41.78 ± 0.42 a | 45.23 ± 0.07 a | |
PHT | 10.16 ± 0.46 b | 628.87 ± 4.18 a | 41.47 ± 0.23 a | 43.96 ± 0.22 b | |
2021–2022 | CK | 10.07 ± 0.48 b | 633.09 ± 2.55 a | 41.92 ± 0.58 a | 44.06 ± 0.29 b |
HT | 9.11 ± 0.25 c | 635.32 ± 3.34 a | 42.47 ± 0.48 a | 41.81 ± 0.78 c | |
KDP | 10.95 ± 0.46 a | 634.76 ± 2.55 a | 42.80 ± 0.49 a | 46.07 ± 0.64 a | |
PHT | 10.25 ± 0.66 b | 635.32 ± 1.67 a | 42.43 ± 0.69 a | 44.59 ± 0.75 b |
Year | Treatment | PC (%) | TW (g·L−1) | WGC (%) | DT (min) | HAI (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020–2021 | CK | 14.42 ± 0.25 a | 799.33 ± 3.06 a | 31.33 ± 0.40 a | 4.17 ± 0.23 a | 64.00 ± 1.00 a |
HT | 13.69 ± 0.17 b | 795.00 ± 4.36 a | 29.92 ± 0.21 b | 3.77 ± 0.06 b | 62.33 ± 0.58 b | |
KDP | 14.38 ± 0.40 a | 803.00 ± 2.00 a | 31.31 ± 0.81 a | 4.23 ± 0.12 a | 64.33 ± 0.58 a | |
PHT | 13.75 ± 0.09 b | 799.67 ± 0.58 a | 30.11 ± 0.36 b | 3.77 ± 0.06 b | 63.00 ± 0.00 b | |
2021–2022 | CK | 15.23 ± 0.12 a | 815.67 ± 2.08 a | 33.07 ± 0.12 a | 4.47 ± 0.12 a | 72.00 ± 1.00 b |
HT | 14.82 ± 0.02 b | 814.00 ± 1.00 a | 32.14 ± 0.06 b | 4.07 ± 0.06 c | 69.00 ± 1.00 c | |
KDP | 15.30 ± 0.04 a | 818.00 ± 4.00 a | 33.08 ± 0.15 a | 4.53 ± 0.15 a | 73.67 ± 0.58 a | |
PHT | 14.80 ± 0.03 b | 816.67 ± 2.08 a | 31.95 ± 0.06 b | 4.27 ± 0.06 b | 70.33 ± 0.58 c |
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Li, J.; Li, Z.; Li, X.; Tang, X.; Liu, H.; Li, J.; Song, Y. Effects of Spraying KH2PO4 on Flag Leaf Physiological Characteristics and Grain Yield and Quality under Heat Stress during the Filling Period in Winter Wheat. Plants 2023, 12, 1801. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091801
Li J, Li Z, Li X, Tang X, Liu H, Li J, Song Y. Effects of Spraying KH2PO4 on Flag Leaf Physiological Characteristics and Grain Yield and Quality under Heat Stress during the Filling Period in Winter Wheat. Plants. 2023; 12(9):1801. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091801
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Jinpeng, Zhongwei Li, Xinyue Li, Xiuqiao Tang, Huilian Liu, Jincai Li, and Youhong Song. 2023. "Effects of Spraying KH2PO4 on Flag Leaf Physiological Characteristics and Grain Yield and Quality under Heat Stress during the Filling Period in Winter Wheat" Plants 12, no. 9: 1801. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091801