Survey on the Traditional Use of Medicinal Herbs in Haiti: A Study on Knowledge, Practices, and Efficacy Prevention
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Profile of Medicinal Plant Users
2.2. Plant Families and Remedies
2.3. Plants, Remedies, and Methods of Administration
2.4. Plants and Fidelity Levels
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Areas
4.2. Data Collection
4.3. Data Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Male | % of Male | Female | % of Female | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | 22 | 18.33 | 98 | 81.67% | |
Age (mean ± sd) years | 39.29 ± 14.07 | ||||
Communes | Zone | Number of family representatives | % of family reprensentatives | Age | |
Carrefour | Urban | 5 | 4.17 | 24–67 | |
Croix-des-Bouquet | Rural | 10 | 8.33 | 18–56 | |
Delmas | Urban | 43 | 35.83 | 28–51 | |
Gressier | Rural | 6 | 5 | 45–60 | |
Léogâne | Rural | 6 | 5 | 21–70 | |
Pétion-Ville | Urban | 20 | 16.67 | 23–70 | |
Port-au-Prince | Urban | 20 | 16.67 | 19–69 | |
Tabarre | Rural | 10 | 8.33 | 25–56 |
Botanical Families | % Respiratory Diseases | % Flu and Cold | % COVID-19 |
---|---|---|---|
Amaryllidaceae | 0.88 | 25.66 | 73.45 |
Asteraceae | 5.5 | 49.54 | 44.95 |
Curcubitaceae | - | 7.61 | 92.39 |
Lamiaceae | 9.39 | 57.14 | 33.47 |
Myrtaceae | 25 | 21 | 54 |
Rutaceae | 8.13 | 51.20 | 40.67 |
Zingiberaceae | 10.68 | 11.65 | 77.67 |
Scientific Names | Creole Vernacular Names | English Common Names | Families | Vouchers Specimen Codes | Number of Families Citing It in the Survey | RFC | Parts Used and Mode of Preparation Flu, Cold, Respiratory Diseases and for a Few COVID-19 Symptoms | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Allium ampeloprasum var. porrum. | Pwawo | Leek | Liliaceae | URE91 | 2 | 0.016 | Is used in infusions and/or decoction mixtures for COVID-19 | N/A |
Abrus precatorius L. | Lyann reglis | Rosary pea | Fabaceae | URE73 | 27 | 0.225 | Decoction of leaves | N/A |
Allium cepa L. | Zonyon | Onion | Amaryllidaceae | URE111 | 61 | 0.508 | Mix the onion and take the juice with honey/or brown sugar for flu, cold | [28] |
Allium sativum L. | Lay | Garlic | Amaryllidaceae | URE68 | 52 | 0.433 | The garlic syrup to use against the or the juice with honey for flu, or bulb in decoction for flu or the stomach pains | [3,28] |
Aloe vera L. | Lalwa | Aloe | Aloeaceae | URE63 | 63 | 0.525 | Swallow a small butcher of aloe gel with water all morning for COVID-19 or gel in decoction for cold | [28,29] |
Ananas comosus L. | Anana | Pineapple | Bromeliaceae | URE05 | 1 | 0.008 | Fruit juice | N/A |
Annona muricata L. | Kowosol | Soursop | Annonaceae | URE61 | 28 | 0.233 | Leaf infusion/fruit juice | N/A |
Apium graveolens L. | Seleri | Celery | Apiaceae | URE95 | 8 | 0.067 | For flu syndrome, used fresh leafy stems in infusions and/or decoction | [28] |
Argemone mexicana L. | Chadwon | Prickly Poppy | Papaveraceae | URE24 | 25 | 0.208 | The root is used for stomach pains and 3 or 4 leaves and put them in a decoction for flu | [28,29] |
Artemisia vulgaris L. | Amwaz | Mugwort | Asteraceae | URE04 | 47 | 0.392 | Leaves infusion for COVID-19 | N/A |
Bromelia pinguin L. | Grenn pengwen | Pinuela | Bromeliaceae | URE39 | 1 | 0.008 | Leaf decoction or grilled fruit | N/A |
Carnavalia rosea L. | Lyann kayiman | Coastal Jack Bean | Fabaceae | URE71 | 8 | 0.067 | Leaves and stems infusion/decoction for COVID-19 | N/A |
Catalpa longissima L. | Bwad chèn | Spanish Oak | Bignoniaceae | URE22 | 1 | 0.008 | Bark in decoction for stomach pain and fever | [28] |
Cinnamomum verum J. S. Presl | Kanèl | Cinnamon | Lauraceae | URE51 | 49 | 0.408 | Bark decoction for vomiting and diarrhea | [28,30] |
Cissus sicyoides L. | Lyann mòl | Princess vine | Vitaceae | URE72 | 23 | 0.192 | Leaves in decoction | [28] |
Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle | Sitwon | Lime | Rutaceae | URE98 | 59 | 0.492 | Bark or leaf in decoction or infusion for fever. Leaf in decoction for headaches. Juice for flu, cough, and diarrhea | [31] |
Citrus aurantium L. | Zoranj si | Bitter Orange | Rutaceae | URE84 | 47 | 0.392 | Bark or leaf in decoction or infusion for fever. Leaf in decoction for flu. Juice for flu, cough, and diarrhea | [3,28,32] |
