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Communication

Chemical Characterization and Enantioselective Analysis of Tagetes filifolia Lag. Essential Oil and Crude Extract

by
Vladimir Morocho
1,*,
Anghela Chamba
2,
Paulo Pozo
2,
Mayra Montalván
1 and
Alírica I. Suárez
3,*
1
Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Loja 1101608, Ecuador
2
Carrera de Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Loja 1101608, Ecuador
3
Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1040, Venezuela
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Plants 2024, 13(14), 1921; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141921
Submission received: 2 May 2024 / Revised: 28 June 2024 / Accepted: 9 July 2024 / Published: 12 July 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Essential Oils from Medicinal Plants)
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Abstract

:
The essential oil (EO) of Tagetes filifolia Lag. was obtained from dried plant material through Clevenger-type steam distillation and analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS), a gas chromatography–flame ionization detector (GC/FID) and enantioselective gas chromatography. The results showed 50 compounds (93.33%) with a predominance of oxygenated monoterpenes. The main components were trans-anethole (55.57 ± 9.83%), tridecene <1-> (8.66 ± 0.01), methyl chavicol (5.81 ± 0.85%) and Neophytadiene (3.45 ± 0.88) Enantioselective analysis revealed linalool and <methyl-γ-> ionone as enantiomers. The identification of secondary metabolites from the ethyl acetate extract obtained by maceration was performed by GC-MS, NMR and by a literature comparison, determining the presence of mostly trans-anethole and a mixture of two triterpenes, fernenol and lupeol.

1. Introduction

Medicinal properties have been attributed to approximately 10,000 plant species worldwide [1]. Within this vast botanical diversity, more than 3000 species, including representatives from the Asteraceae, Lamiaceae and Apiaceae families, are recognized for their ability to produce essential oils [2].
Tagetes is an endemic American genus, comprising approximately 55 species that inhabit tropical and subtropical regions, ranging from the southwestern United States to Argentina. The Tagetes genus is distinguished by its diverse flower morphologies and colors, which span a spectrum from yellowish to reddish, accompanied by a characteristic aroma [3,4]. In addition to their aromatic qualities, plants within the Tagetes genus are also known for their rich secondary metabolite content, which includes thiophenes, phenols, flavonoids, coumarins and terpenes [4].
There are over 23,000 species in the Asteraceae family, which includes a large number of flowering plants. Some of the most commonly used species are chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.), echinacea (Echinacea purpurea L.), yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) and wormwood (Artesmisa spp.). The most striking and remarkable aspect of the Asteraceae family is the arrangement of their flowers in tightly packed heads. Antibacterial, antifungal and herbicidal activities are observed in the EOs and extracts of these species [5].
Tagetes filifolia Lag., commonly known as Sacha anis, Anisillo, Allpa anís, Panpa anís, Sacha anís, Anís com u ´ n, Anís de campo, Anís de monte, Anisillo or Anis serrano, is an herbaceous plant with a rich history of traditional medicine and culinary practices. It has been utilized as a cooking ingredient, a remedy for coughs, an antipsychotic agent, for alleviating menstrual and digestive cramps and as infusion to combat dysentery [6,7,8]. Additionally, the oil extracted from this plant is frequently employed as an airway decongestant [9].
T. filifolia is renowned for its bioactive compounds, including trans-anethole, allyl anisole and β-caryophyllene, which have demonstrated efficacy as repellents and inhibitors against the reproduction and growth of fungi, bacteria, mites, nematodes, Diptera, stored grains weevils, lice and aphids [10].
The present research aims to conduct a phytochemical analysis of the ethyl acetate extract obtained from the leaves of T. filifolia Lag. and to identify the chemical composition and enantiomeric distribution of its essential oil.

2. Results

The essential oil of the aerial parts of Tagetes filifolia Lag. was obtained by steam distillation for 4 h. As it is an analytical distillation method, the yield of the essential oil was calculated based on the internal standard milligrams, determining a percentage yield of 0.03%. The chemical composition, enantiomeric analysis and isolations of compounds are discussed below.

