Next Article in Journal
Investigating the Mechanism of Cadmium-Tolerant Bacterium Cellulosimicrobium and Ryegrass Combined Remediation of Cadmium-Contaminated Soil
Previous Article in Journal
Micropropagation and Shoot Tip Cryopreservation of ‘Sunny Gold’ Freesia
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Plants
Volume 13
Issue 12
10.3390/plants13121656
plants-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Overexpression of Wild Soybean Expansin Gene GsEXLB14 Enhanced the Tolerance of Transgenic Soybean Hairy Roots to Salt and Drought Stresses

by
Linlin Wang
1,†,
Tong Zhang
1,†,
Cuiting Li
1,
Changjun Zhou
2,
Bing Liu
2,
Yaokun Wu
2,
Fumeng He
1,
Yongqing Xu
1,
Fenglan Li
1,* and
Xu Feng
1,3,*
1
College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
2
Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Daqing 163316, China
3
College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Plants 2024, 13(12), 1656; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13121656
Submission received: 6 May 2024 / Revised: 30 May 2024 / Accepted: 12 June 2024 / Published: 14 June 2024
(This article belongs to the Topic Tolerance to Drought and Salt Stress in Plants, 2nd volume)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
As a type of cell-wall-relaxing protein that is widely present in plants, expansins have been shown to actively participate in the regulation of plant growth and responses to environmental stress. Wild soybeans have long existed in the wild environment and possess abundant resistance gene resources, which hold significant value for the improvement of cultivated soybean germplasm. In our previous study, we found that the wild soybean expansin gene GsEXLB14 is specifically transcribed in roots, and its transcription level significantly increases under salt and drought stress. To further identify the function of GsEXLB14, in this study, we cloned the CDS sequence of this gene. The transcription pattern of GsEXLB14 in the roots of wild soybean under salt and drought stress was analyzed by qRT-PCR. Using an Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated genetic transformation, we obtained soybean hairy roots overexpressing GsEXLB14. Under 150 mM NaCl- and 100 mM mannitol-simulated drought stress, the relative growth values of the number, length, and weight of transgenic soybean hairy roots were significantly higher than those of the control group. We obtained the transcriptomes of transgenic and wild-type soybean hairy roots under normal growth conditions and under salt and drought stress through RNA sequencing. A transcriptomic analysis showed that the transcription of genes encoding expansins (EXPB family), peroxidase, H+-transporting ATPase, and other genes was significantly upregulated in transgenic hairy roots under salt stress. Under drought stress, the transcription of expansin (EXPB/LB family) genes increased in transgenic hairy roots. In addition, the transcription of genes encoding peroxidases, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, and dehydration-responsive proteins increased significantly. The results of qRT-PCR also confirmed that the transcription pattern of the above genes was consistent with the transcriptome. The differences in the transcript levels of the above genes may be the potential reason for the strong tolerance of soybean hairy roots overexpressing the GsEXLB14 gene under salt and drought stress. In conclusion, the expansin GsEXLB14 can be used as a valuable candidate gene for the molecular breeding of soybeans.

1. Introduction

Soybean (Glycine max) is an economically important food and oilseed crop planted worldwide. It plays an important role in agricultural development as an important edible oil and feed crop [1,2]. However, the richness of the genetic variation in cultivated soybeans has gradually decreased during long-term artificial breeding and domestication. Salt, drought, low temperatures, and other environmental stresses usually lead to a reduction in soybean yield and quality, causing significant economic losses [3,4]. Wild soybeans (Glycine soja) are the ancestor and a related species to cultivated soybeans. To adapt to the harsh environmental conditions in the wild, wild soybean has gradually evolved disease resistance, insect resistance, stress resistance, and other excellent traits in its long-term evolution. Wild soybean is a precious plant genetic resource that is of great value for improving the resistance of cultivated soybean and enriching its genetic diversity [5,6].
Expansins are a class of non-enzymatically active cell-wall-relaxing proteins that are widely present in plants and were discovered and named in 1992 [7,8]. Expansins are usually divided into four subfamilies, of which the α-expansin subfamily (EXPA) was first discovered in the coleoptile of Avena sativa and the hypocotyl of Cucumis sativus, while β-expansin (EXPB) was identified in the pollen of gramineous plants. The γ-expansin (EXLA) and δ-expansin subfamily (EXLB) was identified after the completion of the whole-genome sequencing of rice (Oryza sativa) and Arabidopsis thaliana [9,10].
Among them, α-expansins rapidly induce the creep and stress relaxation of primary cell walls in a pH-dependent manner, carried out in a non-enzymatic manner [11]. β-expansins are usually highly specifically expressed in herbaceous plant pollen [12]. The EXLA and EXLB families are usually smaller in size and are believed to have originated later than the EXPA and EXPB families in terms of system evolution [11]. Although studies on expansin proteins have covered all subfamilies, most of the research has focused on the EXPA and EXPB families [10].
The changes in cell wall morphology mediated by expansins are crucial for plant growth, development, and response to external environmental stress [11,13]. The functions performed by the members of four subfamilies are generally similar. At present, many studies have proven that expansins are involved in regulating almost all processes of plant growth and development, such as seed germination [14], root development [15,16,17], nodule development [18,19], leaf growth [20], stomatal opening and closing [21], stem elongation [22], flower development [23], fruit ripening [24,25], seed yield [26,27], etc. In addition, expansins are involved in the response process of plants to various abiotic stresses, such as drought [28], salt [29], high temperature [30], low temperature [31], heavy metals [32], nutrient deficiency [33], oxidative stress [34], etc., and most of them show positive regulatory effects. Promoting growth and improving resistance are the main goals of crop molecular breeding, and expansins have become the focus of related research because of their functions.
The expansin gene family in wild soybeans may be of great significance for soybean molecular breeding, but related research is scarce. Our research group completed the whole-genome identification of the wild soybean expansin family in a previous study and analyzed the expression patterns of some expansin genes [35]. Previous studies have shown that GsEXLB14 is specifically transcribed in wild soybean roots, and its transcript levels are significantly upregulated under salt and drought stress treatments. To further identify the function and mechanism of GsEXLB14, soybean hairy roots overexpressing this gene were obtained, and the phenotype and gene transcription profiles of transgenic hairy roots under salt and drought stress were determined. This study aims to provide a new candidate wild soybean expansin gene for molecular breeding work related to improving the environmental stress resistance of cultivated soybean.

