Fine-Scale Lithogeochemical Features Influence Plant Distribution Patterns in Alpine Grasslands in the Western Alps of Italy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Bedrock Typification Based on Geological Maps and Stereomicrosopic Observations
2.2. Bedrock Typification Based on Geochemistry
- -
- FS did not contain CaCO3 and had low contents of Ni and MgO as well as of other mafic indicators such as Co and Cr. However, FS was quite rich in Fe2O3, another mafic indicator. FS showed the highest contents of SiO2, Al2O3, Na2O and P2O5, Ba, Ce, Ga, Hf, La, Nd, Th, and Zr (Table 1). The rather high Na2O content was presumably linked to Na-rich plagioclase feldspar, a discriminating mineral in intermediate rocks. From a petrological point of view, the FS group was heterogeneous and included both meta-gabbros and non-calcareous mica-schists.
- -
- MO had an intermediate CaCO3 content but had discrepancies in the concentrations of mafic indicators, with intermediate contents of MgO, Fe2O3, Co, and Cr but high concentrations of Ni and Cu. Furthermore, MO presented high concentrations of MnO, K2O, Ba, Ga, Nb, Nd, Pb, Rb, Th, and Zn (Table 1). Petrologically, MO also was heterogeneous and included chlorite schists together with calcareous and non-calcareous mica-schists.
- -
- OC was a hybrid lithological group with intermediate characteristics between ophiolites s.l. and calc-schists s.l. This was due to the medium-high concentrations of CaCO3, CaO, MgO, Ni, and Sr. OC also had a high Pb content and was La-free (Table 1).
- -
- CS had the highest contents of CaCO3, CaO, and Sr and lower concentrations of Fe2O3, MgO, Cr, Ni, Sc, and Zn than almost all other lithological groups (Table 1).
- -
- TS had extremely high contents of mafic indicators such as MgO, Co, Cr, and Ni. Furthermore, TS did not contain CaCO3, K2O, Ga, Hf, La, and Nd (Table 1).
- -
- SS had a particular geochemical composition. Similar to TS, this group was rich in MgO, Ni, Co, Cr, and Sc and had high concentrations of TiO2, Fe2O3, MnO, Na2O, P2O5, V, and Y as well (Table 1).
2.3. Direct Solar Radiation (DSR) and Soil Chemistry
2.4. Vegetation and Its Relationships with the Lithological Groups and Bedrock Chemistry
- -
- FS indicator species: Bartsia alpina, Mutellina adonidifolia, Phyteuma hemisphaericum, Scorzoneroides helvetica, and Veronica bellidioides.
- -
- MO indicator species: Achillea nana, Pedicularis kerneri, Salix retusa, Anthoxanthum nipponicum, Festuca nigricans, and Bistorta vivipara.
- -
- OC indicator species: Helianthemum nummularium subsp. grandiflorum, and Silene acaulis.
- -
- CS indicator species: Helianthemum oelandicum subsp. alpestre, Botrychium lunaria, Draba aizoides subsp. aizoides, Erigeron uniflorus, Pedicularis rosea subsp. allionii, Phyteuma globulariifolium subsp. pedemontanum, Plantago alpina, Poa alpina, Saxifraga oppositifolia subsp. oppositifolia, and Jacobaea incana.
- -
- TS indicator species: Luzula lutea subsp. lutea, Potentilla crantzii subsp. crantzii, Thymus praecox subsp. polytrichus, Agrostis rupestris subsp. rupestris, Dianthus furcatus, Festuca rubra, Galium anisophyllon, and Oreojuncus trifidus.
- -
- SS indicator species: Juncus jacquinii, Alchemilla vulgaris, Festuca halleri, Festuca scabriculmis subsp. luedii, Nardus stricta, Pulsatilla alpina subsp. apiifolia, and Sempervivum montanum.