2.1. Chemical Composition of EO from T. filifolia

The results of the chemical analysis of essential oil were obtained by GC/MS and GC/FID using a DB-5 MS non-polar column, and are shown in Table 1.
A total of fifty compounds were found, representing 93.33% of the essential oil. Figure 1 shows the gas chromatogram of essential oil from T. filifolia.
Anethole (55.57%), tridecene <1-> (8.66%) and methyl chavicol (5.81%) were the most representative compounds in the essential oil. Other minor compounds present (≤5%) included Cymene <2,5-dimethoxy-p-> (2.3%), ionone <methyl-γ->, germacrene D (1.67%), bisabolene (1.82%) <β-> and (-)-spathulenol (1.68%). The analysis revealed that the principal chemical group was oxygenated monoterpenes, representing 61.72% of the analyzed essential oil.

2.2. Enantioselective Analysis of the Essential Oil of Tagetes filifolia Lag.

A GC column coated with 2,3-diacethyl-6-tert-butylsilyl-β-cyclodextrin as a chiral selector was used for the enantioselective analysis. The analysis revealed linalool and ionone <methyl-γ-> as enantiomers with enantiomeric excess (e.e.) of 13.62% and 81.1%, respectively. The results of the enantioselective analysis are shown in Table 2.

2.3. Characterization of Compounds

Trans-anethole (1) and a mixture of fernenol (2) and lupeol (3) were isolated from the total ethyl acetate extract, obtaining a yield of 4.20%. These compounds were characterized by spectroscopic techniques such as MS and NMR (1H and 13C) in one- and 2-dimensional experiments and were compared with data from the literature [13,14,15]. The NMR data of the identified compounds are shown in Figure 2.
In the GC-MS analysis, trans-anethole was identified based on the calculated retention index according to the methodology of Van Den Dool and Kratz, and their mass spectrum, which were same as those in the study by Adams [11]. Finally, the presence of this compound was corroborated using NMR. In the chromatogram, the compound and MS spectra are shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4.
The mixture of fernenol (2) and lupeol (3) was eluted in isocratic condition with hexane/dichloromethane (7:3), and NMR data corroborated the literature [13,14,15].