2. Results

2.1. Basic Information of GsEXLB14 Amino Acid Sequence and Construction of Evolutionary Tree

We cloned the GsEXLB14 gene using wild soybean roots as materials. The results of the analysis using the online software Expasy ProtParam tool (https://web.expasy.org/protparam/, accessed on 30 May 2022) showed that the GsEXLB14 protein is composed of 251 amino acids, with a molecular weight of 28,261.75, a protein weight of 28.27 kilodaltons, and a theoretical isoelectric point of 5.32; it is a stable protein. An amino acid phylogenetic tree analysis of GsEXLB14 and the expansin family members in soybean showed that this protein and GmEXLB3 were on the same evolutionary branch (Figure 1) and belonged to the EXLB subfamily.

2.2. Transcriptional Pattern of GsEXLB14 Gene under Salt and Drought Stress

We detected the transcription patterns of the GsEXLB14 gene in the roots of wild soybean under salt- and mannitol-simulated drought stress by qRT-PCR. Under 150 mM NaCl stress, the transcription of GsEXLB14 in the root system of wild soybean initially increased, and then decreased over time. At 8 h after treatment, the accumulation of transcripts of this gene was 2.73 times that before treatment, reached its peak, and then decreased significantly. Drought stress was simulated using 100 mM mannitol, and, after 4 h of treatment, the transcription of GsEXLB14 showed a significant increase, reaching 3.47 times that of the untreated controls. However, the transcription levels decreased over time, similar to the pattern observed under salt stress (Figure 2). These results showed that salt and drought stress could promote the accumulation of GsEXLB14 gene transcripts in the roots of wild soybean.

2.3. Observation on the Phenotype of Soybean Hairy Roots Overexpressing GsEXLB14 Gene

The soybean hairy roots overexpressing the GsEXLB14 gene were obtained using the genetic transformation system mediated by Agrobacterium rhizogenes K599. We detected the transcription of the GsEXLB14 gene in transgenic soybean hairy roots through RT-PCR experiments, and the results showed that GsEXLB14 was successfully transcribed and that the plant materials could be used for further experiments (Figure 3B). The statistical result of the transgenic ratio of cotyledon nodes was 78% (n = 100). The results of the hairy root phenotype analysis are shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5. Compared to the K599 control group (soybean hairy roots induced by the empty bacteria control group), the overexpression of GsEXLB14 significantly promoted the growth of transgenic hairy roots under normal growth conditions. The relative increases in the number of hairy roots, total root length, and total root weight were 2.07, 2.04, and 1.75 times that of the control group, respectively. Under 150 mM NaCl and 100 mM mannitol stress, the growth of both control and transgenic GsEXLB14 soybean hairy roots was significantly inhibited, but the transgenic hairy roots showed a high tolerance. After 7 days of salt stress treatment, the average number of soybean hairy roots in the K599 control group increased by only 8.96, while the transgenic group increased by 21.34. Compared to the K599 control group, the total root length and root weight of transgenic hairy roots increased by 2.37 and 3.05 times, respectively. Under drought stress, the number of hairy roots in the control and transgenic groups increased by 14.54 and 26.91, respectively, after 7 d of treatment. The total length of hairy roots increased by 22.73 cm and 52.76 cm, and the total weight increased by 1.07 g and 3.38 g, respectively. These results showed that GsEXLB14 overexpression significantly promoted the growth of soybean hairy roots under salt and drought stress.

2.4. Transcriptome Analysis of Soybean Hairy Roots Overexpressing GsEXLB14 Gene

We measured the transcriptomes of the K599 control and GsEXLB14-gene-overexpressing soybean hairy roots under normal growth conditions, salt stress, and drought stress, with three biological replicates for each treatment through RNA sequencing, for a total of 18 samples. A total of 202.38 Gb of Clean Data were obtained, with the Clean Data for each sample reaching 9 Gb, an error rate of 0.03%, a Q30 base percentage of ≥93%, and a GC base range of 43.22–44%. Sequence alignment was performed between the quality-controlled Clean Reads and the soybean reference genome, with an alignment rate of 96.31–97.12% for each sample, indicating that the sequencing data met the quality requirements. The number of differentially expressed genes between each group in the transcriptome is shown in Table 1, and a heatmap of the differentially expressed genes is plotted (Figure 6).
To preliminarily elucidate the effect of the overexpression of the GsEXLB14 gene on the transcription of other genes in soybean hairy roots, we performed a functional annotation analysis of the differentially transcribed genes between each group. The KEGG classification information of differentially transcribed genes showed that, under normal conditions, the overexpressed GsEXLB14 group had a higher number of differentially expressed genes in the Plant MAPK signaling pathway, plant hormone signal transduction, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, metabolic pathways, and plant pathogen interaction categories than the control group (Figure 7). This suggests that GsEXLB14 is involved in the regulation of plant abiotic and biotic stress responses and metabolic processes.
In addition, we analyzed the function and quantity of differentially expressed genes between different groups involved in plant environmental stress responses and abiotic stress resistance regulation under salt and drought stress, as shown in Figure 8. Under salt stress, the transcription of 13 types of genes was significantly upregulated in the hairy roots induced by K599 empty bacteria (control group), with the largest number of peroxidase genes (four), encoding glutathione S-transferases and sulfate transporters (three and two genes, respectively), including the desiccation-protective protein, superoxide dismutase, anion channel protein, MYB, and NAC transcription factors (Figure 8A). In the GsEXLB14 overexpression group, 10 genes were significantly upregulated, with the highest number of sulfate transporters (four genes) and the upregulated transcription of sugar transporters, peroxidases, EXPB-type expansin proteins, and MYB transcription factors (Figure 8B). Under salt stress, the transcription of 15 types of genes in the transgenic group was significantly upregulated compared to the control group, mainly including: EXPB-type expansin, peroxidase, auxin-responsive protein, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, and MYB transcription factor genes. In addition, it was also found that the transcription of genes that encode anion channel protein, vacuolar membrane proton pump, and H+-transporting ATPase in soybean hairy roots overexpressing GsEXLB14 also significantly increased (Figure 8C).
Under drought stress simulated by 100 mM mannitol, 15 classes of resistance-related genes, including peroxidases, auxin transporters, sugar efflux transporters, and MYB transcription factors, were upregulated in the control group. The transcription of two members of the expansin protein family was also significantly upregulated (Figure 8D). A total of 11 categories of genes were significantly upregulated in the GsEXLB14 overexpression group, with a relatively small number of related genes. Among them, the number of genes encoding miraculin-like protein is the largest, with eight genes. Second, the upregulated transcription numbers of peroxidase and EXLB expansin genes were also relatively high, with four in each (Figure 8E). Compared to the control group under drought stress, 11 genes were significantly upregulated in transgenic hairy roots, among which peroxidase, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, and pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1) had the highest number of genes. The second largest group was the expansin B/LB family members and AP2/ERF transcription factors, with two in each. It also included the dehydration-responsive protein RD22 and the sugar transport protein (Figure 8F).
To verify the accuracy of the changes in the transcription levels of differentially transcribed genes in the transcriptome, we separately selected five differentially expressed genes in the control and transgenic groups under salt and drought stress conditions and detected their transcription levels using qRT-PCR. Under salt stress, the five selected differentially expressed genes were expansin, peroxidase, H+ transport ATPase, the anion channel protein, and the vacuolar membrane ion pump. Among them, the transcript level of expansin (GLYMA_05G065300) in the overexpression GsEXLB14 group was 550.51 times higher than that in the control group—a significant level. The transcript levels of the other four genes in the treatment group were also significantly higher than those in the control group (Figure 9A). The differentially expressed genes under drought stress were the expansin protein, peroxidase, AP2/ERF transcription factor, dehydration-responsive protein, and WRKY transcription factor. The transcription levels of the five genes in the treatment group were significantly higher than those in the control group, with the transcription of the peroxidase and expansin protein being 10.60 and 9.78 times higher than those in the control, respectively. The other three genes were significantly upregulated (Figure 9B). The qRT-PCR results were consistent with the transcriptome sequencing results.