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Area, Sampling Design, and Data Collection
4.2. Bedrock and Soil Analyses
4.3. Data Compilation and Statistical Analyses
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Geochemical Variables | Lithological Group | ANOVAS’ Summary | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FS (n = 4) | MO (n = 7) | OC (n = 4) | CS (n = 5) | TS (n = 3) | SS (n = 7) | F | p | |
SiO2 (%) | 59.87 ± 1.48 a | 54.96 ± 4.68 a | 35.08 ± 2.46 bc | 13.37 ± 1.37 c | 43.16 ± 2.06 abc | 47.58 ± 1.63 ab | 27.82 | <0.001 |
TiO2 (%) | 0.79 ± 0.08 a | 0.61 ± 0.03 ab | 0.27 ± 0.06 bc | 0.13 ± 0.02 c | 0.11 ± 0.05 c | 1.18 ± 0.16 a | 18.73 | <0.001 |
Al2O3 (%) | 18.71 ± 1.23 a | 15.49 ± 1.30 ab | 6.67 ± 1.04 bc | 2.93 ± 0.53 c | 2.07 ± 0.11 c | 14.51 ± 0.48 ab | 45.15 | <0.001 |
Fe2O3 (%) | 6.25 ± 0.45 ab | 5.10 ± 0.36 bc | 2.63 ± 0.41 cd | 1.97 ± 0.30 d | 5.78 ± 1.17 abc | 9.98 ± 1.13 a | 15.61 | <0.001 |
MnO (%) | 0.08 ± 0.01 b | 0.20 ± 0.04 a | 0.08 ± 0.02 b | 0.07 ± 0.01 b | 0.09 ± 0.01 b | 0.17 ± 0.02 a | 5.53 | <0.001 |
MgO (%) | 3.38 ± 0.37 bcd | 2.23 ± 0.23 cd | 4.50 ± 0.76 abc | 1.14 ± 0.13 d | 33.32 ± 2.94 a | 8.60 ± 0.55 ab | 158.30 | <0.001 |
CaO (%) | 1.84 ± 0.80 c | 8.22 ± 2.80 c | 22.85 ± 1.58 ab | 36.54 ± 1.56 a | 6.82 ± 3.68 bc | 9.93 ± 1.38 bc | 32.83 | <0.001 |
Na2O (%) | 3.43 ± 0.23 a | 1.10 ± 0.14 ab | 0.67 ± 0.14 bc | 0.39 ± 0.03 bc | 0.14 ± 0.04 c | 3.32 ± 0.29 a | 47.85 | <0.001 |
K2O (%) | 2.44 ± 0.41 a | 2.81 ± 0.31 a | 1.44 ± 0.14 ab | 0.36 ± 0.15 bc | 0.00 ± 0.00 c | 0.29 ± 0.13 bc | 24.07 | <0.001 |
P2O5% (%) | 0.16 ± 0.01 a | 0.08 ± 0.02 bc | 0.08 ± 0.01 abcd | 0.07 ± 0.01 cd | 0.01 ± 0.00 d | 0.15 ± 0.04 a | 4.67 | <0.001 |
L.O.I. (%) | 3.06 ± 0.32 d | 9.19 ± 2.15 bc | 25.73 ± 0.75 ab | 43.03 ± 3.16 a | 8.52 ± 1.50 bcd | 4.29 ± 1.12 cd | 62.75 | <0.001 |
Ba (mg kg−1) | 834.25 ± 155.27 a | 421.01 ± 51.50 a | 279.15 ± 27.08 ab | 82.94 ± 13.27 bc | 18.43 ± 6.28 c | 43.61 ± 13.59 c | 24.59 | <0.001 |
Ce (mg kg−1) | 55.25 ± 11.85 a | 29.64 ± 3.10 ab | 9.83 ± 4.52 bc | 4.74 ± 1.99 c | 1.60 ± 0.83 c | 3.31 ± 1.51 c | 19.00 | <0.001 |
Co (mg kg−1) | 5.80 ± 2.04 d | 17.87 ± 7.27 bc | 13.93 ± 1.91 cd | 9.02 ± 1.81 cd | 96.43 ± 7.29 a | 37.73 ± 5.91 ab | 44.35 | <0.001 |
Cr (mg kg−1) | 59.53 ± 21.09 cd | 136.76 ± 19.51 bc | 167.25 ± 36.38 abc | 22.48 ± 2.42 d | 2718.10 ± 646.77 a | 251.74 ± 35.34 ab | 33.52 | <0.001 |
Cu (mg kg−1) | 17.95 ± 6.79 b | 48.30 ± 9.87 a | 20.40 ± 2.38 ab | 17.44 ± 4.16 b | 17.70 ± 8.16 ab | 30.14 ± 7.33 ab | 2.75 | <0.001 |
Ga (mg kg−1) | 19.25 ± 1.78 a | 16.99 ± 2.02 a | 6.73 ± 1.87 bc | 2.88 ± 0.22 c | 0.00 ± 0.00 c | 11.44 ± 1.17 ab | 19.86 | <0.001 |
Hf (mg kg−1) | 5.23 ± 0.23 a | 3.47 ± 0.54 ab | 1.20 ± 0.17 bc | 0.24 ± 0.07 c | 0.00 ± 0.00 c | 1.97 ± 0.38 b | 21.22 | <0.001 |
La (mg kg−1) | 11.63 ± 5.22 a | 7.93 ± 3.69 ab | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 3.54 ± 3.54 ab | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 3.99 ± 1.17 ab | 1.70 | 0.17 |
Nb (mg kg−1) | 14.40 ± 1.05 ab | 15.34 ± 1.56 a | 3.38 ± 0.82 c | 0.86 ± 0.50 c | 0.30 ± 0.12 c | 4.64 ± 0.56 bc | 37.98 | <0.001 |
Nd (mg kg−1) | 33.13 ± 9.06 a | 21.27 ± 2.21 a | 6.68 ± 1.34 b | 6.46 ± 1.10 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 7.51 ± 1.07 b | 11.94 | <0.001 |
Ni (mg kg−1) | 23.75 ± 7.68 bc | 91.53 ± 17.56 a | 81.23 ± 9.64 ab | 20.96 ± 1.64 c | 1653.33 ± 150.76 a | 84.83 ± 5.86 a | 214.90 | <0.001 |
Pb (mg kg−1) | 7.43 ± 1.61 abc | 14.61 ± 1.96 a | 11.43 ± 2.13 a | 10.64 ± 2.84 ab | 3.83 ± 0.86 bc | 3.54 ± 0.55 c | 6.27 | <0.001 |
Rb (mg kg−1) | 61.20 ± 11.56 ab | 104.01 ± 12.06 a | 47.25 ± 6.13 ab | 19.38 ± 4.28 bc | 1.47 ± 0.09 c | 5.36 ± 1.90 c | 25.05 | <0.001 |
Sc (mg kg−1) | 10.70 ± 1.39 ab | 10.37 ± 2.66 ab | 1.43 ± 0.56 bc | 0.10 ± 0.03 c | 16.73 ± 5.59 ab | 18.39 ± 1.62 a | 10.92 | <0.001 |
Sr (mg kg−1) | 129.75 ± 48.68 bc | 207.73 ± 39.00 b | 223.93 ± 19.10 ab | 629.04 ± 97.89 a | 9.23 ± 5.56 c | 201.47 ± 19.82 b | 15.45 | <0.001 |
Th (mg kg−1) | 7.85 ± 1.04 a | 7.00 ± 0.70 a | 2.38 ± 0.27 ab | 1.14 ± 0.33 bc | 0.17 ± 0.09 c | 0.40 ± 0.11 bc | 37.50 | <0.001 |
V (mg kg−1) | 135.93 ± 35.66 ab | 115.76 ± 12.84 ab | 60.23 ± 11.88 bc | 29.52 ± 2.46 c | 66.57 ± 4.89 bc | 188.43 ± 11.56 a | 15.14 | <0.001 |
Y (mg kg−1) | 29.03 ± 5.22 a | 23.56 ± 2.19 ab | 12.08 ± 2.01 bc | 10.58 ± 2.72 bc | 1.83 ± 0.49 c | 32.37 ± 3.46 a | 12.37 | <0.001 |
Zn (mg kg−1) | 73.18 ± 7.25 ab | 91.83 ± 7.59 a | 41.10 ± 5.58 bc | 19.02 ± 2.03 c | 70.03 ± 11.11 ab | 72.57 ± 7.61 ab | 13.36 | <0.001 |
