Biochemical Composition of Pumpkin Seeds and Seed By-Products
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Plant Material and Growing Conditions
3.2. Seed Oil Extraction
3.3. Proximal Composition of Seeds and Seed Cakes of Pumpkin
3.4. Chemical Profile of Hydrophilic Compounds
Free Sugars
3.5. Analysis of Lipophilic Compounds
3.5.1. Tocopherols
3.5.2. Analysis of Fatty Acids
3.6. Evaluation of Bioactive Properties In Vitro
3.6.1. Oil Extracts Preparation
3.6.2. Hydroethanolic Extraction
3.6.3. Anti-Proliferative Activity
3.6.4. Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation
3.7. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fat | Proteins | Ash | Carbohydrates | Energy | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seeds | 42.74 ± 0.09 | 37.67 ± 0.20 | 3.52 ± 0.09 | 16.07 ± 0.03 | 599.62 ± 0.10 |
Seed cake | 7.62 ± 0.08 | 58.58 ± 0.30 | 5.40 ± 0.05 | 28.40 ± 0.20 | 416.50 ± 0.40 |
Student’s t-test p-Value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Seeds | Seed Cake | ||
---|---|---|---|
Tocopherols (mg/100 g dw) | Student’s t-test p-Value | ||
α-Tocopherol | 0.075 ± 0.004 | 0.018 ± 0.001 | <0.001 |
β-Tocopherol | 0.011 ± 0.001 | 0.079 ± 0.002 | <0.001 |
γ-Tocopherol | 6.590 ± 0.030 | 1.070 ± 0.040 | <0.001 |
δ-Tocopherol | 0.280 ± 0.010 | 0.016 ± 0.002 | <0.001 |
Total Tocopherols | 6.956 ± 0.020 | 1.183 ± 0.040 | <0.001 |
Sugar composition (g/100 g dw) | |||
Fructose | 0.20 ± 0.01 | 0.34 ± 0.01 | 0.022 |
Glucose | 0.21 ± 0.01 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 0.178 |
Sucrose | 1.97 ± 0.04 | 2.90 ± 0.10 | <0.001 |
Trehalose | 0.26 ± 0.01 | 0.25 ± 0.01 | 0.015 |
Total Sugars | 2.64 ± 0.10 | 3.68 ± 0.10 | <0.001 |
Organic acids composition (g/100 g dw) | |||
Oxalic acid | tr | 0.006 ± 0.001 | - |
Malic acid | tr | tr | - |
Total organic acids | - | 0.006 ± 0.001 | - |
Chemical Structure | Compound Name | Seeds | Seed Cake | Seed Oil |
---|---|---|---|---|
C6:0 | caproic acid | 0.015 ± 0.001 * | 0.168 ± 0.006 * | nd |
C8:0 | caprylic acid | 0.002 ± 0.001 * | 0.022 ± 0.001 * | nd |
C10:0 | capric acid | 0.006 ± 0.001 * | 0.011 ± 0.001 * | nd |
C12:0 | lauric acid | 0.020 ± 0.001 * | 0.039 ± 0.001 * | nd |
C14:0 | myristic acid | 0.117 ± 0.004 c | 0.230 ± 0.006 a | 0.139 ± 0.006 b |
C15:0 | pentadecylic acid | 0.020 ± 0.001 * | 0.043 ± 0.001 * | nd |
C16:0 | palmitic acid | 12.200 ± 0.040 b | 13.987 ± 0.400a | 14.306 ± 0.320 a |
C16:1 | palmitoleic acid | 0.119 ± 0.004 c | 0.162 ± 0.001 a | 0.146 ± 0.001 b |
C17:0 | margaric acid | 0.094 ± 0.004 b | 0.092 ± 0.003 b | 0.104 ± 0.004 a |
C18:0 | stearic acid | 4.830 ± 0.080 c | 5.460 ± 0.020 b | 6.216 ± 0.020 a |
C18:1n9c+t | oleic acid | 37.027 ± 0.100 a | 36.270 ± 0.020 a | 21.950 ± 0.030 b |
C18:2n6c | linoleic acid | 43.890 ± 0.010 b | 41.500 ± 0.300 c | 55.460 ± 0.200 a |
C18:3n3 | α-linolenic acid | 0.242 ± 0.004 c | 0.585 ± 0.001 a | 0.330 ± 0.030 b |
C20:0 | arachidic acid | 0.359 ± 0.004 c | 0.400 ± 0.002 a | 0.394 ± 0.004 b |
C20:1 | gondoic acid | 0.192 ± 0.001 b | 0.242 ± 0.005 a | 0.114 ± 0.001 c |
C20:3n3 + C21:0 | heneicosylic and eicosatrienoic acid | 0.270 ± 0.010 * | 0.154 ± 0.005 * | nd |
C20:5n3 | eicosapentaenoic acid | 0.110 ± 0.010 * | 0.063 ± 0.001 * | nd |