3. Discussion

3.1. Transcription Patterns of GsEXLB14

The transcription pattern of the expansin gene was highly specific to different plant organs and was determined by its functions. For example, the SlExp1 gene, which regulates the breakdown of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cell walls and fruit softening, is predominantly transcribed in fruit [36]. SgEXPB1 is upregulated in Stylosanthes guianensias stylo roots under low phosphorus conditions and has been shown to be involved in root growth regulation under phosphorus-deficient conditions [37]. In our previous study, we found that the GsEXLB14 gene in wild soybeans was specifically transcribed in the roots through transcriptome sequencing. This is similar to BdEXPA27 in Brachypodium distachyon, OsEXPB5 in Oryza sativa, and HvEXPB7 in Hordeum vulgare, all of which have been shown to regulate root development [38,39,40]. Therefore, GsEXLB14 may play a key role in wild soybean root growth.
In addition, we previously found that the transcription levels of GsEXLB14 significantly increased after 4 h of treatment with 150 mM NaCl and 12 d of water deprivation. To further confirm the response of this gene to salt and drought stress, in this study, we treated wild soybean plants with salt and drought stress using NaCl and mannitol, respectively, and monitored the transcription level of GsEXLB14 for 24 h. We found that, under both types of stress, the increase in the transcript levels of this gene was concentrated between 4 and 12 h after treatment (Figure 2). The root is the organ through which plants directly respond to water stress in the soil [41]. GsEXLB14 is specifically transcribed in roots and responds actively to salt and drought stress. These data suggest that this gene plays an important role in regulating salt and drought tolerance in wild soybeans.

3.2. Potential Functions of GsEXLB14

Because the transcription of GsEXLB14 is root-specific, we used the soybean hairy root transformation system to preliminarily identify the function of this gene. An amino acid phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the homologous protein of GsEXLB14 in soybean was GmEXLB3. However, there are few reports on the role of EXPB/LB-type expansin proteins in regulating plant resistance to environmental stresses (such as salinity, water, and temperature) in soybeans, with most studies focusing on the utilization efficiency of phosphorus in the soil and the growth of the root nodule [42,43]. In addition, GmEXPA1 gene overexpression reduces plant susceptibility to Meloidogyne incognita [44]. In this study, the phenotypic observation results showed that GsEXLB14 overexpression significantly promoted the growth of soybean hairy roots and improved their tolerance to salt and drought stress simulated by mannitol (Figure 4). The quantitative phenotypic data further confirmed this hypothesis (Figure 5).
The overexpression of expansins can promote plant root growth, as has been confirmed in various plants [45]. The first root-specific expression of the expansin protein GmEXP1, discovered in soybean, has been shown to play an important role in regulating root development, especially in the elongation of the main root and the initiation of lateral roots [46]. Although the mechanism by which expansin exerts its function has not yet been confirmed, it relaxes the cell wall to promote cell elongation. In the “acid growth” model, the pH-dependent increase in cell growth and wall extensibility occurs under several circumstances. During the auxin-mediated cell elongation, auxins activate a proton pump across the plasma membrane, which lowers the extracellular pH to activate expansin. The expansin protein then relaxes the cell wall without altering the covalent structure of the cell wall by disrupting the hydrogen bonds between the matrix polysaccharides and cellulose microfibrils. The relaxed cell wall, driven by turgor pressure, increases the absorption of water by protoplasts or vacuoles, thus increasing the cell volume [47,48,49]. This may explain why the overexpression of GsEXLB14 significantly promoted the growth of soybean hairy roots. The auxin required in this process may originate from the cotyledons or vigorously developing root tips, which can promote cell elongation and further cell division, resulting in more vigorous growth than the control group. Transcriptome data showed that GsEXLB14 overexpression altered the transcription of genes related to the MAPK cascade pathway, plant hormone signal transduction, and secondary metabolism processes. Some of these key genes may be potential factors promoting root growth, but this requires further research. A well-developed root system helps plants better resist osmotic and water stress, such as salt and drought, which also indicates the potential application value of GsEXLB14 for the molecular breeding of resistant soybeans in cultivation.
Salt and drought stress are major abiotic factors that reduce soybean yield and restrict the development of the soybean industry. Improving the tolerance of cultivated soybeans to environmental stress is the key to solving this problem. Expansins have been shown to play a positive role in this regard. For example, in terms of regulating salt stress tolerance, NtEXPA4 in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), TaEXPA2 in wheat, RhEXPA4 in rose (Rosa hybrida), and OsEXPA7 in rice can improve salt tolerance in transgenic plants [38,50,51,52]. These genes function by increasing cell wall extensibility, reducing water loss, enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the content of osmotic regulatory substances, and regulating Na+/K+ ion accumulation. In terms of regulating plant drought stress tolerance, the overexpression of the expansin-like gene GhEXLB2 in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) significantly enhances drought resistance [53]. The Arabidopsis expansin gene AtEXPA18 ameliorates drought stress tolerance in transgenic tobacco plants [54]. The Brassica rapa expansin-like B1 gene, BrEXLB1, is involved in regulating root development and drought stress responses [55]. When plants are subjected to salt and drought stress, the upregulation of expansin gene transcription in the root system due to water deficiency can be considered a stress response. This response promotes root growth, increases the root–shoot ratio, and enhances water absorption from the soil, thereby improving the resistance. This may also be a potential reason for the superior growth status of hairy roots overexpressing the GsEXLB14 gene under NaCl and mannitol stress compared to the control group.
To further reveal the transcription of genes in transgenic soybean hairy roots under salt and drought stress and to elucidate the functional mechanism of the GsEXLB14 gene from the perspective of gene transcription, we determined the transcriptome of hairy roots under different treatments and obtained differentially expressed genes related to plant environmental stress resistance regulation (Figure 8). Under salt stress, GsEXLB14 overexpression significantly promoted the transcription of EXPB-like expansin genes in cultured soybean hairy roots, and the transcription of auxin response protein genes also increased significantly, which is consistent with the theory of “acid growth” and will better promote the growth of roots. In addition, the transcription of some protein kinases and transcription factors was significantly upregulated, and these genes were all related to the regulation of plant salt stress resistance. The upregulation of genes closely related to ion transport, such as anion channel proteins, vacuolar membrane ion pumps, and H+-ATPases, plays a key role in alleviating the ion toxicity damage caused by salt stress. Interestingly, under drought stress, the number of upregulated miraculin transcripts in the transgenic hairy roots was the highest (Figure 8E). This protein is a glycoprotein that primarily exists in plants of the family Sapindaceae, including the mysterious fruit (Synsepalum dulcificum), and its main function is to improve taste [56]. There have been few reports on this family of proteins in legumes. Compared to the control group, the significantly upregulated genes in the transgenic group under drought stress were closely related to the regulation of plant responses to drought stress and the alleviation of stress-induced cell damage, including peroxidase, expansin, and dehydration response proteins. The upregulation of these genes may explain why transgenic soybean hairy roots grew better under drought stress than the control group. Although the function and mechanism of GsEXLB14 have not yet been systematically revealed, preliminary research results indicate its potential value in improving the tolerance of cultivated soybeans to salt and drought stress.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Cloning of GsEXLB14 Gene