Zr (mg kg−1) | 230.58 ± 5.79 a | 173.84 ± 17.34 ab | 68.00 ± 5.03 bc | 18.66 ± 2.31 c | 1.43 ± 1.24 c | 128.27 ± 24.08 ab | 21.94 | <0.001 |
CaCO3 (%) | 0.00 ± 0.00 c | 9.14 ± 4.11 bc | 34.00 ± 2.83 ab | 71.20 ± 1.80 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 c | 1.86 ± 1.86 c | 93.63 | <0.001 |
FS | MO | OC | CS | TS | SS | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plot | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
Indicator species | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
FS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SC—Bartsia alpina (*) | Bar alp | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Ot.—Mutellina adonidifolia (*) | Mut ado | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
CC—Phyteuma hemisphaericum (*) | Phy hem | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
CC – Scorzoneroides helvetica (*) | Sco hel | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
CC—Veronica bellidioides (*) | Ver bel | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
MO | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
DH—Achillea nana (**) | Ach nan | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CC—Pedicularis kerneri (**) | Ped ker | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
AC—Salix retusa (**) | Sal rtu | 1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ot.—Anthoxanthum nipponicum (*) | Ant nip | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SC—Festuca nigricans (*) | Fes nig | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Ot.—Bistorta vivipara (*) | Bis viv | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
OC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SC—Helianthemum nummularium subsp. grandiflorum (**) | Hel num | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CC—Silene acaulis (*) | Sil aca | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||
CS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SC—Helianthemum oelandicum subsp. alpestre (**) | Hel oel | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||
CC—Botrychium lunaria (*) | Bot lun | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
SC—Draba aizoides subsp. aizoides (*) | Dra aiz | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
OE—Erigeron uniflorus (*) | Eri uni | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
SC—Pedicularis rosea subsp. allionii (*) | Ped ros | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CC—Phyteuma globulariifolium subsp. pedemontanum (*) | Phy glo | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ot.—Plantago alpina (*) | Pla alp | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ot.—Poa alpina (*) | Poa alp | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||
DH—Saxifraga oppositifolia subsp. oppositifolia (*) | Sax opp | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CC—Jacobaea incana (*) | Jac inc | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
TS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CC—Luzula lutea subsp. lutea (**) | Luz lut | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
SC—Potentilla crantzii subsp. crantzii (**) | Pot cra | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ot.—Thymus praecox subsp. polytrichus (**) | Thy pra | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
CC—Agrostis rupestris subsp. rupestris (*) | Agr rup | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | |||||||||||
CC—Dianthus furcatus (*) | Dia fur | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ot.—Festuca rubra (*) | Fes rub | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SC—Galium anisophyllon (*) | Gal ani | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CC—Oreojuncus trifidus (*) | Ore tri | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||
SS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CC—Juncus jacquinii (**) | Jun jac | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ot.—Alchemilla vulgaris (*) | Alc vul | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CC—Festuca halleri (*) | Fes hal | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CC—Festuca scabriculmis subsp. luedii (*) | Fes lue | 4 | 2 | 2 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CC—Nardus stricta (*) | Nar str | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ot.—Pulsatilla alpina subsp. apiifolia (*) | Pul alp | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CC—Sempervivum montanum (*) | Sem mon | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Other species | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