Citrus maxima Merr. | Chadèk | Pomelo | Rutaceae | URE23 | 37 | 0.308 | Leaves in decoction for fever | [3,28] |
Citrus reticulata Blanco | Mandarin | Mandarin | Rutaceae | URE75 | 28 | 0.233 | Fruit juice | N/A |
Citrus sinensis L. | Zoranj dous | Sweet Orange | Rutaceae | URE112 | 38 | 0.317 | Fruit juice and/or leaf in decoction for flu or cough. The bark in decoction for fever | [28,29] |
Cocos nucifera L. | Kokoye | Coconut | Arecaceae | URE58 | 2 | 0.017 | For flu, the oil of the fruit is used in friction on the chest. Also used against asthma by mouth | [28] |
Corchorus siliquosus L. | Ti lalo | Slippery Dick | Malvaceae | URE102 | 12 | 0.1 | Leaves and stems infusion/decoction | [29] |
Croton flavens L. | Ti bonm | Welensali | Euphorbiaceae | URE101 | 1 | 0.008 | Leaves in infusion | N/A |
Curcuma longa L. | Safran | Turmeric | Zingiberaceae | URE94 | 8 | 0.067 | Is used in infusions and/or decoction mixtures for COVID-19 and is also used in punch | N/A |
Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf | Sitwonèl | Lemongrass | Poaceae | COVA21 | 38 | 0.317 | Leaves and/or root in decoction for flu, cold, and fever | [28] |
Daucus carota subsp. Sativus | Kawót | Carrot | Apioideae | URE54 | 8 | 0.067 | The juice | N/A |
Eucalyptus globulus Labill. | Ekaliptis | Bluegum eucalyptus | Myrtaceae | URE29 | 39 | 0.325 | Infusion and/or decoction of the leaves for flu, cold/leaves for internal infusion and inhalation | [28] |
Eupatorium odoratum L. | Langichat | Siam weed | Asteraceae | URE65 | 50 | 0.417 | Juice of the leaves to drink in a spoon/infusion of the leaves | [3,29] |
Grossypium barbadense L. | Koton | Creole cotton | Malvaceae | URE59 | 1 | 0.008 | Aerial parts or leaves in decoction for abdominal pains | [28] |
Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. | Bwa dòm | Bastard Cedar | Malvaceae | URE20 | 12 | 0.1 | Leaves in decoction for flu and cold | [28] |
Hamelia patens Jacq. | Fèy koray | Scarlet bush | Rubiaceae | URE35 | 4 | 0.033 | Natural leaf applied on the head or in bath | [28] |
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. | Choublak | China-rose | Malvaceae | URE25 | 33 | 0.275 | For flu and cold: infusion and/or decoction of young leaves/infusion of flowers for children. Crumpled leaf applied locally for headaches | [28,29] |
Hyptis suaveolens L. Poit. | Gwo ten | Wild spikenard | Lamiaceae | URE41 | 32 | 0.267 | Leaves in infusion or decoction | [29] |
Jatropha gossypifolia L. | Ti medsiyen | Bellyache bush | Euphorbiaceae | URE103 | 25 | 0.208 | Leaves in infusion or decoction for diarrhea and pain | [28] |
Jatropha curcas L. | Gwo medsiyen | Physic Nut | Euphorbiaceae | URE79 | 1 | 0.008 | Fresh leaf for bath | [28] |
Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam,) Pers. | Fèy chòche | Cathedral bells | Crassulaceae | URE30 | 2 | 0.017 | Leaves in decoction or juice for flu or cold. For headaches, the leaves are crushed and applied to the forehead | [28] |
Lantana camara L. | Bonbonyen | Lantana | Verbenaceae | COVA14 | 13 | 0.108 | Infusion and/or decoction of the leaves, flowers, or the aerial part for flu and cold | [28] |
Lipia alba L. | Melis | Bushy matgrass | Verbenaceae | COVA08 | 39 | 0.325 | Fresh leaves or aerial parts in decoction for flu, cold, and tiredness | [28] |
Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill. | Tomat | Garden tomato | Solanaceae | URE105 | 24 | 0.2 | Buds in infusion | [29] |
Malpighia emarginata DC | Seriz | Acerola cherry | Malpighiaceae | URE96 | 38 | 0.317 | Leaves in decoction/fruit juice | [29] |
Mammea americana L. | Abriko | Mammee apple | Clusiaceae | URE02 | 18 | 0.15 | Fruit juice | N/A |
Melia azedarach L. | Fèy lila | Chinaberry tree | Meliaceae | URE32 | 8 | 0.067 | Infusion of young leaves | [29] |
Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq. | Kenèp | Mamoncillo | Sapindaceae | URE55 | 16 | 0.133 | Gargle leaf juice/fruit food | [29] |
Mentha arvensis L. | Fèy mant | Corn Mint | Lamiaceae | URE33 | 26 | 0.217 | Infusion and/or decoction of the leaves for flu, cold, and stomach pains | [28] |