Wild soybean seeds (W05) were provided by the College of Life Sciences of Northeast Agricultural University. Uniformly sized plump seeds were treated with 98% H2SO4 for 10 min to break dormancy, washed three times with sterile water, and planted in sterile Petri dishes with double-layer filter paper. Sterile water was used to keep the filter paper moist and at 25 °C for dark cultivation. When the radicle broke through the seed coat by about 1 cm, the germinated seeds were transplanted into a nutrient bowl (9 cm diameter, 100% vermiculite + Hoagland nutrient solution) for culture (25/22 °C day and night temperature, 16/8 h light cycle). After 30 d, wild soybean plants with the same growth were selected, and the roots was sampled (0.2 g), and then stored at −80 °C after quick freezing in liquid nitrogen.
Easypure® Plant RNA Kit (TransGen Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) was used to extract total RNA from the root samples of the above wild soybean plants. RNA was reverse-transcribed with TransScript® IV One-Step gDNA Removal and cDNA Synthesis SuperMix (TransGen Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) to obtain cDNA. The wild soybean cDNA obtained in the above steps was used as the template, and the GsEXLB14-Clone-FW and GsEXLB14-Clone-RV primers and EasyTaq® DNA Polymerase (TransGen Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) kit were used for PCR amplification to obtain the amplification product containing GsEXLB14 gene. The primers used in this study are listed in Supplementary Table S1. PCR amplification products were detected using 1.2% agarose gel electrophoresis, and the target size fragments were purified and recovered using EasyPure® PCR Purification Kit (TransGen Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China). The recovered product was ligated with T3 cloning vector using pEASY®-T3 Cloning Kit to obtain recombinant plasmid, which was named pEASY-T3-GsEXLB14. The constructed plasmid was transformed into competent E. coli (Trans1-T1 phage-resistant chemically competent cell, TransGen Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) and sent to a sequencing company for sequencing. The amino acid sequence of GsEXLB14 was analyzed using online software ExPASY ProtParam tool (https://web.expasy.org/protparam/, accessed on 30 May 2022). The amino acid evolutionary tree of GsEXLB14 and members of the soybean expansin family were constructed using MEGA 7.0, and the amino acid sequence of the soybean expansin family was obtained from Zhu et al. 2014 [57].

4.2. Transcriptional Pattern Analysis of GsEXLB14 Gene under Salt and Drought Stress

The planting mode of wild soybeans was the same as above, and the germinated seeds were treated after being transplanted into a nutrient bowl for 30 d. Salt and drought stress treatments were performed using 150 mM and 100 mM mannitol, respectively. Each nutrient bowl was irrigated with 50 mL of rhizosphere soil, and the control group was irrigated with an equal volume of sterile water. Roots were sampled at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h after treatment. The transcript level of GsEXLB14 was detected via qRT-PCR using the TRANSGEN Top Green qPCR SuperMix kit (TransGen Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China). The amplification of Actin-11 (GenBank: LOC114395252) in wild soybeans was used as an internal control. The expression levels for GsEXLB14 were determined using the 2−∆∆CT method, and relative transcript levels were calculated and normalized as described previously [58].

4.3. Construction of Overexpression Vector of GsEXLB14 Gene

The GsEXLB14 gene was overexpressed using CaMV35S promoter (Figure 3A). Using the pEASY-T3-GsEXLB14 cloning vector as the template, the GsEXLB14-SmaI-FW and GsEXLB14-SmaI-RV primers and EasyTaq® DNA Polymerase kit (TransGen Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) were used to add SmaI restriction sites to the upstream and downstream of the GsEXLB14 gene via PCR. The PCR products were purified and ligated into a T3 cloning vector for sequencing. The resulting vector was named pEASY-T3-GsEXLB14-SmaI. The pEASY-T3-GsEXLB14-SmaI vector was digested with the restriction enzyme SmaI (New England Biolabs Ltd., Beijing, China), and a small fragment (759 bp) obtained from the digestion product was purified for future use. The pCAMBIA1302 expression vector was digested using the restriction enzyme PmlI (New England Biolabs Ltd., Beijing, China). The digested product was dephosphorylated using calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (CIP, New England Biolabs Ltd., Beijing, China) and purified. The purified target digested products of pEASY-T3-GsEXLB14-SmaI and the pCAMBIA1302 vector were ligated using T4 DNA ligase (New England Biolabs Ltd., Beijing, China) to obtain the recombinant expression vector pCAMBIA1302-GsEXLB14. The recombinant expression vector was identified using primers GsEXLB14-identify-FW and GsEXLB14-identify-RV.