3. Discussion

In the chemical analysis of T. filifolia essential oil, trans-anethole (55.57 ± 0.83%), tridecene <1-> (8.66 ± 0.01) and methyl chavicol (5.81 ± 0.85%) were identified as the main components. Previous research in different locations, such as Peru, Ecuador and Venezuela, corroborated the predominant presence of trans-anethole and methyl chavicol, with percentages ranging from 68.2% to 87.5% and 10.7% to 19.7%, respectively [16,17,18,19], although in Italy, a different chemical composition was reported with methyl chavicol as the majority compound (90.4%) [20]. The presence of anethole is infrequent, although in the genus Tagetes, the species T. filifolia and T. mandonii contain anethole in their essential oil. In T. mandonii, 12.7% of the oil corresponds to phenylpropanoids and only 9.2% corresponds to cis-anethole [21].
Despite the differences, the predominance of oxygenated monoterpenes supports the traditional use of this plant as a flavoring and condiment [19]. Compared to other species of the genus Tagetes, T. filifolia shares trans-anethole as the main component with T. pusilla, while distinct species show distinct chemical compositions, such as piperitone, (E)-tagetone and terpinolene. These variations are attributed to environmental and genetic factors [22,23,24].
Enantiomeric analysis is important in the case of EOs, whose main property is their aroma, as they present different olfactory properties and aromas due to their various enantiomeric compositions [25]; the enantioselective analysis of the essential oil of T. filifolia revealed the separation of the enantiomer’s linalool and ionone <methyl-γ-> with an enantiomeric excess of 13.62% and 81.1%, respectively. However, enantioselective analyses in Tagetes species have not been reported previously. Linalool (3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol) is a widely known chiral monoterpene that is present in hundreds of botanical species, and is a monoterpene whose contribution to flavor and fragrance is dependent not only on concentration but also on the dominant enantiomer form. (S)-(+)-linalool and (R)-(−)-linalool are the dominant forms in clary sage, lavender, hops and hemp. On the other hand, (S)-(+)-linalool is the dominant form in cardamom, coriander and catnip. Aromatherapeutic benefits from linalool are becoming increasingly recognized in consumer products, such as the soothing effects arising from such botanical inclusions as lavender or clary sage. (R)-(−)-linalool has been reported to cause feelings of calmness in its consumers. Linalool exhibited antidepressant-like effects in the TST and FST in mice, possibly through the modulation of serotonergic and noradrenergic systems [26,27]. Three compounds were identified in the plant extract of T. filifolia leaves, the first one being the main component, named Trans-anethole (1), which is an ether-type unsaturated aromatic monoterpene with the molecular formula C10H12O and molecular weight 148.2 g/mol.
Trans-anethole is a notable compound among the oils that make up anise and fennel, mainly because it gives them their characteristic aroma. Studies attribute oxidative activity to it, as the free radicals that make up the phenolic side chain conjugated to the structural aromatic ring can conjugate with the radical cation, leading to electron delocalization in the aromatic ring and stabilization in the 1–4 interaction of the methoxy group [28]. On the other hand, it also possesses antifungal activity [29], as it has been described to inhibit Candida species by inducing oxidative stress in the opportunistic fungal pathogen through mitochondrial death cascades, since the hydrophobic and lipophilic structures of the essential oil interact with the fungal membrane, resulting in the alteration of its fluidity and properties, as described in Ref. [28]. In addition, a potential gastroprotective effect has been determined [30].
In view of the scarce bibliography, the identification of fernenol (2) and lupeol (3), both triterpenes with the molecular formula C30H50O and molecular weight 426.7 g/mol, determined their presence in plant material but with the peculiarity of their potential in different pharmacological fields. Fernenol has been shown in previous studies to be effective in inhibiting the tumor growth cycle and in inducing apoptosis in tumor cells both in vivo and in vitro [31]. On the other hand, lupeol has shown great biological and pharmacological potential both in vivo and in vitro because it is very beneficial in treating diabetes, renal and hepatic toxicity and heart disease, and is also very effective as an anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory and anticancer agent, reducing the risk of breast, colon and prostate cancer by 20%, as it induces cell apoptosis and inhibits cell proliferation, migration and invasion [32].
In addition, lupeol has been reported as an antineuroinflammatory, antioxidative, antimicrobial and skin-protective agent, as studies have shown that it enhances wound healing by stimulating keratinocyte migration and increasing the contraction of fibroblasts embedded in a collagen matrix [33].

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. General Information

The chemical analyses of essential oil were carried out with a gas chromatograph (Trace 1310), coupled to simple quadrupole mass spectrometry detector, model ISQ 7000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Additionally, a common flame ionization detector (FID) complemented the same instrument. The mass spectrometer was operated in SCAN mode (scan range 40–350 m/z), with the electron ionization (EI) source set at 70 eV. A non-polar column based on 5%-phenyl (equiv) Polysilphenylene-siloxane was applied to the qualitative and quantitative analyses. The non-polar column was TR-5MS (30 m long, 0.25 mm internal diameter, and 0.25 μm film thickness), purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA. The enantioselective analysis was carried out through an enantioselective capillary column, based on 2,3-diacetyl-6-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-β-cyclodextrin as a chiral selector (25 m × 250 μm internal diameter × 0.25 μm phase thickness), and purchased from Mega, Milan, Italy. GC purity grade helium, from Indura, Guayaquil, Ecuador, was used as the carrier gas, set at the constant flow of 1 mL/min. For all the GC analyses, the analytical-purity-grade solvents, the mixture of n-alkanes (C9–C25) and the internal standard (n-nonane) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Silica gel 60 (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, from 0.063 to 0.200 mm) was used as the stationary phase for column chromatography. All NMR data experiments were carried out with a 500 MHz Bruker spectrometer (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA), and CDCl3 deuterated solvent was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

4.2. Plant Material

Tagetes filifolia Lag. was collected during its flowering period in May 2022 at Cerro Villonaco, located in Loja province, Ecuador, with coordinates 3°59′47″ S. The plant material was deposited in the Herbarium of the Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja. The leaves were collected and dried at 35 °C for 48 h. This investigation was carried out with the permission of the Ministry of Environment, Water, and Ecological Transition of Ecuador, with MAATE registry number MAE-DNB-CM-2016-0048.