Mentha nemorosa Wild. | Mant | Mentha nemorosa | Lamiaceae | URE76 | 38 | 0.317 | Leafy stem in hot infusion | [29] |
Moringa oleifera L. | Doliv | Horseradish tree | Moringaceae | URE17 | 25 | 0.208 | Flower in hot infusion | N/A |
Mormordica charantia L. | Asowosi/asosi | Bitter Gourd | Curcubitaceae | COVA12 | 92 | 0.767 | The aerial parts crushed and/or aqueous maceration, in baths, frictions, and local application. Or the aerial parts are used in decoction for fever and pain | [3,28] |
Musa x paradisiaca L. | Bannann | Plantain | Musaceae | URE12 | 24 | 0.2 | Leaf in decoction/fruit food | [29] |
Myristica fragrans L. | Miskad | Nutmeg | Myristicaceae | COVA04 | 13 | 0.108 | Is used in infusions and/or decoction mixtures for COVID-19 and is also used in punch | N/A |
Ocimum basilicum L. | Bazilik | Basil | Lamiaceae | URE15 | 39 | 0.325 | Leaves in decoction for stomach pains and vomiting | [28] |
Ocimum gratissimum L. | Fonbazen | Clove basil | Lamiaceae | URE09 | 7 | 0.058 | Leaf in decoction for pain | [3,28] |
Ocimum micranthum Wild. | Atiyayo | N/A | Lamiaceae | URE110 | 29 | 0.242 | Leaf juice | N/A |
Opuntia antillana Britton & Rose | Rakèt | Prickly pear | Cactaceae | URE93 | 1 | 0.008 | 3 small pieces to put in 1 L of water and drink it all day | N/A |
Passiflora edulis Sims | Genadya | Passion fruit | Passiforaceae | URE37 | 30 | 0.25 | Fruit juice | N/A |
Passiflora foetida L. | Marigouya | Wild maracuja | Passiforaceae | URE77 | 12 | 0.1 | Leaves in decoction | [29] |
Petroselinum sativum Hoffm. | Pèsi | Parsley | Apiaceae | URE88 | 5 | 0.042 | Is used in infusions and/or decoction mixtures for COVID-19 | N/A |
Phaseolus vulgaris L. | Pwa | French bean | Fabaceae | URE90 | 34 | 0.283 | Leaves in decoction | [29] |
Phyllanthus niruri L. | Dèyèdo | Gale Of Wind | Phyllanthaceae | URE28 | 40 | 0.333 | Infusions and/or decoction for the fever | [29] |
Physalis angulata L. | Kòkmòl | Balloon cherry | Solanaceae | URE57 | 6 | 0.05 | Infusion of young leaves | [29] |
Pinus occidentalis Sw. | Bwa pen/bwa chandèl | N/A | Pinaceae | URE21 | 12 | 0.1 | Resin in infusion or essence in friction | [29] |
Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. | Gwo ten | Indian borage | Lamiaceae | COVA07 | 39 | 0.325 | Infused leaves for cold | [28] |
Portulaca oleracea L. | Koupye | Purslane | Portulacaceae | URE60 | 20 | 0.167 | The leaves are edible | N/A |
Prosopis juliflora Sw DC | Bayawond | Mesquite | Mimosaceae | URE14 | 24 | 0.2 | Juice of leaves | [29] |
Rhoeo spathacea (Sw.) Stearn. | Boul di mars | Boat lily | Commelinaceae | URE19 | 24 | 0.2 | Leaves in infusion | [29] |
Ricinus communis L. | Fèy maskreti | Castor bean | Euphorbiaceae | COVA18 | 39 | 0.325 | Oil for fiction | [3,28,29] |
Saccharum officinarum L. | Kann | Sugar cane | Poaceae | URE50 | 12 | 0.1 | Syrup/stem juice | N/A |
Samyda rosea Sims | Kasesèk/magrip | Guayabilla | Salicaceae | URE52 | 61 | 0.508 | Infusion and/or decoction of the leaves | [29] |
Senecioides cinerea L. O. Ktze | Tòchon sal | N/A | Asteraceae | URE104 | 12 | 0.1 | Aerial part in decoction | [29] |
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl. | Vèvenn | Blue porter weed | Verbenaceae | URE108 | 17 | 0.142 | Is used in infusions and/or decoction for headaches | [3] |
Stemodia durantifolia L. | Twa zòm fò | Whitewoolly twintip | Plantaginaceae | URE106 | 7 | 0.058 | Aerial parts in decoction | [29] |
Syzygium aromaticum L. | Jiwòf | Clove | Myrtaceae | URE44 | 61 | 0.508 | Nail decoction for inhalation and/or orally | N/A |
Thymus vulgaris L. | Ten | Thyme | Lamiaceae | URE99 | 25 | 0.208 | Plant in decoction and/or infusion | [29] |
Verbascum thapsus L. | Molenn | Big taper | Scrophulariaceae | URE81 | 12 | 0.1 | Leaves and flowers in infusion | [29] |
Waltheria indica L. | Bale blan | Sleepy morning | Malvaceae | URE10 | 12 | 0.1 | Leaves in infusion or decoction | [29] |
Zingiber officinale Roscoe | Jenjanm | Ginger | Zingiberaceae | URE43 | 95 | 0.792 | Decoction, boil the root of the grated ginger for flu, cold, and fever | [28,29] |
Scientific Names | Amount of Plants Used | Mode of Preparation | References |