C22:0 | behenic acid | 0.294 ± 0.009 b | 0.430 ± 0.020 a | 0.155 ± 0.003 c |
C22:1n9 | docosenoic acid | 0.048 ± 0.003 * | 0.016 ± 0.001 * | nd |
C22:2 | docosadienoic acid | nd | nd | 0.220 ± 0.020 |
C23:0 | tricosylic acid | 0.027 ± 0.001 c | 0.064 ± 0.001 b | 0.466 ± 0.040 a |
C24:0 | lignoceric acid | 0.118 ± 0.003 * | 0.062 ± 0.001 * | nd |
Total SFA (% of total FA) | saturated fatty acids | 18.102 ± 0.030 c | 21.048 ± 0.300 b | 21.780 ± 0.300 a |
Total MUFA (% of total FA) | monounsaturated fatty acids | 37.412 ± 0.100 a | 36.690 ± 0.010 a | 22.210 ± 0.030 b |
Total PUFA (% of total FA) | polyunsaturated fatty acids | 44.486 ± 0.090 b | 42.262 ± 0.300 c | 56.010 ± 0.200 a |
Hepatotoxicity (GI50 µg/mL) | Antiproliferative Activity (GI50 μg/mL) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PLP2 (Porcine Liver Primary Cell Line) | HeLa (Cervical Carcinoma) | HepG2 (Hepatocellular Carcinoma) | MCF-7 (Breast Carcinoma) | NCI-H460 (Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer) | |
Seeds | non-toxic * | non-toxic | non-toxic | non-toxic | non-toxic |
Seed cake | non-toxic | non-toxic | non-toxic | non-toxic | non-toxic |
Seed oils | non-toxic | 327 ± 15 | non-toxic | non-toxic | non-toxic |
Substance | Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 11632) | Bacillus cereus (Food Isolate) | Micrococcus flavus (ATCC 10240) | Enterobacter cloacae (ATCC 35030) | Salmonella Typhimurium (ATCC 13311) | Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | |
Seed oil | 2.0 | 4.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 |
E211 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 |
E224 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 1.0 |
Substance | Aspergillus fumigatus (ATCC 9197) | Aspergillus versicolor (ATCC 11730) | Aspergillus niger (ATCC 6275) | Penicillium funiculosum (ATCC 36839) | Penicillium verrucosum var. Cyclopium (Food Isolate) | Trichoderma viride (IAM 5061) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MIC | MFC | MIC | MFC | MIC | MFC | MIC | MFC | MIC | MFC | MIC | MFC | |
Seed oil | 4.0 | 8.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 1.0 |
E211 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 |
E224 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
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Polyzos, N.; Fernandes, Â.; Calhelha, R.C.; Petrović, J.; Soković, M.; Ferreira, I.C.F.R.; Barros, L.; Petropoulos, S.A. Biochemical Composition of Pumpkin Seeds and Seed By-Products. Plants 2024, 13, 2395. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172395
Polyzos N, Fernandes Â, Calhelha RC, Petrović J, Soković M, Ferreira ICFR, Barros L, Petropoulos SA. Biochemical Composition of Pumpkin Seeds and Seed By-Products. Plants. 2024; 13(17):2395. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172395
Chicago/Turabian StylePolyzos, Nikolaos, Ângela Fernandes, Ricardo C. Calhelha, Jovana Petrović, Marina Soković, Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira, Lillian Barros, and Spyridon A. Petropoulos. 2024. "Biochemical Composition of Pumpkin Seeds and Seed By-Products" Plants 13, no. 17: 2395. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172395