4.3. Essential Oil Extraction

The dried plant material (65 g) was distillated using a Clevenger apparatus with a solution (2.0 mL) containing n-nonane as the internal standard (7 mg) in cyclohexane (10 mL). This process was carried out over 4 h. The resulting cyclohexane solution was directly injected into the GC instrument.

4.4. Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses

The qualitative and qualitative analysis of T. filifolia EO was carried out with a gas chromatograph model Trace 1310 gas coupled to a simple quadrupole mass spectrometry detector, model ISQ 7000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Walthan, MA, USA). A non-polar column DB-5ms (0.25 mm × 30 m with a thickness of 0.25 µm) with 5%-phenyl-methylpolysiloxane was used as the stationary phase.
The chromatography temperature gradient was from 60 °C to 250 °C. The first oven temperature was 60 °C, and it was then increased 2 °C/min to 100 °C, 3 °C/min to 150° C, 5 °C/min to 200 °C and 15 °C/min to reach the final temperature of 250 °C, which was maintained for 5 min until the end. The carrier gas was Helium at a constant flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Mass spectra were taken at 70 eV. The range of scan mass was from 40 m/z to 350 m/z. The duration of the chromatographic run was 60 min.
To analyze the essential oil obtained from the dried plant, we injected 1 μL of essential oil using a 1:80 split injection mode. Before analyzing the samples, alkanes from C9 to C22 were injected under the same conditions to calculate the Retention Index (RI). The software used for the data process was Chromeleon 7. The identification of compounds was carried out to compare the RI and mass spectra with the information available in the literature [11,12]. The percentage of each compound of the oils was computed using the normalization method from the GC peak areas, calculated by means of three injections from each oil, without using correction factors.

4.5. Enantioselective Analysis

The enantioselective analysis was carried out using GC-MS based on a 2,3-diacetyl-6-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-β-cyclodextrin capillary column as a chiral selector. The temperature of the injector port was 200 °C with a constant pressure of 75 kPa. The oven temperature was programmed to 65−200 °C. The duration of the chromatographic run was 96 min. The conditions of sample analyses and the alkanes were the same as those described in quantitative and qualitative analyses.
Enantiomeric excess was determined by subtracting the minor enantiomer from the major enantiomer, expressed as a percentage enantiomer from the major enantiomer, and expressed as a percentage. The retention index obtained was compared with information available in the literature [25].

4.6. Extraction and Isolation of Secondary Metabolites

The dried leaves of T. filifolia (400 g) were exhaustively submitted to solvent extraction by maceration at room temperature with ethyl acetate (EtOAc) for 24 h. This process was performed three times. The obtained solutions were filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure for solvent removal.
The EtOAc extract (2 g) was submitted to silica column chromatography, with an extract/silica ratio of 1:100. The column was eluted according to a gradient of increasing polarity, from hexane-ethyl acetate 90:10 to 100% ethyl acetate, producing a total of 11 fractions (PP01-12/09). The fractions were combined according to their TLC patterns, and eluted with n-hexane/EtOAc according to metabolite polarity. Fraction PP01/09 (400mg g) was eluted with an isocratic polarity of 100% hexane, to obtain compound 1 (52.8 mg), resulting in an aromatic unsaturated ether-type monoterpene known as trans-anethole identified by NMR and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
Fraction PP03/09/15 (225 mgg) was obtained with polarity isocratic hexane/dichloromethane (7:3) to produce compounds 2 and 3 (48.2 mg), identified a mixture of triterpenes known as fernenol and lupeol, also identified by NMR.