---|---|---|---|
Allium ampeloprasum var. porrum. & Apium graveolens L. & Daucus carota subsp. Sativus | 3 | One leek, one handful of celery, 2 carrots. Mix all together and drink the juice | N/A |
Allium sativum L. & Mormordica charantia L. & Phyllanthus niruri L. | 3 | Decoction of a few cloves of garlic with the skin, then add the leaves of the Bitter Gourd and Gale Of Wind | [33] |
Allium cepa L. & Allium sativum L. & Aloe vera L. Burn & Myristica fragrans & Petroselinum sativum Hoffm. & Zingiber officinale Roscoe | 6 | Mix a spoonful of aloe gel with a few cloves of garlic, nutmeg, parsley and ginger | [33] |
Allium cepa L. & Allium sativum L & Aloe vera L. Burn & Syzygium aromaticum & Zingiber officinale Roscoe | 5 | Mix half a purple onion, 3 cloves of garlic, a spoonful of aloe gel, a pinch of powdered clove, and a piece of ginger to drink a spoonful twice a day | [33] |
Allium cepa L. & Aloe vera L. Burn & Myristica fragrans | 3 | punch with milk and an egg, a large spoonful of aloe gel | [33] |
Allium sativum L & Aloe vera L. Burn & Cinnamomum verum L. & Zingiber officinale Roscoe | 4 | Punch with milk, egg, and rum | [33] |
Allium sativum L & Cinnamomum verum L. & Citrus aurantiifolia Swingle & Mormordica charantia L. & Syzygium aromaticum & Zingiber officinale Roscoe | 6 | Boil Bitter Gourd and chop a compartment of garlic, then add a few grains of clove and cinnamon, then prick a lime, and finally add a little ginger and put the whole in decoction. After boiling, before drinking it, squeeze the lemon juice | [33] |
Allium sativum L & Cinnamomum verum L. & Curcuma longa L. & Mormordica charantia L. & Syzygium aromaticum | 5 | Decoction of 5 garlic cloves with a piece of turmeric and some peels of cinnamon, and then add the leaves of Bitter Gourd after a few minutes of boiling | [33] |
Allium sativum L. & Cinnamomum verum L. & Mormordica charantia L. & Eupatorium odoratum L. & Syzygium aromaticum & Zingiber officinale Roscoe | 6 | Decoction of garlic pods with cinnamon bark and clove grains with ginger root, and after a few minutes of boiling, it is necessary to add the leaves of Bitter Gourd and siam weed | [33] |
Allium sativum L. & Citrus aurantiifolia Swingle & Zingiber officinale Roscoe | 3 | Boil 2 to 3 cloves of garlic, the lime with its skin, and the grated ginger | [33] |
Allium sativum L. & Aloe vera L. Burn | 2 | 1 big spoon of aloe gel, then add half a glass of white rum and let macerate for 5 mn. Then, in a mixer, we put 5 lay pods and a spoon of honey syrup. Then, when the 5 mn approximately has elapsed we put the aloe to macerate with the rum in the mixer. Also, immediately after, we add half a glass of water proportioned to the rum and let mix the whole for 6 to 7 mn | [33] |
Aloe vera L. Burn | 1 | Swallow a small butcher of aloe gel with water all morning | [33] |
Aloe vera L. Burn & Zingiber officinale Roscoe | 2 | 2 or 3 pieces of ginger plus 6 cloves of garlic plus a purple onion, we mix them, and we take only the juice after sieving, and we take one or two spoons | N/A |
Ananas comosus L. | 1 | fruit juice/decoction fruit skin | N/A |
Artemisia vulgaris L. | 1 | Boil 1 to 2 L of water and pour the hot water on a small amount of the plant leaf because it is very strong | [33] |
Carnavalia rosea L. | 1 | Infusion of the stem with young leaves | N/A |
Catalpa longissima L. | 1 | Infusion and/or decoction of the leaf | N/A |
Cinnamomum verum L. & Citrus aurantiifolia Swingle & Mormordica charantia L. & Phyllanthus niruri L. & Zingiber officinale Roscoe | 5 | Boil some cinnamon peels, grated ginger and lime with skin for about 8 min, then add the leafy stems Bitter Gourd and the leafy stems Gale of wind | [33] |
Cinnamomum verum L. & Citrus aurantium L. & Syzygium aromaticum L. | 5 | Boil some cinnamon bark, bitter orange without the skin and cloves | [33] |
Cinnamomum verum L. & Citrus aurantium L. & Mormordica charantia L. & Petroselinum sativum Hoffm. & Syzygium aromaticum L. & Zingiber officinale Roscoe | 6 | Boil some cinnamon, grated ginger, bitter orange without the skin, and some cloves. Then add the parsley leaves and bitter gourd | [33] |
