Mitigation of the Negative Effect of Drought and Herbicide Treatment on Growth, Yield, and Stress Markers in Bread Wheat as a Result of the Use of the Plant Growth Regulator Azolen®
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. The Influence of Treatments on the Morphometric Characteristics of Plants, Biochemical Parameters, and the Level of Evapotranspiration in the Laboratory Experiment
2.1.1. Evapotranspiration
2.1.2. Hormone Content
2.1.3. The Content of Malondialdehyde, Proline, and Chlorophyll
2.1.4. Morphometric Indicators
2.2. Influence of Treatments on Growth, Biochemical Parameters, and Yield of Wheat in the Field
2.2.1. Characteristics of Water Relations
2.2.2. The Content of Hormones in Shoots
2.2.3. Chlorophyll and Malondialdehyde Content
2.2.4. Growth Indicators, Crop Structure, and Yield of Wheat
2.2.5. Grain Quality Indicators
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Laboratory Experiment
4.3. Soil Climate Conditions and Experiment Design in the Field
4.4. Biochemical Characteristics
4.5. Characteristics of Water Relations
4.6. Grain Properties
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Without Herbicide | Chistalan Herbicide | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
No Azolen® | Azolen® | No Azolen® | Azolen® | |
RWC (leaves), % | 87.34 ± 1.36 b1 | 88.65 ± 1.00 b | 78.50 ± 0.78 a | 87.91 ± 1.28 b |
ABA (shoots), ng/g | 30.53 c2 | 23.44 b | 18.08 a | 25.04 b |
IAA (shoots), ng/g | 22.35 a2 | 64.82 c | 81.17 d | 55.00 b |
Cytokinins (shoots), ng/g | 3.43 a2 | 6.82 c | 5.04 b | 6.54 c |
Chlorophyll (leaves), Mg/g | 60.58 ±2.45 a1 | 69.11 ± 3.00 b | 90.20 ± 5.21 d | 80.53 ± 3.88 c |
MDA, µmol/g | 39.28 ± 2.42 b1 | 26.51 ± 1.23 a | 40.80 ± 2.65 b | 25.52 ± 1.87 a |
Without Herbicide | Chistalan Herbicide | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
No Azolen® | Azolen® | No Azolen® | Azolen® | |
Dry weight of shoot, g | 0.96 ± 0.05 b1 | 0.95 ± 0.08 b | 0.71 ± 0.06 a | 1.24 ± 0.07 c |
Length of shoot, mm | 265.81 ± 17.24 b | 299.50 ± 13.67 c | 230.13 ± 13.20 a | 315.19 ± 18.42 c |
Productive stems, m−2 | 389.3 ± 19.1 b | 521.8 ± 18.1 c | 357.6 ± 9.6 a | 604.1 ± 22.7 d |
Weight of 1000 grains, g | 33.4 ± 1.7 b | 36.9 ± 1.5 c | 30.4 ± 1.8 a | 31.5 ± 1.5 ab |
Grains in the spike | 16.9 ± 0.8 a | 18.9 ± 0.3 b | 19.3 ± 0.7 b | 20.8 ± 0.4 c |
Yield, kg/ha | 2180 ± 143 a | 2725 ± 132 b | 2090 ± 124 a | 3456 ± 128 c |
Straw, kg/ha | 2200 ± 38 a | 3762 ± 88 c | 2420 ± 40 b | 4421 ± 29 d |
Gluten, % | 39.32 ± 1.00 a | 42.98 ± 1.11 b | 39.72 ± 0.89 a | 42.74 ± 1.13 b |
Protein, % | 13.94 ± 0.74 b | 14.12 ± 0.80 b | 11.39 ± 0.71 a | 14.00 ± 0.82 b |
Variable Parameters | Variant | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Ch | A | Ch + A | Control Drought | Ch Drought | A Drought | Ch + A Drought | |
Normal hydration | + | + | + | + | − | − | − | − |
Moisture deficit | − | − | − | − | + | + | + | + |
Chistalan (Ch) | − | + | − | + | − | + | − | + |
Azolen® (A) | − | − | + | + | − | − | + | + |
May | June | July | August | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rainfall, mm | ||||
2020 | 24.0 ± 1.2 | 0 | 32.7 ± 1.9 | 15.3 ± 0.9 |
2021 | 0.4 ± 0.01 | 26.2 ± 1.1 | 0.5 ± 0.01 | 4.4 ± 0.3 |
Average long-term | 29.1 ± 1.4 | 43.9 ± 2.3 | 49.4 ± 3.0 | 44.1 ± 2.5 |
Average temperature, °C | ||||
2020 | +16.0 ± 1.1 | +18.0 ± 1.1 | +23.1 ± 1.7 | +20.1 ± 1.5 |
2021 | +17.2 ± 1.0 | +19.6 ± 1.3 | +19.5 ± 0.8 | +22.2 ± 1.4 |
Average long-term | +12.5 ± 0.8 | +16.8 ± 0.9 | +18.5 ± 1.0 | +16.4 ± 0.7 |
Average humidity, % | ||||
2020 | 52 | 46 | 53 | 40 |
2021 | 41 | 44 | 47 | 38 |
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Chetverikov, S.; Kuzina, E.; Feoktistova, A.; Timergalin, M.; Rameev, T.; Bakaeva, M.; Zaitsev, G.; Davydychev, A.; Korshunova, T. Mitigation of the Negative Effect of Drought and Herbicide Treatment on Growth, Yield, and Stress Markers in Bread Wheat as a Result of the Use of the Plant Growth Regulator Azolen®. Plants 2024, 13, 2297. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13162297
Chetverikov S, Kuzina E, Feoktistova A, Timergalin M, Rameev T, Bakaeva M, Zaitsev G, Davydychev A, Korshunova T. Mitigation of the Negative Effect of Drought and Herbicide Treatment on Growth, Yield, and Stress Markers in Bread Wheat as a Result of the Use of the Plant Growth Regulator Azolen®. Plants. 2024; 13(16):2297. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13162297
Chicago/Turabian StyleChetverikov, Sergey, Elena Kuzina, Arina Feoktistova, Maxim Timergalin, Timur Rameev, Margarita Bakaeva, Gleb Zaitsev, Alexandr Davydychev, and Tatyana Korshunova. 2024. "Mitigation of the Negative Effect of Drought and Herbicide Treatment on Growth, Yield, and Stress Markers in Bread Wheat as a Result of the Use of the Plant Growth Regulator Azolen®" Plants 13, no. 16: 2297. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13162297