Soil Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Carbon Sequestration with Implementation of Alley Cropping in a Mediterranean Citrus Orchard
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Physicochemical Characteristics of Soils
2.2. Carbon Dioxide Emission Rates
2.3. Soil Inorganic/Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen Evolution in Soils
3. Discussion
3.1. Effect of Alley Cropping on Physicochemical Characteristics of Soils
3.2. Evolution of Carbon Dioxide Emissions
3.3. Carbon Sequestration in Soils
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Area and Soil Sampling
4.2. Analytical Methods
4.3. Soil Carbon Dioxide Measurements
4.4. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Before Treatments | Soil 2 Years after Treatments | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grapefruit | Alley | Grapefruit | No tillage | Tillage | Rosmarinus officinalis | Thymus hyemalis | |||
Bulk Soil | Rhiz. Soil | Bulk Soil | Rhiz. Soil | ||||||
pH | 7.8 ± 0.2 b | 8.5 ± 0 c | 8.3 ± 0 bc | 8.2 ± 0.1 b | 8.2 ± 0 b | 8.2 ± 0 b | 7.3 ± 0.1 a | 8.4 ± 0 bc | 7.3 ± 0.1 a |
EC (dS/m) | 0.8 ± 0.1 c | 0.2 ± 0 a | 0.2 ± 0 a | 0.2 ± 0 a | 0.2 ± 0 a | 0.3 ± 0 b | 0.7 ± 0.1 c | 0.4 ± 0 b | 0.5 ± 0.1 b |
Inorganic carbon (%) | 4.8 ± 0.1 b | 4.7 ± 0.1 ab | 4.5 ± 0 a | 4.7 ± 0 ab | 4.8 ± 0 b | 4.7 ± 0.1 ab | 4.9 ± 0 b | 4.6 ± 0.1 ab | 4.9 ± 0 b |
Organic carbon (%) | 1.1 ± 0.02 b | 0.9 ± 0.05 a | 1.2 ± 0.05 c | 1 ± 0.02 a | 1 ± 0.05 a | 1.2 ± 0.02 bc | 1.4 ± 0.04 d | 1.1 ± 0.03 b | 1.2 ± 0.01 bc |
Total Nitrogen (%) | 0.14 ± 0 abc | 0.11 ± 0 a | 0.14 ± 0.01 bc | 0.13 ± 0.01 ab | 0.12 ± 0 ab | 0.14 ± 0.01 abc | 0.24 ± 0.02 d | 0.12 ± 0.01 ab | 0.16 ± 0.01 c |
CEC (cmol kg−1) | 11.1 ± 0.5 ab | 10.7 ± 0.4 a | 12.8 ± 0.2 b | 12.6 ± 0.4 ab | 13.8 ± 0.5 b | 14 ± 0.5 b | 18.9 ± 0.9 c | 10.8 ± 0.9 a | 18.2 ± 0.9 c |
Clay (%) | 20.7 ± 0.9 | 21.2 ± 1.4 | 19.8 ± 0.8 | 21.9 ± 3.2 | 22.6 ± 1.1 | 22.6 ± 2.9 | 21.8 ± 3 | 22 ± 2.4 | 21 ± 1.3 |
Silt (%) | 18.3 ± 0.7 ab | 24.6 ± 1.7 c | 16.4 ± 1.4 a | 22.9 ± 2.6 bc | 21.7 ± 2.1 bc | 21.2 ± 1.4 bc | 20.4 ± 0.9 abc | 20.2 ± 1.7 abc | 18.4 ± 1.1 ab |
Sand (%) | 61.1 ± 0.4 bc | 54.1 ± 2.9 a | 63.8 ± 1.3 c | 55.1 ± 1.7 ab | 55.6 ± 3.1 ab | 56.2 ± 1.8 ab | 57.8 ± 3.7 abc | 57.8 ± 0.8 abc | 60.6 ± 1.6 bc |
Available P (mg kg−1) | 96.9 ± 7.8 c | 49.6 ± 3.6 ab | 78.7 ± 3 c | 47.3 ± 6.1 ab | 39.6 ± 3.6 a | 51.3 ± 7.5 ab | 62 ± 7 b | 48.5 ± 3 ab | 57.8 ± 3.3 b |
Available Fe (mg kg−1) | 3.82 ± 0.5 a | 7.61 ± 0.9 ab | 5.37 ± 1 a | 7.15 ± 0.7 ab | 7.41 ± 1.1 ab | 7.76 ± 1 ab | 9.41 ± 1 b | 8.7 ± 1 b | 13.98 ± 1.5 c |
Available Mn (mg kg−1) | 8.63 ± 0.9 ab | 8.69 ± 1 ab | 8.77 ± 1 ab | 8.13 ± 1.6 ab | 10.91 ± 1.3 bc | 8.66 ± 1.1 ab | 8.87 ± 0.9 ab | 7.41 ± 1.1 a | 12.43 ± 1.5 c |
Available Cu (mg kg−1) | 2.07 ± 0.5 | 1.87 ± 0.8 | 1.72 ± 0.8 | 2.42 ± 0.6 | 1.79 ± 0.3 | 2.86 ± 0.8 | 2.22 ± 1.3 | 2.63 ± 0.8 | 2.63 ± 0.9 |
Available Zn (mg kg−1) | 2.76 ± 0.8 ab | 2.92 ± 0.6 ab | 1.65 ± 0.9 a | 2.63 ± 0.9 ab | 2.73 ± 0.9 ab | 2.82 ± 0.4 ab | 2.75 ± 0.8 ab | 4.38 ± 0.9 b | 2.86 ± 0.8 ab |
Available Na (mg kg−1) | 142 ± 14 b | 40 ± 5 a | 53 ± 6 a | 46 ± 4 a | 52 ± 4 a | 136 ± 12 b | 390 ± 40 c | 153 ± 26 b | 267 ± 30 c |
Available K (mg kg−1) | 217 ± 25 a | 247 ± 29 ab | 235 ± 27 ab | 246 ± 27 ab | 263 ± 33 ab | 296 ± 15 b | 292 ± 31 ab | 267 ± 32 ab | 249 ± 22 ab |
Available Ca (mg kg−1) | 1650 ± 131 a | 1634 ± 107 a | 1613 ± 165 a | 1958 ± 126 ab | 2177 ± 170 b | 2046 ± 58 ab | 2534 ± 176 bc | 1846 ± 97 ab | 2812 ± 185 c |
Available Mg (mg kg−1) | 211 ± 9 a | 211 ± 25 a | 235 ± 9 ab | 244 ± 32 ab | 243 ± 27 ab | 300 ± 22 b | 459 ± 40 c | 274 ± 15 ab | 288 ± 22 b |
W. soluble Na (mg L−1) | 81.2 ± 5.1 c | 9.9 ± 2.2 a | 10.1 ± 2.4 a | 12.9 ± 2.6 a | 10.9 ± 1.9 a | 43.5 ± 3.3 bc | 32.1 ± 3.8 b | 37.8 ± 2.4 b | 48.1 ± 5.2 c |
W. soluble K (mg L−1) | 20 ± 2.6 b | 12.8 ± 2.9 ab | 8.5 ± 1.6 a | 13.6 ± 2.9 ab | 9.3 ± 1.9 a | 24.6 ± 3.8 c | 11.6 ± 1.9 a | 11.7 ± 2.2 a | 14.2 ± 3.4 ab |
W. soluble Ca (mg L−1) | 52.2 ± 3.5 c | 18 ± 2.6 ab | 13.2 ± 2.7 a | 29.1 ± 3.2 b | 20.5 ± 1.9 ab | 59.9 ± 12.7 c | 23.4 ± 2.7 ab | 21.6 ± 2.1 ab | 40.1 ± 5 bc |
W. soluble Mg (mg L−1) | 10.4 ± 1.8 b | 3.8 ± 1 a | 3.1 ± 1 a | 5.5 ± 0.9 a | 3.4 ± 1.1 a | 16.8 ± 2.6 c | 4.2 ± 0.7 a | 4.4 ± 0.6 a | 10.9 ± 1.5 b |
W. soluble Cl (mg L−1) | 144 ± 11.9 c | 41.9 ± 3.7 b | 11.9 ± 1.4 a | 17.4 ± 3.3 a | 12.4 ± 1.8 a | 41.5 ± 3.8 b | 34.4 ± 3.3 b | 9.8 ± 1.4 a | 33.5 ± 3 b |
W. soluble SO4 (mg L−1) | 61.1 ± 2.5 c | 43.5 ± 3.3 c | 8.6 ± 1.8 ab | 15.7 ± 2.8 b | 10.3 ± 2 ab | 66 ± 3.4 c | 37.6 ± 5.5 bc | 6.6 ± 1.2 a | 91.8 ± 4 c |
W. soluble NO3 (mg L−1) | 86.6 ± 6.9 c | 18.6 ± 4.6 b | 11.8 ± 1.9 ab | 55.4 ± 5.2 c | 16 ± 3.7 b | 4.1 ± 0.6 a | 15.7 ± 2 b | 7 ± 1.3 ab | 2.6 ± 0.7 a |
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Acosta, J.A.; Imbernón-Mulero, A.; Gallego-Elvira, B.; Maestre-Valero, J.F.; Martínez-Martínez, S.; Martínez-Álvarez, V. Soil Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Carbon Sequestration with Implementation of Alley Cropping in a Mediterranean Citrus Orchard. Plants 2024, 13, 2399. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172399
Acosta JA, Imbernón-Mulero A, Gallego-Elvira B, Maestre-Valero JF, Martínez-Martínez S, Martínez-Álvarez V. Soil Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Carbon Sequestration with Implementation of Alley Cropping in a Mediterranean Citrus Orchard. Plants. 2024; 13(17):2399. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172399
Chicago/Turabian StyleAcosta, Jose A., Alberto Imbernón-Mulero, Belén Gallego-Elvira, Jose F. Maestre-Valero, Silvia Martínez-Martínez, and Victoriano Martínez-Álvarez. 2024. "Soil Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Carbon Sequestration with Implementation of Alley Cropping in a Mediterranean Citrus Orchard" Plants 13, no. 17: 2399. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172399