Cinnamomum verum L. & Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. & Syzygium aromaticum L. & Zingiber offinale Roscoe | 4 | Boil some cinnamon bark, grated ginger, and cloves. Then add the leaves of the Indian borage | [33] |
Cinnamomum verum L. & Syzygium aromaticum L. | 2 | Decoction of clove seeds and cinnamon bark to drink every morning and evening | [33] |
Cinnamomum verum L. & Zingiber officinale Roscoe | 2 | Mixed tea in decoction: Boil some cinnamon bark, grated ginger | [33] |
Cinnamomum verum L.& Croton flavens L. | 2 | decoction of the cinnamon, then the leaf for about 2 min to drink twice a week for 1 month, then once a week | N/A |
Cinnamomum verum L.& Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf & Zingiber officinale Roscoe | 3 | Tea mixed in decoction. Boil for about 10 min the grated ginger, the cinnamon bark, and the leaf and/or the root of the lemongrass | [33] |
Citrus aurantiifolia Swingle & Mormordica charantia L & Phyllanthus niruri L. & Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl. | 4 | Tea mixed in decoction. Boil the lime, then add the leaves of Bitter Gourd, blue porter weed, and Gale Of Wind and let them boil for about 5 min | [33] |
Citrus aurantiifolia Swingle & Mormordica charantia L. | 2 | Tea mixed in decoction. Boil the lime and then add the Bitter Gourd leaves | [33] |
Citrus aurantiifolia Swingle & Mormordica charantia L. & Syzygium aromaticum L. | 3 | Tea mixed in decoction. Boil the lime and cloves, then add the Bitter Gourd leaves | [33] |
Citrus aurantiifolia Swingle & Mormordica charantia L. & Thymus vulgaris L. | 3 | Tea mixed in decoction. Boil the lime and then add the thyme leaves and Bitter Gourd | [33] |
Citrus aurantiifolia Swingle & Phyllanthus niruri L. | 2 | decoction of the whole plant with the fruit of the lemon with the skin | [33] |
Citrus aurantium L. & Cymbopogon citratus (D.C) Stapf & Syzygium aromaticum L. | 3 | decoction of the bitter orange without the skin with lemongrass leaves and some cloves | [33] |
Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf | 1 | Decoction of the whole plant or leaf | N/A |
Eupatorium odoratum L. | 1 | Infusion of the stem with leaf or a spoon of the juice of the leaf | N/A |
Melia azedarach/Azadirachta indica A. Juss | 1 | Infusion of young leaves | N/A |
Mormordica charantia L. | 1 | Infusion and/or decoction of the whole plant or maceration in rum | [33] |
Petroselinum sativum Hoffm. & Syzygium aromaticum L. & Zingiber officinale Roscoe | 3 | Tea mixed in decoction. Boil the ginger and cloves, then add the parsley leaves | N/A |
Portulaca oleracea L. | 1 | Eat as a vegetable by heating it just a little in water | N/A |
Samyda rosea Sims | 1 | infusion/decoction of the leaf | N/A |
Stemodia durantifolia | 1 | Infusion with a small quantity of the leaves because the plant is very strong | N/A |
Thymus vulgaris L. | 1 | Infusion and/or decoction of the whole plant. Or put 2 tablespoons of powdered thyme, add hot water, let it wait for 4–5 min, then cut a lemon, squeeze it, and add 2 spoonfuls of honey | [33] |
Zingiber officinale Roscoe | 1 | Decoction: Cut the ginger into small pieces or use a grater. Boil it for 10 to 15 min. When it is good, add honey or brown sugar | [33] |
Plant Species | Number of Families Reporting the Use of Species | Number of Ailments Treated by the Species | Main Use | Number of Families for the Main Use | FL % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abrus precatorius L. | 27 | 1 | Flu | 27 | 100 |
Allium cepa L. | 61 | 2 | COVID-19 | 34 | 55.737 |
Allium sativum L. | 52 | 3 | COVID-19 | 49 | 94.231 |
Aloe vera L. | 63 | 1 | COVID-19 | 63 | 100 |
Annona muricata L. | 28 | 3 | Flu | 16 | 57.143 |
Argemone mexicana L. | 25 | 1 | Flu | 25 | 100 |
Artemisia vulgaris L. | 47 | 1 | COVID-19 | 47 | 100 |
Cinnamomum verum J. S. Presl | 49 | 2 | Flu | 30 | 61.224 |
Cissus sicyoides L. | 23 | 1 | Flu | 23 | 100 |
Citrus aurantifolia Swingle | 59 | 3 | Flu | 31 | 52.542 |
Citrus aurantium L. | 47 | 3 | Flu | 33 | 70.213 |
Citrus maxima Merr. | 37 | 2 | COVID-19 | 22 | 59.459 |
