Insights into Molecular Mechanisms of Anticancer Activity of Juniperus communis Essential Oil in HeLa and HCT 116 Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. J. communis Essential-Oil-Induced Selective Short-Term Cytotoxic Effects in HeLa and HCT 116 Cells
2.2. J. communis Essential-Oil-Induced Long-Term Cytotoxic Effects in HeLa and HCT 116 Cells
2.3. J. communis Essential-Oil-Induced Apoptosis in HeLa and HCT-116 Cells by Upregulating the Expression of Active Caspase-3 and Bax/Bcl-2 Protein Ratio
2.4. J. communis Essential Oil Treatment Altered the Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in HeLa and HCT 116 Cell Line
2.5. J. communis Essential Oil Treatment Inhibited MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt Cell Signaling Pathways of Cell Survival in HCT 116 Cell Line
2.6. J. communis Essential Oil Treatment Affected the Cell-Cycle Distribution in HeLa and HCT 116 Cells
2.7. J. communis Essential Oil Active Metabolites Bound to the NADH Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase Subunits 1, 2, 6 and Superoxide Dismutase
2.8. J. communis Essential Oil Treatment Decreased the O2•− Concentration and Downregulated the Superoxide Dismutase in HeLa and HCT 116 Cells
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Cell Lines
4.2. Compound Solutions
4.3. Cytotoxicity of Juniperus communis Essential Oil
4.4. Clonogenic Assay
4.5. Flow Cytometry Analysis of Apoptosis, Autophagy, and Protein Expression
4.6. Cell-Cycle Analysis
4.7. JC-10 and Cytochrome C Localization and Quantification
4.8. Molecular Docking Screening
4.9. Determination of Superoxide Anion Radical Concentration and Superoxide Dismutase Activity
4.10. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cell Line | Incubation Time (h) | IC50 ± SD | SI | GI50 ± SD | TGI ± SD | LD50 ± SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MRC-5 | 24 | 88.02 ± 28.00 | NA | 36.98 ± 11.32 | 72.23 ± 22.58 | >100 |
48 | 34.86 ± 5.32 | NA | 31.33 ± 4.61 | 59.79 ± 9.69 | >100 | |
72 | 27.88 ± 3.19 | NA | 21.75 ± 7.21 | 48.26 ± 8.59 | 99.51 ± 18.91 | |
HeLa | 24 | 15.84 ± 4.20 * | 5.56 | 12.18 ± 0.86 | 21.55 ± 0.77 * | >100 |
48 | 10.14 ± 2.89 * | 3.44 | 8.04 ± 3.91 * | 17.35 ± 7.55 * | >100 | |
72 | 10.29 ± 2.02 * | 2.71 | 9.02 ± 2.93 | 20.43 ± 2.04 * | 31.12 ± 0.04 * | |
HCT 116 | 24 | 40.51 ± 34.59 | 2.17 | 34.63 ± 16.43 | 61.51 ± 16.40 | 74.02 ± 38.82 |
48 | 29.19 ± 6.12 ^ | 1.19 | 30.71 ± 12.49 ^ | 52.54 ± 21.89 | 74.88 ± 27.03 | |
72 | 25.25 ± 9.96 | 1.10 | 26.80 ± 9.29 ^ | 50.62 ± 18.64 ^ | 73.91 ± 23.06 ^ |
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Marković, T.; Popović, S.; Matić, S.; Mitrović, M.; Anđić, M.; Kočović, A.; Vukić, M.; Petrović, V.; Branković, J.; Vuković, N.; et al. Insights into Molecular Mechanisms of Anticancer Activity of Juniperus communis Essential Oil in HeLa and HCT 116 Cells. Plants 2024, 13, 2351. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172351
Marković T, Popović S, Matić S, Mitrović M, Anđić M, Kočović A, Vukić M, Petrović V, Branković J, Vuković N, et al. Insights into Molecular Mechanisms of Anticancer Activity of Juniperus communis Essential Oil in HeLa and HCT 116 Cells. Plants. 2024; 13(17):2351. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172351
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarković, Tijana, Suzana Popović, Sanja Matić, Marina Mitrović, Marijana Anđić, Aleksandar Kočović, Milena Vukić, Vladimir Petrović, Jovica Branković, Nenad Vuković, and et al. 2024. "Insights into Molecular Mechanisms of Anticancer Activity of Juniperus communis Essential Oil in HeLa and HCT 116 Cells" Plants 13, no. 17: 2351. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172351