5. Conclusions

The leaves of Tagetes filifolia Kunth contain an essential oil with a distillation yield of 0.03%, predominantly composed of monoterpenes, which account for more than 62% of the chemical composition. The hydrodistillation of the leaves produces an essential oil, with the major compounds identified as anethole (55.57%), tridecene <1-> (8.66%) and methyl chavicol (5.81%). The identification of anethole and two triterpenes, among other compounds, as the major constituents of T. filifolia is consistent with reports from other species of this genus.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, V.M. and A.I.S.; methodology, A.C., P.P. and M.M.; formal analysis, V.M. and A.I.S.; investigation, V.M. and A.I.S.; writing—original draft preparation, V.M. and M.M.; writing—review and editing, V.M., M.M. and A.I.S.; supervision, V.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Acknowledgments

We thank the Ministerio del Ambiente, Agua y Transición Ecológica del Ecuador for providing access to the study areas, and the anonymous reviewers for constructive comments on the manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Plants 13 01921 g001
Figure 1. Typical gas chromatogram of the essential oil from Tagetes filifolia through a 5% phenyl-methylpolysiloxane capillary column.
Figure 1. Typical gas chromatogram of the essential oil from Tagetes filifolia through a 5% phenyl-methylpolysiloxane capillary column.
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Figure 2. Structure of compounds (1–3) isolated from Tagetes filifolia.
Figure 2. Structure of compounds (1–3) isolated from Tagetes filifolia.
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Figure 3. Typical chromatogram of trans-anethole.
Figure 3. Typical chromatogram of trans-anethole.
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Figure 4. Mass spectrum of trans-anethole.
Figure 4. Mass spectrum of trans-anethole.
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Table 1. Chemical composition of the essential oil from T. filifolia Lag.
Table 1. Chemical composition of the essential oil from T. filifolia Lag.
5% Phenyl-Methylpolysiloxane
N°Compounds aRI bRI c% *TypeCFMM (Da)
1Carene <δ-3->101110080.15 ± 0.08MHC10H16200.32
2Cymene <ρ->102910200.08 ± 0.1MHC10H14134.11
3Cyclohexanedione <3-methyl-1,2->109210850.01 ± 0.03OCC7H10O2126.07
4Linalool110611050.21 ± 0.26MHOC10H18O154.14
5Methyl chavicol120911955.81 ± 0.85MHOC10H12O148.08
6Thymol, methyl ether123912320.14 ± 0.05OCC11H16O164.12
7Cis-Anethole126612820.13 ± 0.06MHOC10H12O148.08
8Acetanisole <ο->127512910.26 ± 0.27OCC9H10O2150.07
9Tridecene <1->129412908.66 ± 0.01OCC13H26182.20
10Trans-Anethole1300128255.57 ± 0.83MHOC10H12O148.08
11Octanediol <1,8->133113390.06 ± 0.04OCC8H18O2146.13
12Copaene <α->138013740.11 ± 0.02SHC15H24204.19
13Modheph-2-ene138613820.26 ± 0.04SHC15H24204.19
14Isocomene <α->139313870.19 ± 0.03SHC15H24204.19
15Methyl eugenol141514030.38 ± 0.07OCC11H14O2204.19
16Cymene <2,5-dimethoxy-p->142314242.03 ± 0.11OCC12H18O2194.13
17Bergamotene <α-trans->143714320.08 ± 0.01SHC15H24204.19
18Elemene <γ->144714340.08 ± 0.01SHC15H24204.19
19Farnesene <(E)-β-145714540.10 ± 0.08SHC15H24204.19
20Ionone <methyl-γ->148414801.67 ± 0.19OCC14H22O206.16
21Germacrene D148814801.54 ± 0.32SHC15H24204.19
22Bicyclogermacrene150415000.28 ± 0.02SHC15H24204.19