Citrus reticulata Blanco | 28 | 2 | COVID-19 | 18 | 64.286 |
Citrus sinensis L. | 38 | 3 | Flu | 18 | 47.364 |
Corchorus siliquosus L. | 12 | 1 | Flu | 12 | 100 |
Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf. | 38 | 2 | Flu | 27 | 71.053 |
Eucalyptus globulus Labill. | 39 | 3 | Flu | 20 | 51.282 |
Eupatorium odoratum L. | 50 | 3 | Flu | 42 | 84 |
Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. | 12 | 1 | Flu | 12 | 100 |
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. | 33 | 1 | Flu | 33 | 100 |
Hyptis suaveolens L. Poit. | 32 | 2 | COVID-19 | 17 | 53.125 |
Jatropha gossypiifolia L. | 25 | 2 | Flu | 24 | 96 |
Lantana camara L. | 13 | 1 | Flu | 13 | 100 |
Lipia alba L. | 39 | 10 | Flu | 29 | 74.359 |
Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill. | 24 | 2 | Flu/COVID-19 | 12 | 50 |
Malpighia emarginata DC | 38 | 2 | Flu | 35 | 92.105 |
Mammea americana L. | 18 | 2 | Flu | 11 | 61.11 |
Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq | 16 | 2 | Flu | 12 | 75 |
Mentha arvensis L. | 26 | 3 | COVID-19 | 11 | 42.307 |
Mentha nemorosa Wild. | 38 | 2 | Flu | 34 | 89.473 |
Moringa oleifera L. | 25 | 2 | COVID-19 | 15 | 60 |
Mormordica charantia L. | 92 | 2 | COVID-19 | 85 | 92.391 |
Musa x paradisiaca L. | 24 | 1 | Flu | 24 | 100 |
Myristica fragrans L. | 13 | 2 | Flu | 8 | 61.538 |
Ocimum basilicum L. | 39 | 3 | Flu | 25 | 64.102 |
Ocimum micranthum Wild. | 29 | 2 | Flu | 24 | 82.758 |
Passiflora edulis Sims | 30 | 2 | Flu | 21 | 70 |
Passiflora foetida L. | 12 | 1 | Flu | 12 | 100 |
Phaseolus vulgaris L. | 34 | 2 | Flu | 24 | 70.588 |
Phyllanthus niruri L. | 40 | 1 | COVID-19 | 40 | 100 |
Pinus occidentalis Sw. | 12 | 1 | Flu | 12 | 100 |
Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng | 39 | 2 | Flu | 27 | 69.231 |
Portulaca oleracea L. | 20 | 1 | COVID-19 | 20 | 100 |
Prosopis juliflora Sw. DC | 24 | 1 | Flu | 24 | 100 |
Rhoeo spathacea (Sw.) Steam | 24 | 1 | Flu | 24 | 100 |
Ricinus communis L. | 39 | 3 | Respiratory diseases | 15 | 38.461 |
Saccharum officinarum L. | 12 | 1 | Flu | 12 | 100 |
Samyda dodecandra Jacq. | 61 | 3 | Flu | 59 | 96.721 |
Senecioides cinerea L. O. Ktze | 12 | 1 | Flu | 12 | 100 |
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl. | 17 | 1 | COVID-19 | 17 | 100 |
Syzygium aromaticum L. | 61 | 3 | COVID-19 | 50 | 81.967 |
Thymus vulgaris L. | 25 | 2 | COVID-19 | 17 | 68 |
Verbascum thapsus L. | 12 | 1 | Flu | 12 | 100 |
Waltheria indica L. | 12 | 1 | Flu | 12 | 100 |
Zingiber officinale Roscoe | 95 | 3 | COVID-19 | 72 | 75.789 |
Scientific Names | Families | Parts Used in the Literature | Uses in the Literature | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Allium ampeloprasum var. porrum. | Liliaceae | Bulbs | Inflammatory, gastroprotective activities | [35] |
Abrus precatorius L. | Fabaceae | Seeds, fresh roots | Antifungal, apoptotic, antihistaminic, antiproliferative, anti-oxidant, potential anticancer agents | [36] |
Allium cepa L. | Amaryllidaceae | Bulbs | Anti-oxidant, immuno-modulator, antimicrobial, neuroprotective properties | [37] |
Allium sativum L. | Amaryllidaceae | Bulbs | For colds, fever, cough, asthma, antimicrobial | [38] |
Aloe vera L. | Aloeaceae | Leaves, gel | Antiviral, antidiabetic, laxative, protective against radiation, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial | [39] |
Ananas comosus L. | Bromeliaceae | Peel, fruit, leaf | Antimalarial, anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory | [40] |
Annona muricata L. | Annonaceae | Plants, leaves, | Anti-angiogenic, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant | [41] |
Apium graveolens L. | Apiaceae | Plant, root, leaf | Antimicrobial, antiparasitic, cardioprotective, gastroprotective, neuroprotective, hypolipidemic, cytotoxic, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-infertility | [42] |
Argemone mexicana L. | Papaveraceae | Flowers, berries, and leaves | Antibacterial and antifungal | [43] |
Artemisia vulgaris L. | Asteraceae | Plant | Antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, anti-oxidant, anti-tumoral, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, antispasmodic and antiseptic | [44] |