4.4. GsEXLB14 Overexpression through Soybean Hairy Roots

The recombinant expression vector, pCAMBIA1302-GsEXLB14, was transformed into Agrobacterium rhizogenes K599 (Weidi Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) via freeze–thawing. The transformation of cultivated soybean hairy roots was performed as described by Li et al. 2014 [59]. The soybean variety cultivated was Dongnong 50, and the seeds were provided by the College of Agriculture of the Northeast Agricultural University. The medium for the co-culture of soybean cotyledon nodes with Agrobacterium rhizogenes was 1/10 MS solid medium (sucrose as the carbon source, 30 g/L; agarose, 7 g/L), and the medium for hairy root induction was 1/2 MS solid medium (sucrose as the carbon source, 30 g/L; agarose, 7 g/L). The induction condition was 28 °C, and the light cycle was 16/8 h. The soybean hairy roots induced by K599 empty bacteria were used as a non-transgenic control group. RT-PCR was used to identify the transcription of GsEXLB14 gene in hairy roots. RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis were performed as previously described. Soybean Actin (GenBank: LOC100798052) was used as an internal reference gene.

4.5. Phenotypic Observation on Hairy Roots of Soybean Overexpressing GsEXLB14 Gene

Transgenic hairy roots and K599 null bacteria-induced hairy roots (control group) were selected as the experimental materials. Single hairy roots were transferred to 1/2 MS solid medium or 1/2 MS solid medium containing 150 mM NaCl (salt stress) or 100 mM mannitol (drought stress). After 7 d, the number, total root length, and root weight of hairy roots were counted, and the relative growth of the number, total root length, and total root weight of hairy roots were calculated; photographs were taken at the same time.

4.6. Transcriptome Assay of Hairy Roots

The hairy roots of soybeans induced by K599 null strain and overexpressing GsEXLB14 gene under normal growth conditions, salt stress, and drought stress were sampled. The samples were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and sent to Metware Biotechnology Inc. (Wuhan, China) on dry ice for transcriptome sequencing. The fragment sizes and concentrations of the libraries were determined using an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer. The library was sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq platform. CuffQuant and CuffNorm use fragments per kilobase of transcript per million fragments mapped (FPKM) as indicators of transcript or gene expression levels. For the screening of differentially transcribed genes among groups, FPKM ≥ 5 and transcription upregulation multiple ≥5 were used as thresholds. The differentially transcribed genes were functionally annotated through NCBI and KEGG databases. Genes involved in the regulation of plant environmental stress responses, and abiotic stress resistance was screened and counted. Simultaneously, a total of 10 significantly differentially transcribed genes in the control group and transgenic group under salt and drought stress were randomly selected for qRT-PCR identification; methods were the same as above.

4.7. Statistical Analysis

All trials were repeated at least three times, and the data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. GraphPad Prism 8 software was used for statistical analysis and plotting.

5. Conclusions

In the current study, we cloned the expansin gene GsEXLB14 from the roots of wild soybean. The transcription levels of GsEXLB14 in the roots of wild soybean significantly increased under salt- and mannitol-simulated drought stress. The overexpressing GsEXLB14 gene significantly promoted the growth of cultivated soybean hairy roots and their tolerance to salt- and mannitol-simulated drought stress. The data from the transcriptome analysis showed that, under salt- and mannitol-simulated drought stress, the transcripts encoding expansins, peroxidases, H+-ATPases, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, and dehydration-response proteins in transgenic soybean hairy roots showed significant accumulation, which may be the reason why transgenic hairy roots grow better under stress.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/plants13121656/s1, Table S1: The primers used in this study.

Author Contributions

Data curation, L.W. and T.Z.; formal analysis, C.L. and C.Z.; funding acquisition, F.L. and X.F.; investigation, B.L. and Y.W.; methodology, L.W. and C.L.; project administration, X.F. and F.L.; resources, Y.X. and F.L.; software, T.Z. and F.H.; validation, Y.X.; writing—original draft, L.W., T.Z. and X.F.; writing—review and editing, F.L. and X.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Fund (32201717), the Excellent Youth Fund of Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation (YQ2023C003), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2022MD713729), the Postdoctoral Fund of Heilongjiang Province (LBH-Z21008), the Research Business Fee Project of Provincial Research Institutes in Heilongjiang Province (CZKYF2023-1-B020), the National Natural Science Foundation Cooperation Project (U22A20443), special funding for scientific and technological innovation projects in the protection and utilization of black soil (XDA28030302), and the Key R&D Program Projects in Heilongjiang Province (GA23B015).

Data Availability Statement

Data are contained within the article and supplementary Materials.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

