Revealing the Phenolic Composition and the Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antiproliferative Activities of Two Euphrasia sp. Extracts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Spectrophotometrical Assays for the Quantification of Total Phenolic Compounds
2.2. The Antioxidant Activity
2.3. The HPLC–MS/MS Analysis
2.4. The Cytototoxic Activity
2.5. The Antimicrobial Activity
2.5.1. The Agar-Well Diffusion Method
2.5.2. The Broth Microdilution Method
2.5.3. The Anti-Biofilm Assay
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Material
4.2. Chemical Agents
4.3. Extraction Method
4.4. Spectrophotometrical Assays
4.5. LC–MS/MS Analysis of Phenolic Compounds in Euphrasia Extracts
4.6. Antioxidant Activity
4.6.1. DPPH Assay
4.6.2. FRAP Assay
4.6.3. Xanthine Oxidase Assay
4.7. Cytotoxicity Assays
4.8. Antimicrobial Activity Assays
4.8.1. Agar-Well Diffusion Method
4.8.2. Broth Microdilution Method
4.8.3. Anti-Biofilm Assay
4.9. Statistical Data Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | TP (mg GAE/g) | TF (mg RE/g) | CAD (mg CAE/g) | DPPH (IC50 µg/mL) | FRAP (µM TE/mL) | XO | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I% | I (mg AE/mL) | ||||||
EO | 92.10 ± 2.90 | 24.72 ± 0.29 | 45.08 ± 1.92 c | 50.93 ± 2.19 d | 520.21 ± 13.79 | 16.73 ±0.35 f | 21.75 ± 0.51 g |
ES | 74.91 ± 1.28 a | 10.81 ± 0.19 b | 55.02 ± 1.87 | 71.57 ± 3.42 d | 255.33 ± 9.67 e | 71.90 ± 1.38 f | 93.46± 0.42 |
Trolox | - | - | 11.88 ± 0.02 | - | - | ||
Allopurinol | - | - | - | - | - | 90.04 ± 2.35 | - |
No. | Phenolic Compound | m/z Value | tR ± SD (min) | Concentration (μg/mL) EO | Concentration (μg/mL) ES |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Protocatechuic acid | 153 | 2.80 ± 0.01 | 1.85 ± 0.05 | 0.87 ± 0.03 |
2. | Gentisic acid | 179 | 3.52 ± 0.04 | 0.46 ± 0.02 | <0.02 |
3. | Caftaric acid | 311 | 3.54 ± 0.05 | 0.31 ± 0.02 | <0.02 |
4. | Chlorogenic acid | 353 | 5.62 ± 0.05 | 23.72 ± 0.28 | 353.86 ± 9.83 |
5. | Vanillic acid | 167 | 6.70 ± 0.01 | 1.14 ± 0.01 | - |
6. | p-Coumaric acid | 163 | 9.48 ± 0.08 | 9.40 ± 0.20 | 16.21 ± 0.25 |
7. | Ferulic acid | 193 | 12.8 ± 0.10 | 2.32 ± 0.08 | 4.80 ± 0.01 |
8. | Catechin | 289 | 6.00 ± 0.07 | 0.26 ± 0.01 | - |
9. | Rosmarinic acid | 359 | 2.20 ± 0.02 | 5.83 ± 0.29 | 0.82 ± 0.03 |
10. | Hyperoside | 463 | 19.00 ± 0.2 | 6.72 ± 0.17 | 1.336 ± 0.01 |
11. | Isoquercitrin | 463 | 19.90 ± 0.10 | 5.59 ± 0.11 | 20.38 ± 0.16 |
12. | Rutin | 609 | 20.20 ± 0.15 | 61.57 ± 1.55 | 57.41 ± 1.58 |
13. | Quercitrin | 447 | 23.64 ± 0.13 | <0.02 | 6.90 ± 0.15 |
14. | Luteolin | 285 | 29.10 ± 0.19 | 0.46 ± 0.02 | 0.53 ± 0.02 |
15. | Apigenin | 269 | 33.10 ± 0.15 | 0.67 ± 0.03 | 1.06 ± 0.02 |
Tested Products | Diameters of Inhibition Zone (mm) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MSSA | MRSA | Bacillus cereus | Enterococcus faecalis | Listeria monocytogenes | Escherichia coli | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Candida albicans | |
EO | 14.50 ± 0.50 a | 12.00 ± 0.71 a | 13.75 ± 0.43 a | 12.5 ± 0.50 | 12.75 ± 0.43 a | 9.75 ± 0.43 a | 0 | 10 ± 0.00 c |
ES | 17.00 ± 0.71 a | 16.25 ± 0.43 b | 15 ± 0.00 a | 14 ± 0.00 | 14.75 ± 0.43 a | 9.75 ± 0.43 a | 0 | 10 ± 0.00 c |
Gentamicin | 19 ± 0.00 | 17 ± 0.25 | 20 ± 0.00 | 10 ± 0.00 a | 22 ± 0.50 | 19 ± 0.00 | 18 ± 0.00 | - |
Fluconazole | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 21 ± 0.00 |
Samples | Microorganisms | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MSSA | MRSA | Bacillus cereus | Enterococcus faecalis | Listeria monocytogenes | Escherichia coli | Candida albicans | ||||||||
MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MFC | |
EO | 27.08 | 27.08 | 27.08 | 27.08 | 27.08 | 27.08 | 54.17 | 54.17 | 54.17 | 54.17 | 54.17 | >54.17 | 54.17 | >54.17 |
ES | 5.50 | 22.02 | 11.01 | 11.01 | 11.01 | 11.01 | 44.05 | 44.05 | 44.05 | 44.05 | 44.05 | >44.05 | 44.05 | >44.05 |
Gentamicin MIC (mg/L) | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | - | |||||||
Fluconazole MIC (mg/L) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 8 |
% Inhibition | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Samples | Staphylococcus aureus | Listeria monocytogenes | Escherichia coli | Candida albicans | ||||
T0 | T24 | T0 | T24 | T0 | T24 | T0 | T24 | |
EO | + | + | + | - | - | - | - | + |
ES | ++ | ++ | + | + | - | - | - | + |
Gentamicin | + | ++ | + | ++ | - | ++ | - | - |
Fluconazole | - | - | - | - | - | - | ++ | ++ |
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Benedec, D.; Oniga, I.; Hanganu, D.; Vlase, A.-M.; Ielciu, I.; Crișan, G.; Fiţ, N.; Niculae, M.; Bab, T.; Pall, E.; et al. Revealing the Phenolic Composition and the Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antiproliferative Activities of Two Euphrasia sp. Extracts. Plants 2024, 13, 1790. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131790
Benedec D, Oniga I, Hanganu D, Vlase A-M, Ielciu I, Crișan G, Fiţ N, Niculae M, Bab T, Pall E, et al. Revealing the Phenolic Composition and the Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antiproliferative Activities of Two Euphrasia sp. Extracts. Plants. 2024; 13(13):1790. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131790
Chicago/Turabian StyleBenedec, Daniela, Ilioara Oniga, Daniela Hanganu, Ana-Maria Vlase, Irina Ielciu, Gianina Crișan, Nicodim Fiţ, Mihaela Niculae, Timea Bab, Emoke Pall, and et al. 2024. "Revealing the Phenolic Composition and the Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antiproliferative Activities of Two Euphrasia sp. Extracts" Plants 13, no. 13: 1790. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131790