Bromelia pinguin L. | Bromeliaceae | Fruit pulp | Antifungal | [45] |
Carnavalia rosea L. | Fabaceae | Leaves | In Haiti, use against flu | N/A |
Catalpa longissimi L. | Bignoniaceae | Leaf, plant, bark | In Haiti, use against pneumopathy, antidiarrheal, sore throats, stomach aches | [29] |
Cinnamomum verum J. S. Presl | Lauraceae | Bark | Anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory | [30] |
Cissus sicyoides L. | Vitaceae | Leaves and stems | Anti-oxidant activity, neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory | [46] |
Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle | Rutaceae | Leaves and fruit peels | Antimicrobial, fungicidal, insecticidal, anticancer, anti-oxidant properties | [31] |
Citrus aurantium L. | Rutaceae | Leaves, fruit, fruit peel, fruit peel essential oil | Anti-oxidant properties, antimicrobial, antifungal, antiparasitic, and anti-inflammatory activities | [32] |
Citrus maxima Merr. | Rutaceae | Peel essential oil | Antibacterial | [47] |
Citrus reticulata Blanco | Rutaceae | Peels | Anti-oxidant and antiproliferative | [48] |
Citrus sinensis L. | Rutaceae | Seed oil, fruit | Anti-oxidant, antimicrobial | [49] |
Cocos nucifera L. | Arecaceae | Floral axis, root, coconut water | Antibacterial, anti-oxidant | [50] |
Corchorus siliquosus L. | Malvaceae | Leaves and stems | In Haiti, use against flu | [29] |
Croton flavens L. | Euphorbiaceae | Leaf essential oil | Anticancer activity | [51] |
Curcuma longa L. | Zingiberaceae | Curcumin of root | Antiviral, antitumor, anti-atherogenic, anti-inflammatory | [52] |
Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf | Poaceae | Leaves and roots | Antibacterial | [53] |
Daucus carota subsp. Sativus | Apioideae | Aerial parts, oil | Antibacterial | [54] |
Eucalyptus globulus Labill. | Myrtaceae | Essential oils, leaves | Antibacterial | [55] |
Eupatorium odoratum L. | Asteraceae | Plant | antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-oxidant, and cytoprotective properties | [56,57] |
Grossypium barbadense L. | Malvaceae | Leaves and roots | Anti-oxidant, antidiarrheal, healing, diuretic, respiratory conditions, pneumonia | [58] |
Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. | Malvaceae | Stem bark, fruit, and leaves | Antimicrobial, anti-oxidant, antiprotozoal, antidiarrheal activities, and cardioprotective effect | [59] |
Hamelia patens Jacq. | Rubiaceae | Leaves | Antibacterial | [60] |
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. | Malvaceae | Parts used and mode of preparation for flu, cold, and respiratory diseases | Antibacterial, anti-oxidant | [61] |
Hyptis suaveolens L. Poit. | Lamiaceae | Essential oil of leaves, leaves | Antimicrobial, antiviral | [62] |
Jatropha gossypifolia L. | Euphorbiaceae | Different parts | Antimicrobial | [63] |
Jatropha curcas L. | Euphorbiaceae | Root, seed, stem, leaf, and flower | Antimicrobial | [64] |
Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam,) Pers. | Crassulaceae | Leaves | Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-tumorous | [65] |
Lantana camara L. | Verbenaceae | Leaves | Antibacterial | [66] |
Lipia alba L. | Verbenaceae | Essential oils of leaf, aerial parts | Antibacterial | [67] |
Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill. | Solanaceae | Tomatoside | Antiviral | [68] |
Malpighia emarginata DC | Malpighiaceae | Fruit | Anti-oxidant activity and antimicrobial | [69] |
Mammea americana L. | Clusiaceae | Fruit, leaves, fruit peel, seed | Antibacterial | [70] |
Melia azedarach L. | Meliaceae | Leaves, root, and stem bark | Antibacterial | [71] |
Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq. | Sapindaceae | Fruits | Antimicrobial | [72] |
Mentha arvensis L. | Lamiaceae | Leaves | Antibacterial | [73] |
Mentha nemorosa Wild. | Lamiaceae | Leafy stem | In Haiti, use against flu, anti-inflammatory | [29] |
Moringa oleifera L. | Moringaceae | Leaves, roots, pods, seeds, and flowers | Antidiabetic, antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-carcinogenic | [74] |
Mormordica charantia L. | Curcubitaceae | Leaves, seeds, whole plant | Antibacterial, anti-flu, anti-fever antidiabetic, anthelmintic, antiviral, anti-diarrhea | [11,12] |