OE—Carex myosuroides | Car myo | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||||||
Ot.—Campanula scheuchzeri | Cam sch | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||
Ot.—Carex sempervirens subsp. sempervirens | Car sem | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||
Ot.—Lotus corniculatus subsp. alpinus | Lot cor | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
CC—Carex curvula subsp. curvula | Car cur | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||
CC—Euphrasia minima | Eup min | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||
CC—Helictochloa versicolor subsp. versicolor | Hel ver | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||
CC—Gentianella ramosa | Gen ram | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||
SC—Sesleria caerulea | Ses cae | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
CC—Soldanella alpina subsp. alpina | Sol alp | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Ot.—Pilosella officinarum | Pil off | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
CC—Trifolium alpinum | Tri alp | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
SC—Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. alpicola | Ant vul | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
SC—Myosotis alpestris | Myo alp | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
SC—Oxytropis montana | Oxy mon | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
AC—Carex parviflora | Car par | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
OE—Dryas octopetala subsp. octopetala | Dry oct | 4 | 1 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
SC—Festuca violacea | Fes vio | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
CC—Minuartia recurva | Min rec | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
OE –Salix serpillifolia | Sal ser | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
SC—Festuca pumila | Fes pum | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
SC—Gentiana verna | Gen ver | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
CC—Geum montanum | Geu mon | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ot.—Sempervivum arachnoideum | Sem ara | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
SC—Anemonoides baldensis | Ane bal | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
OE—Arenaria ciliata | Are cil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SC—Aster alpinus subsp. alpinus | Ast alp | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CC—Hieracium alpinum | Hie alp | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ot.—Achillea erba-rotta subsp. erba-rotta | Ach erb | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CC—Armeria alpina | Arm alp | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SH—Omalotheca supina | Oma sup | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ot.—Leucanthemum coronopifolium | Leu cor | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CC—Cherleria sedoides | Che sed | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SC—Sabulina verna | Sab ver | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CC—Potentilla aurea subsp. aurea | Pot aur | 1 | 2 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SC—Saxifraga paniculata | Sax pan | 2 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SC—Trifolium thalii | Tri tha | 1 | 1 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CC—Veronica allionii | Ver all | 2 | 1 | 1 |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Cazzavillan, A.; Gerdol, R.; Marrocchino, E.; Vaccaro, C.; Brancaleoni, L. Fine-Scale Lithogeochemical Features Influence Plant Distribution Patterns in Alpine Grasslands in the Western Alps of Italy. Plants 2024, 13, 2280. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13162280
Cazzavillan A, Gerdol R, Marrocchino E, Vaccaro C, Brancaleoni L. Fine-Scale Lithogeochemical Features Influence Plant Distribution Patterns in Alpine Grasslands in the Western Alps of Italy. Plants. 2024; 13(16):2280. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13162280
Chicago/Turabian StyleCazzavillan, Anna, Renato Gerdol, Elena Marrocchino, Carmela Vaccaro, and Lisa Brancaleoni. 2024. "Fine-Scale Lithogeochemical Features Influence Plant Distribution Patterns in Alpine Grasslands in the Western Alps of Italy" Plants 13, no. 16: 2280. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13162280