  1. Guo, B.; Sun, L.; Jiang, S.; Ren, H.; Sun, R.; Wei, Z.; Hong, H.; Luan, X.; Wang, J.; Wang, X.; et al. Soybean genetic resources contributing to sustainable protein production. Theor. Appl. Genet. 2022, 135, 4095–4121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Liu, S.; Zhang, M.; Feng, F.; Tian, Z. Toward a “Green Revolution” for Soybean. Mol. Plant 2020, 13, 688–697. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Bisht, A.; Saini, D.K.; Kaur, B.; Batra, R.; Kaur, S.; Kaur, I.; Jindal, S.; Malik, P.; Sandhu, P.K.; Kaur, A.; et al. Multi-omics assisted breeding for biotic stress resistance in soybean. Mol. Biol. Rep. 2023, 50, 3787–3814. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Kofsky, J.; Zhang, H.; Song, B.H. The Untapped Genetic Reservoir: The Past, Current, and Future Applications of the Wild Soybean (Glycine soja). Front. Plant Sci. 2018, 9, 949. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Cai, X.; Jia, B.; Sun, M.; Sun, X. Insights into the regulation of wild soybean tolerance to salt-alkaline stress. Front. Plant Sci. 2022, 13, 1002302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. You, H.; Liu, Y.; Minh, T.N.; Lu, H.; Zhang, P.; Li, W.; Xiao, J.; Ding, X.; Li, Q. Genome-wide identification and expression analyses of nitrate transporter family genes in wild soybean (Glycine soja). J. Appl. Genet. 2020, 61, 489–501. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. McQueen-Mason, S.; Durachko, D.M.; Cosgrove, D.J. Two endogenous proteins that induce cell wall extension in plants. Plant Cell 1992, 4, 1425–1433. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  8. Kök, B.Ö.; Celik Altunoglu, Y.; Öncül, A.B.; Karaci, A.; Cengiz Baloglu, M. Expansin gene family database: A comprehensive bioinformatics resource for plant expansin multigene family. J. Bioinform. Comput. Biol. 2023, 21, 2350015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Sampedro, J.; Cosgrove, D.J. The expansin superfamily. Genome Biol. 2005, 6, 242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Marowa, P.; Ding, A.; Kong, Y. Expansins: Roles in plant growth and potential applications in crop improvement. Plant Cell Rep. 2016, 35, 949–965. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Cosgrove, D.J. Plant expansins: Diversity and interactions with plant cell walls. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2015, 25, 162–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Yennawar, N.H.; Li, L.C.; Dudzinski, D.M.; Tabuchi, A.; Cosgrove, D.J. Crystal structure and activities of EXPB1 (Zea m 1), a beta-expansin and group-1 pollen allergen from maize. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103, 14664–14671. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Samalova, M.; Gahurova, E.; Hejatko, J. Expansin-mediated developmental and adaptive responses: A matter of cell wall biomechanics? Quant. Plant Biol. 2022, 3, e11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Chen, F.; Bradford, K.J. Expression of an expansin is associated with endosperm weakening during tomato seed germination. Plant Physiol. 2000, 124, 1265–1274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Cho, H.T.; Cosgrove, D.J. Regulation of root hair initiation and expansin gene expression in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2002, 14, 3237–3253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. Boron, A.K.; Van Loock, B.; Suslov, D.; Markakis, M.N.; Verbelen, J.P.; Vissenberg, K. Over-expression of AtEXLA2 alters etiolated arabidopsis hypocotyl growth. Ann. Bot. 2015, 115, 67–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  17. Guo, W.; Zhao, J.; Li, X.; Qin, L.; Yan, X.; Liao, H. A soybean β-expansin gene GmEXPB2 intrinsically involved in root system architecture responses to abiotic stresses. Plant J. 2011, 66, 541–552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  18. Yang, Z.; Zheng, J.; Zhou, H.; Chen, S.; Gao, Z.; Yang, Y.; Li, X.; Liao, H. The soybean β-expansin gene GmINS1 contributes to nodule development in response to phosphate starvation. Physiol. Plant. 2021, 172, 2034–2047. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  19. Li, X.; Zhao, J.; Walk, T.C.; Liao, H. Characterization of soybean β-expansin genes and their expression responses to symbiosis, nutrient deficiency, and hormone treatment. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2014, 98, 2805–2817. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Green, P.B. Expression of pattern in plants: Combining molecular and calculus-based biophysical paradigms. Am. J. Bot. 1999, 86, 1059–1076. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Wei, P.C.; Zhang, X.Q.; Zhao, P.; Wang, X.C. Regulation of stomatal opening by the guard cell expansin AtEXPA1. Plant Signal. Behav. 2011, 6, 740–742. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Choi, D.; Lee, Y.; Cho, H.T.; Kende, H. Regulation of expansin gene expression affects growth and development in transgenic rice plants. Plant Cell 2003, 15, 1386–1398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Zhang, W.; Yan, H.; Chen, W.; Liu, J.; Jiang, C.; Jiang, H.; Zhu, S.; Cheng, B. Genome-wide identification and characterization of maize expansin genes expressed in endosperm. Mol. Genet. Genom. 2014, 289, 1061–1074. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Rose, J.K.; Lee, H.H.; Bennett, A.B. Expression of a divergent expansin gene is fruit-specific and ripening-regulated. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997, 94, 5955–5960. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Minoia, S.; Boualem, A.; Marcel, F.; Troadec, C.; Quemener, B.; Cellini, F.; Petrozza, A.; Vigouroux, J.; Lahaye, M.; Carriero, F.; et al. Induced mutations in tomato SlExp1 alter cell wall metabolism and delay fruit softening. Plant Sci. 2016, 242, 195–202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Calderini, D.F.; Castillo, F.M.; Arenas-M, A.; Molero, G.; Reynolds, M.P.; Craze, M.; Bowden, S.; Milner, M.J.; Wallington, E.J.; Dowle, A.; et al. Overcoming the trade-off between grain weight and number in wheat by the ectopic expression of expansin in developing seeds leads to increased yield potential. New Phytol. 2021, 230, 629–640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  27. Liu, C.; Zhao, H.; Li, J.; Cao, Z.; Deng, B.; Liu, X.; Qin, G. Identification of Candidate Expansin Genes Associated with Seed Weight in Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). Genes 2024, 15, 212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  28. Lü, P.; Kang, M.; Jiang, X.; Dai, F.; Gao, J.; Zhang, C. RhEXPA4, a rose expansin gene, modulates leaf growth and confers drought and salt tolerance to Arabidopsis. Planta 2013, 237, 1547–1559. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Zhang, J.; Wang, L.; Wu, D.; Zhao, H.; Gong, L.; Xu, J. Regulation of SmEXPA13 expression by SmMYB1R1-L enhances salt tolerance in Salix matsudana Koidz. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2024, 270 Pt 1, 132292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Chen, Y.; Zhang, B.; Li, C.; Lei, C.; Kong, C.; Yang, Y.; Gong, M. A comprehensive expression analysis of the expansin gene family in potato (Solanum tuberosum) discloses stress-responsive expansin-like B genes for drought and heat tolerances. PLoS ONE 2019, 14, e0219837. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Feng, X.; Xu, Y.; Peng, L.; Yu, X.; Zhao, Q.; Feng, S.; Zhao, Z.; Li, F.; Hu, B. TaEXPB7-B, a β-expansin gene involved in low-temperature stress and abscisic acid responses, promotes growth and cold resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. J. Plant Physiol. 