Musa x paradisiaca L. | Musaceae | Peel | Antibacterial | [75] |
Myristica fragrans L. | Myristicaceae | Fruits | Antibacterial | [76] |
Ocimum basilicum L. | Lamiaceae | Leaves essential oil | Antibacterial | [77] |
Ocimum gratissimum L. | Lamiaceae | Leaves essential oil, clove | Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antidiarrhoeal | [78] |
Ocimum micranthum wild. | Lamiaceae | Essential oils | Antibacterial | [79] |
Opuntia antillana Britton & Rose | Cactaceae | Leaf | Antibacterial, anti-oxidant | [80] |
Passiflora edulis Sims | Passiforaceae | Fruits | Anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial | [81] |
Passiflora foetida L. | Passiforaceae | Flower, leaf, fruit | Antibacterial, analgesic, and antidiarrhoeal | [82] |
Petroselinum sativum Hoffm. | Apiaceae | Aerial part, plant | Anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, analgesic and spasmolytic, antidiabetic, immunomodulating, and gastrointestinal effects | [83] |
Phaseolus vulgaris L. | Fabaceae | Seeds, homodimeric lectin from seed | Antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral | [84] |
Phyllanthus niruri L. | Phyllanthaceae | Leaves and fruits | Anti-fever, anti-diarrhea, anti-inflammatory | [85] |
Physalis angulata L. | Solanaceae | Fruit juice, leaf | Antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-oxidant | [26] |
Pinus occidentalis Sw. | Pinaceae | Resin | In Haiti, use against flu, antirheumatic | [29] |
Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. | Lamiaceae | Leaves | Anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antibacterial | [86] |
Portulaca oleracea L. | Portulacaceae | Aerial parts | Antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor | [8] |
Prosopis juliflora Sw DC | Mimosaceae | Leaves, julifloravizole | Antifungal and antibacterial | [87] |
Rhoeo spathacea (Sw.) Stearn. | Commelinaceae | Plant, leaves | Antifertility, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and antibacterial | [1] |
Ricinus communis L. | Euphorbiaceae | Leaves, stems, roots, seeds and capsules | Antimicrobial, anti-oxidant, insecticidal, antiasthmatic, anti-inflammatory | [88] |
Saccharum officinarum L. | Poaceae | Leaves | Antibacterial | [89] |
Samyda rosea Sims | Salicaceae | Leaves | In Haiti used as an anti-flu/anti-cough | [29] |
Senecioides cinerea L. O. Ktze | Asteraceae | Plant | In Haiti, use against flu/cold | [29] |
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl. | Verbenaceae | Leaves | Antibacterial, antidiarrheal | [71] |
Stemodia durantifolia L. | Plantaginaceae | Leaves | Antifertility | [1] |
Syzygium aromaticum L. | Myrtaceae | Clove | Anti-oxidant and antimicrobial | [90] |
Thymus vulgaris L. | Lamiaceae | Essential oils | Antibacterial | [91] |
Verbascum thapsus L. | Scrophulariaceae | Leaves | Antibacterial, inflammatory diseases, diarrhea, asthma | [92] |
Waltheria indica L. | Malvaceae | Anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anti-flu | [93] | |
Zingiber officinale Roscoe | Zingiberaceae | Root | Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral | [9,10] |
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Thesnor, V.; Cheremond, Y.; Sylvestre, M.; Meffre, P.; Cebrián-Torrejón, G.; Benfodda, Z. Survey on the Traditional Use of Medicinal Herbs in Haiti: A Study on Knowledge, Practices, and Efficacy Prevention. Plants 2024, 13, 2383. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172383
Thesnor V, Cheremond Y, Sylvestre M, Meffre P, Cebrián-Torrejón G, Benfodda Z. Survey on the Traditional Use of Medicinal Herbs in Haiti: A Study on Knowledge, Practices, and Efficacy Prevention. Plants. 2024; 13(17):2383. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172383
Chicago/Turabian StyleThesnor, Valendy, Yvens Cheremond, Muriel Sylvestre, Patrick Meffre, Gerardo Cebrián-Torrejón, and Zohra Benfodda. 2024. "Survey on the Traditional Use of Medicinal Herbs in Haiti: A Study on Knowledge, Practices, and Efficacy Prevention" Plants 13, no. 17: 2383. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172383