23Farnesene < (E,E)-α->151015050.53 ± 0.14SHC15H24204.19
24Bisabolene <β->151515051.82 ± 0.31SHC15H24204.19
25Zonarene152815280.18 ± 0.10SHC15H24204.19
26Cameroonan-7-α-ol153515100.02 ± 0.04SHOC15H26O222.20
27Nerolidol <(E)->157115610.43 ± 0.02SH0C15H26O222.20
28Ionone <dimethyl->157815650.19 ± 0.03SHOC15H24O220.19
29(-)-Spathulenol159215771.68 ± 0.11SHOC15H24O220.19
30Oplopenone <β->159616070.24 ± 0.01SHOC15H24O220.19
31Copaen-4-α-ol <β->160015900.20 ± 0.05SHOC15H24O220.19
32Ledol160816020.24 ± 0.02SHOC15H26O222.20
33Humulene epoxide II162116080.24 ± 0.02SHOC15H24O220.19
34Isobornyl isobutanoate <6-hydroxy->163816430.34 ± 0.03OCC14H24O3240.17
35Vulgarone B164216510.17 ± 0.01SHOC15H22O218.16
36Allohimachalol164416610.17 ± 0.02SHOC15H24O220.19
37Cadinol <epi-α->166016380.44 ± 0.17SHOC15H26O222.20
38Cadinol <α->167416730.5 ± 0.13SHOC15H26O222.20
39Khusinol168816800.03 ± 0.01SHOC15H24O220.19
40Propyl chromone <2->170217060.58 ± 0.05OCC12H12O2188.08
41Humulene <14-hydroxy-α->171817130.3 ± 0.02SHOC15H24O220.19
42Longifolol <iso->172617280.14 ± 0.03SHOC15H26O222.20
43Amorpha-4,9-diene <7,14-anhydro->176317550.11 ± 0.02SHOC15H22O218.16
44Neophytadiene184118363.45 ± 0.88OCC20H38278.30
452-Pentadecanone,6,10,14-trimethyl-185218470.32 ± 0.04OCC18H36O268.28
46Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester193819260.10 ± 0.02OCC17H34O2270.26
47Catalponol <epi->196819880.67 ± 0.07SHOC15H18O2230.13
48Pseudo phytol <(6Z,10Z)->197719880.44 ± 0.07OCC20H36O292.28
49Palmitic Acid, TMS derivative204820470.09 ± 0.05OCC19H40O2300.30
50Methyl linoleate210720950.27 ± 0.22OCC19H34O2294.25
Monoterpenes Hydrocarbonated 0.23
Monoterpenes Oxygenated 61.72
Sesquiterpenes Hydrocarbonated 6.81
Sesquiterpenes Oxygenated 5.77
Others 18.8
Total 93.33
* X ± SD (standard deviation); a compounds listed in order of elution; b calculated retention index measured relative to n-alkanes (C9–C22); c literature retention index [11,12], CF: condensed formula; MM: monoisotopic mass
Table 2. Enantioselective analysis of the essential oils of T. filifolia Lag.
Table 2. Enantioselective analysis of the essential oils of T. filifolia Lag.
N.Enantiomers2,3-Diethyl-6-tert-Butyldimethylsilyl-β-Cyclodextrin
RI aEnantiomeric Distribution (%)Enantiomeric Excess (%)
1(R)-(−)-linalool131756.8113.62
2(S)-(+)-linalool131943.19
3Ionone <methyl-γ->160190.5581.10
4Ionone <methyl-γ->16089.45
a RI (calculated retention index).
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MDPI and ACS Style

Morocho, V.; Chamba, A.; Pozo, P.; Montalván, M.; Suárez, A.I. Chemical Characterization and Enantioselective Analysis of Tagetes filifolia Lag. Essential Oil and Crude Extract. Plants 2024, 13, 1921. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141921

AMA Style

Morocho V, Chamba A, Pozo P, Montalván M, Suárez AI. Chemical Characterization and Enantioselective Analysis of Tagetes filifolia Lag. Essential Oil and Crude Extract. Plants. 2024; 13(14):1921. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141921

Chicago/Turabian Style

Morocho, Vladimir, Anghela Chamba, Paulo Pozo, Mayra Montalván, and Alírica I. Suárez. 2024. "Chemical Characterization and Enantioselective Analysis of Tagetes filifolia Lag. Essential Oil and Crude Extract" Plants 13, no. 14: 1921. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141921

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