2019, 240, 153004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Ren, Y.; Chen, Y.; An, J.; Zhao, Z.; Zhang, G.; Wang, Y.; Wang, W. Wheat expansin gene TaEXPA2 is involved in conferring plant tolerance to Cd toxicity. Plant Sci. 2018, 270, 245–256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  33. Zhou, J.; Xie, J.; Liao, H.; Wang, X. Overexpression of β-expansin gene GmEXPB2 improves phosphorus efficiency in soybean. Physiol. Plant. 2014, 150, 194–204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Yang, J.; Zhang, G.; An, J.; Li, Q.; Chen, Y.; Zhao, X.; Wu, J.; Wang, Y.; Hao, Q.; Wang, W.; et al. Expansin gene TaEXPA2 positively regulates drought tolerance in transgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant science 2020, 298, 110596. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  35. Feng, X.; Li, C.; He, F.; Xu, Y.; Li, L.; Wang, X.; Chen, Q.; Li, F. Genome-Wide Identification of Expansin Genes in Wild Soybean (Glycine soja) and Functional Characterization of Expansin B1 (GsEXPB1) in Soybean Hair Root. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 5407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  36. Su, G.; Lin, Y.; Wang, C.; Lu, J.; Liu, Z.; He, Z.; Shu, X.; Chen, W.; Wu, R.; Li, B.; et al. Expansin SlExp1 and endoglucanase SlCel2 synergistically promote fruit softening and cell wall disassembly in tomato. Plant Cell 2024, 36, 709–726. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  37. Wang, L.; Wang, W.; Miao, Y.; Peters, M.; Schultze-Kraft, R.; Liu, G.; Chen, Z. Development of transgenic composite Stylosanthes plants to study root growth regulated by a β-expansin gene, SgEXPB1, under phosphorus deficiency. Plant Cell Rep. 2023, 42, 575–585. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Chen, S.; Luo, Y.; Wang, G.; Feng, C.; Li, H. Genome-wide identification of expansin genes in Brachypodium distachyon and functional characterization of BdEXPA27. Plant Sci. 2020, 296, 110490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Won, S.K.; Choi, S.B.; Kumari, S.; Cho, M.; Lee, S.H.; Cho, H.T. Root hair-specific EXPANSIN B genes have been selected for Graminaceae root hairs. Mol. Cells 2010, 30, 369–376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. He, X.; Zeng, J.; Cao, F.; Ahmed, I.M.; Zhang, G.; Vincze, E.; Wu, F. HvEXPB7, a novel β-expansin gene revealed by the root hair transcriptome of Tibetan wild barley, improves root hair growth under drought stress. J. Exp. Bot. 2015, 66, 7405–7419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Zou, X.; Liu, L.; Hu, Z.; Wang, X.; Zhu, Y.; Zhang, J.; Li, X.; Kang, Z.; Lin, Y.; Yin, C. Salt-induced inhibition of rice seminal root growth is mediated by ethylene-jasmonate interaction. J. Exp. Bot. 2021, 72, 5656–5672. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Kong, Y.; Wang, B.; Du, H.; Li, W.; Li, X.; Zhang, C. GmEXLB1, a Soybean Expansin-Like B Gene, Alters Root Architecture to Improve Phosphorus Acquisition in Arabidopsis. Front. Plant Sci. 2019, 10, 808. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Li, X.; Zhao, J.; Tan, Z.; Zeng, R.; Liao, H. GmEXPB2, a Cell Wall β-Expansin, Affects Soybean Nodulation through Modifying Root Architecture and Promoting Nodule Formation and Development. Plant Physiol. 2015, 169, 2640–2653. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Basso, M.F.; Lourenço-Tessutti, I.T.; Moreira-Pinto, C.E.; Mendes, R.A.G.; Pereira, D.G.; Grandis, A.; Macedo, L.L.P.; Macedo, A.F.; Gomes, A.C.M.M.; Arraes, F.B.M.; et al. Overexpression of the GmEXPA1 gene reduces plant susceptibility to Meloidogyne incognita. Plant Cell Rep. 2023, 42, 137–152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Cosgrove, D.J. Structure and growth of plant cell walls. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2024, 25, 340–358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  46. Lee, D.K.; Ahn, J.H.; Song, S.K.; Choi, Y.D.; Lee, J.S. Expression of an expansin gene is correlated with root elongation in soybean. Plant Physiol. 2003, 131, 985–997. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Cosgrove, D.J. Loosening of plant cell walls by expansins. Nature 2000, 407, 321–326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  48. Kende, H.; Bradford, K.; Brummell, D.; Cho, H.T.; Cosgrove, D.; Fleming, A.; Gehring, C.; Lee, Y.; McQueen-Mason, S.; Rose, J.; et al. Nomenclature for members of the expansin superfamily of genes and proteins. Plant Mol. Biol. 2004, 55, 311–314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Cosgrove, D.J. Expanding wheat yields with expansin. New Phytol. 2021, 230, 403–405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Chen, L.J.; Zou, W.S.; Fei, C.Y.; Wu, G.; Li, X.Y.; Lin, H.H.; Xi, D.H. α-Expansin EXPA4 Positively Regulates Abiotic Stress Tolerance but Negatively Regulates Pathogen Resistance in Nicotiana tabacum. Plant Cell Physiol. 2018, 59, 2317–2330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Chen, Y.; Han, Y.; Kong, X.; Kang, H.; Ren, Y.; Wang, W. Ectopic expression of wheat expansin gene TaEXPA2 improved the salt tolerance of transgenic tobacco by regulating Na+ /K+ and antioxidant competence. Physiol. Plant. 2017, 159, 161–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  52. Jadamba, C.; Kang, K.; Paek, N.C.; Lee, S.I.; Yoo, S.C. Overexpression of Rice Expansin7 (Osexpa7) Confers Enhanced Tolerance to Salt Stress in Rice. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 454. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  53. Zhang, B.; Chang, L.; Sun, W.; Ullah, A.; Yang, X. Overexpression of an expansin-like gene, GhEXLB2 enhanced drought tolerance in cotton. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2021, 162, 468–475. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  54. Abbasi, A.; Malekpour, M.; Sobhanverdi, S. The Arabidopsis expansin gene (AtEXPA18) is capable to ameliorate drought stress tolerance in transgenic tobacco plants. Mol. Biol. Rep. 2021, 48, 5913–5922. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  55. Muthusamy, M.; Kim, J.Y.; Yoon, E.K.; Kim, J.A.; Lee, S.I. BrEXLB1, a Brassica rapa Expansin-Like B1 Gene is Associated with Root Development, Drought Stress Response, and Seed Germination. Genes 2020, 11, 404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  56. Maia, R.T.; Silva, I.S.D.S.; Fernandes de Souza, A.; Frazão, N.F.; de Lima, R.M.; Campos, M.A. Miraculin-based sweeteners in the protein-engineering era: An alternative for developing more efficient and safer products. J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 2023, 1–9, advance online publication. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  57. Zhu, Y.; Wu, N.; Song, W.; Yin, G.; Qin, Y.; Yan, Y.; Hu, Y. Soybean (Glycine max) expansin gene superfamily origins: Segmental and tandem duplication events followed by divergent selection among subfamilies. BMC Plant Biol. 2014, 14, 93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  58. Willems, E.; Leyns, L.; Vandesompele, J. Standardization of real-time PCR gene expression data from independent biological replicates. Anal. Biochem. 2008, 379, 127–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Li, C.; Zhang, H.; Wang, X.; Liao, H. A comparison study of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation methods for root-specific promoter analysis in soybean. Plant Cell Rep. 2014, 33, 1921–1932. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Plants 13 01656 g001
Figure 1. Amino acid phylogenetic tree of GsEXLB14 and soybean expansin family members.
Figure 1. Amino acid phylogenetic tree of GsEXLB14 and soybean expansin family members.
Plants 13 01656 g001
Plants 13 01656 g002
