Differential Responses of Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) Phenology and Density to a Changing Environment: A Study from Western Carpathians
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling Design
2.3. Climate Data
2.4. Phenological Observations
- BBCH 07—Shoot expansion (Leaves are completely open)—vegetative stage
- BBCH 65—Full bloom (Flower petals are open for pollination)—generative stage
- BBCH 72—Petal fall (Petals drop, but the calyx and stamen remain)—generative stage
- BBCH 86—Blue fruit (Fruit is ripe, sugar content is high)—generative stage
- BBCH 92—Autumn leaf colouring (Leaves turn red and drop naturally)—vegetative stage
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Density of Bilberry
3.2. Phenology of Bilberry (2016–2021)
3.3. Effects of Environmental Factors in the Phenology
4. Discussion
4.1. Characteristics of Bilberry Population Growing in the Different Habitats
4.2. Phenology of Bilberry Population Growing in the Different Habitats
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Habitat | Plot | Alt (m a.s.l.) | WGS (N, E) | Soil | Surface | Slope (°) | Exp | Age (Years) | Stocking |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Undisturbed | 1100 U | 1100 | 49°10′29.33′ N, 20°14′45.12′ E | Dystric Cambisol | Stony | 10 | SE | 100 | 0.8 |
Undisturbed | 1250 U | 1250 | 49°10′36.91′ N, 20°14′32.59′ E | Dystric Cambisol | Stony | 35 | SE | 165 | 0.4 |
Undisturbed | 1400 U | 1400 | 49°10′51.03′ N, 20°14′24.14′ E | Podzol | Boulder | 35 | SE | 165 | 0.4 |
Disturbed | 1100 D | 1100 | 49°10′28.03′ N, 20°14′43.08′ E | Dystric Cambisol | Stony | 10 | SE | - | - |
Disturbed | 1250 D | 1250 | 49°10′34.59′ N, 20°14′31.05′ E | Dystric Cambisol | Stony | 35 | SE | - | - |
Disturbed | 1400 D | 1400 | 49°10′52.82′ N, 20°14′26.67′ E | Podzol | Boulder | 35 | SE | - | - |
Mean Air Temperature of April (°C) | Mean Air Temperature of May (°C) | Mean Air Temperature of GS * (°C) | Mean Annual Air Temperature (°C) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Altitude (m a.s.l.) | 1100 | 1250 | 1400 | 1100 | 1250 | 1400 | 1100 | 1250 | 1400 | 1100 | 1250 | 1400 |
2016 | 5.7 | 4.9 | 4.1 | 9.6 | 8.6 | 7.6 | 11.5 | 9.6 | 9.9 | 5.4 | 4.8 | 4.1 |
2017 | 3.4 | 2.5 | 1.5 | 10.1 | 9.2 | 8.4 | 11.2 | 10.3 | 9.5 | 5.6 | 5.3 | 4.9 |
2018 | 9.9 | 9.0 | 8.2 | 12.3 | 11.5 | 10.6 | 13.0 | 11.4 | 11.3 | 6.1 | 5.5 | 4.9 |
2019 | 5.7 | 4.8 | 3.8 | 7.5 | 6.6 | 5.7 | 11.5 | 10.3 | 10.0 | 6.2 | 5.6 | 5.1 |
2020 | 5.3 | 4.4 | 3.6 | 7.1 | 6.1 | 5.1 | 11.1 | 9.6 | 9.5 | 5.9 | 5.4 | 4.9 |
2021 | 1.5 | 0.6 | −0.3 | 7.6 | 6.6 | 5.7 | 10.6 | 9.0 | 8.9 | 4.8 | 4.2 | 3.6 |
Mean | 5.3 | 4.4 | 3.5 | 9.0 | 8.1 | 7.2 | 11.5 | 10.0 | 9.6 | 5.7 | 5.1 | 4.6 |
BBCH 07 | BBCH 65 | BBCH 72 | BBCH 86 | BBCH 92 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1100 D | 127 ± 8.80 | 143 ± 10.50 | 153 ± 13.52 | 232 ± 7.26 | 276 ± 10.34 |
1250 D | 130 ± 8.90 | 147 ± 10.09 | 154 ± 9.69 | 234 ± 6.86 | 274 ± 10.93 |
1400 D | 134 ± 10.63 | 154 ± 8.24 | 160 ± 7.90 | 237 ± 4.99 | 268 ± 12.75 |
1100 U | 128 ± 8.65 | 146 ± 10.28 | 158 ± 11.72 | 234 ± 5.98 | 278 ± 12.75 |
1250 U | 130 ± 8.28 | 148 ± 10.14 | 159 ± 9.62 | 235 ± 6.50 | 275 ± 12.78 |
1400 U | 135 ± 10.30 | 155 ± 8.68 | 162 ± 7.60 | 239 ± 4.22 | 268 ± 11.30 |
Best Model | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BBCH 07 | BBCH 65 | BBCH 72 | BBCH 86 | BBCH 92 | |
Intercept | 110.48 *** | 72.05 *** | 128.29 *** | 236.14 *** | 353.28 *** |
T2 | 6.8 ** | −1.61 | |||
T3 | −5.88 * | 6.61 *** | |||
T6 | −1.89 | ||||
T7 | 0.8 | −6.14 ** | |||
T8 | −5.46 * | ||||
T9 | 13.08 *** | ||||
P1 | −0.54 ** | ||||
P2 | 0.05 | 0.29 *** | 0.1 | ||
P3 | 0.60 * | 0.77 *** | −0.07 | ||
P4 | 0.05 | ||||
P7 | −0.04 | −0.16 ** | |||
P8 | 0.06 | ||||
alt | 0.02 *** | 0.02 *** | 0.02 | 0.02 * | −0.02 * |
Habitat [U] | 3.5 | −5.57 ** | 0.38 | 3.71 | −0.44 |
R2M | 0.516 | 0.716 | 0.252 | 0.129 | 0.829 |
R2C | 0.968 | 0.977 | 0.405 | 0.917 | 0.909 |
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Kubov, M.; Fleischer, P., Sr.; Tomes, J.; Mukarram, M.; Janík, R.; Turyasingura, B.; Fleischer, P., Jr.; Schieber, B. Differential Responses of Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) Phenology and Density to a Changing Environment: A Study from Western Carpathians. Plants 2024, 13, 2406. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172406
Kubov M, Fleischer P Sr., Tomes J, Mukarram M, Janík R, Turyasingura B, Fleischer P Jr., Schieber B. Differential Responses of Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) Phenology and Density to a Changing Environment: A Study from Western Carpathians. Plants. 2024; 13(17):2406. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172406
Chicago/Turabian StyleKubov, Martin, Peter Fleischer, Sr., Jakub Tomes, Mohammad Mukarram, Rastislav Janík, Benson Turyasingura, Peter Fleischer, Jr., and Branislav Schieber. 2024. "Differential Responses of Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) Phenology and Density to a Changing Environment: A Study from Western Carpathians" Plants 13, no. 17: 2406. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172406