Figure 2. Transcriptional patterns of GsEXLB14 in wild soybean roots under salt and drought stresses. Note: The experiment was conducted using a relative quantitative method, and the relative expression level represents the fold in the transcription level of GsEXLB14 gene relative to that at 0 h after treatment. Different lowercase letters indicate that the transcript level of GsEXLB14 under same treatment condition was significantly different between different treatment times (p < 0.05).
Figure 2. Transcriptional patterns of GsEXLB14 in wild soybean roots under salt and drought stresses. Note: The experiment was conducted using a relative quantitative method, and the relative expression level represents the fold in the transcription level of GsEXLB14 gene relative to that at 0 h after treatment. Different lowercase letters indicate that the transcript level of GsEXLB14 under same treatment condition was significantly different between different treatment times (p < 0.05).
Plants 13 01656 g002
Plants 13 01656 g003
Figure 3. Construction of overexpression vector of GsEXLB14 and RT-PCR detection results of transgenic soybean hairy roots. Note: (A) Schematic diagram of overexpression vector construction. (B) RT-PCR detection results of transgenic soybean hairy roots. K599 represents the soybean hairy roots induced by the empty bacteria (without any exogenous expression vector).
Figure 3. Construction of overexpression vector of GsEXLB14 and RT-PCR detection results of transgenic soybean hairy roots. Note: (A) Schematic diagram of overexpression vector construction. (B) RT-PCR detection results of transgenic soybean hairy roots. K599 represents the soybean hairy roots induced by the empty bacteria (without any exogenous expression vector).
Plants 13 01656 g003
Plants 13 01656 g004
Figure 4. Phenotype of soybean hairy roots overexpressing GsEXLB14 under normal, salt, and drought stress conditions (Bar = 2 cm).
Figure 4. Phenotype of soybean hairy roots overexpressing GsEXLB14 under normal, salt, and drought stress conditions (Bar = 2 cm).
Plants 13 01656 g004
Plants 13 01656 g005
Figure 5. Statistical results of growth indicators of soybean hairy roots overexpressing GsEXLB14 gene under salt and drought stress. Note: Relative growth indicates the change in different phenotypes of soybean hairy roots after 7 d under different treatments relative to the original state. (A) Relative increase in the number of hairy roots. (B) Relative growth of total length of hairy roots. (C) Relative increase in total weight of hairy roots. (* indicates that, under the same treatment condition, there was a significant difference between transgenic group and K599 control group, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, n = 30.)
Figure 5. Statistical results of growth indicators of soybean hairy roots overexpressing GsEXLB14 gene under salt and drought stress. Note: Relative growth indicates the change in different phenotypes of soybean hairy roots after 7 d under different treatments relative to the original state. (A) Relative increase in the number of hairy roots. (B) Relative growth of total length of hairy roots. (C) Relative increase in total weight of hairy roots. (* indicates that, under the same treatment condition, there was a significant difference between transgenic group and K599 control group, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, n = 30.)
Plants 13 01656 g005
Plants 13 01656 g006
Figure 6. Clustering heatmap of differential genes among treatment groups in the transcriptome.
Figure 6. Clustering heatmap of differential genes among treatment groups in the transcriptome.
Plants 13 01656 g006
Plants 13 01656 g007
Figure 7. KEGG classification information of differentially transcribed genes in overexpressing GsEXLB14 and control group.
Figure 7. KEGG classification information of differentially transcribed genes in overexpressing GsEXLB14 and control group.
Plants 13 01656 g007
Plants 13 01656 g008
Figure 8. Number of upregulated transcription genes involved in plant environmental stress response and abiotic stress resistance regulation between the treatments groups (left group of “vs” was used as control). Note: Data were derived from the transcriptome, with FPKM value ≥ 5 and transcriptional upregulation fold ≥5 as thresholds. (A) CK vs. CK-Salt. (B) GsEXLB14 vs. GsEXLB14-Salt. (C) CK-Salt vs. GsEXLB14-Salt. (D) CK vs. CK-Drought. (E) GsEXLB14 vs. GsEXLB14-Drought. (F) CK-Drought vs. GsEXLB14-Drought.
Figure 8. Number of upregulated transcription genes involved in plant environmental stress response and abiotic stress resistance regulation between the treatments groups (left group of “vs” was used as control). Note: Data were derived from the transcriptome, with FPKM value ≥ 5 and transcriptional upregulation fold ≥5 as thresholds. (A) CK vs. CK-Salt. (B) GsEXLB14 vs. GsEXLB14-Salt. (C) CK-Salt vs. GsEXLB14-Salt. (D) CK vs. CK-Drought. (E) GsEXLB14 vs. GsEXLB14-Drought. (F) CK-Drought vs. GsEXLB14-Drought.
Plants 13 01656 g008
Plants 13 01656 g009
Figure 9. qRT-PCR results of differentially transcribed genes between control group and overexpressing GsEXLB14 group under salt and drought stress. Note: The experiment was conducted using a relative quantitative method, and the relative expression level represents the fold in the transcription level of gene relative to CK. (A) Salt stress. (B) Drought stress. (* indicates that, under the same treatment, the transcriptional level of candidate gene was significantly different between overexpression group and control group, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.)
Figure 9. qRT-PCR results of differentially transcribed genes between control group and overexpressing GsEXLB14 group under salt and drought stress. Note: The experiment was conducted using a relative quantitative method, and the relative expression level represents the fold in the transcription level of gene relative to CK. (A) Salt stress. (B) Drought stress. (* indicates that, under the same treatment, the transcriptional level of candidate gene was significantly different between overexpression group and control group, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.)
Plants 13 01656 g009
Table 1. Number of differentially transcribed genes between groups in transcriptome.
Table 1. Number of differentially transcribed genes between groups in transcriptome.
GroupTotalDownUp
CK_vs_CK-Drought449628361660
CK_vs_CK-Salt731440543260
CK_vs_LB1433148272487
LB14_vs_LB14-Drought24121551861
LB14_vs_LB14-Salt443433071127
CK-Drought_vs_LB14-Drought655127903761
CK-Salt_vs_LB14-Salt358022311349
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Wang, L.; Zhang, T.; Li, C.; Zhou, C.; Liu, B.; Wu, Y.; He, F.; Xu, Y.; Li, F.; Feng, X. Overexpression of Wild Soybean Expansin Gene GsEXLB14 Enhanced the Tolerance of Transgenic Soybean Hairy Roots to Salt and Drought Stresses. Plants 2024, 13, 1656. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13121656

AMA Style

Wang L, Zhang T, Li C, Zhou C, Liu B, Wu Y, He F, Xu Y, Li F, Feng X. Overexpression of Wild Soybean Expansin Gene GsEXLB14 Enhanced the Tolerance of Transgenic Soybean Hairy Roots to Salt and Drought Stresses. Plants. 2024; 13(12):1656. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13121656

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, Linlin, Tong Zhang, Cuiting Li, Changjun Zhou, Bing Liu, Yaokun Wu, Fumeng He, Yongqing Xu, Fenglan Li, and Xu Feng. 2024. "Overexpression of Wild Soybean Expansin Gene GsEXLB14 Enhanced the Tolerance of Transgenic Soybean Hairy Roots to Salt and Drought Stresses" Plants 13, no. 12: 1656. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13121656

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop