Taxonomic Revision of Genus Ephedra Tourn. ex L. in Egypt with Intra-Gender Diversity in Morphometric Traits and Fatty Acid Composition
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Taxonomic Investigation
2.1.1. Ephedra alata Decne. (Section Alatae) Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 2, 2: 239 (1834)
2.1.2. Ephedra aphylla Forssk. (Section Ephedra), Fl. Aegypt.-Arab.: 170 (1775)
2.1.3. Ephedra ciliata Fisch. & C.A.Mey. (Section Ephedra), Bull. Cl. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 5: 36 (1845)
2.1.4. Epherda foeminea Forssk. (Section Ephedra), Fl. Aegypt.-Arab.: 219 (1775)
2.1.5. Ephedra pachyclada Boiss. (Section Ephedra), Fl. Orient. 5: 713 (1884)
2.2. Species and Gender Key Based on Morpho-Taxonomic Traits
- I.
- Margins of cone bracts and leaf sheath glabrous ……………………….………… II
- +
- Margins of cone bracts and leaf sheath ciliated……...…………………………….III
- II.
- Stem erect, much branched at nodes, branches whitish-green, stiff, thickened upright ………………………………………………………………...…………….. E. pachyclada
- Seed 1–(2) ovules/cone, micropylar tubule curved………………………... Female
- Anthers whorled 6–8, sessile and unbranched above, 4–6 strobili/cone ….. Male
- +
- Stem climbing and prostrate, branched all over, branches dark green, thin, wiry ………………………..……………………………………………………....E. foemina
- Seed 1–2 ovules/cone, micropylar tubule straight ……………..…………...Female
- Anthers clustered 4–7, sessile and unbranched above, 7–8 strobili per cone...Male
- III.
- Cone bracts free with membranous edge……………………………….…... E. alata
- Fruit creamy, cone-like, seed (1)–2 ovules/cone…………………...………...... Female
- Anthers umbellate 3–6, stalked and branched above, 7–12 strobili/cone....… Male
- +
- Cone bract fused without membranous edges…………………………………...IV
- IV.
- Origin of female cone terminal……………………………………………... E. ciliata
- Fruit white-red, berry-like, seed 1–3 ovules/cone………………………..…Female
- Anthers opposite 3, sessile and unbranched above, 7–10 strobili/cone …......Male
- +
- Origin of female cone axillary………………………….…………….….....E. aphylla
- Fruit red, seed 1–2 ovules/cone………………………….………….………Female
- Anthers clustered 3–4, sessile and unbranched above, 7–10 strobili/cone…….Male
2.3. Morphometric Diversity at Interspecific and Intra-Generic Levels
2.4. Species Distribution and Habitats in Egypt
2.5. Lipid Content and Fatty Acid Composition at Interspecific and Intra-Generic Levels
2.6. Fatty Acid Composition at Interspecific and Intra-Gender Levels
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Plant Material
3.2. Morphological Investigations
3.3. Determination of Crude Lipid
3.4. Identification of Fatty Acids Using Gas–Mass Chromatography (GC-Mass)
3.5. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Locality | GPS Coordinates | Gender | Date | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | E | ||||
E. alata | Gebal El-Shaieb, Red sea | 26°58′47″ | 33°29′11″ | Male | 11 February 2021 |
Wadi Feiran, Sinai * | 28°43′06″ | 33°37′06″ | Female | 15 May 2024 | |
S. Galala near Ras Zafarana | 28°44′33″ | 32°23′17″ | Male | 6 February 1960 | |
Wadi Hamamet faraon, Sinai near red sea * | 28°53′50″ | 33°22′22″ | Female | 17 June 2023 | |
Sinai: Abo Zeinema | 29°02′31″ | 33°06′30″ | Female and Male | 14 June 2021 | |
Wadi Abu Khodirate, 85 Km from Zafarana | 29°06′42″ | 32°39′35″ | Female | 14 March 1997 | |
Sinai: Wadi Fereeh | 29°07′15″ | 33°10′47″ | Female and Male | 20 May 2021 | |
El Saff desert, Wadi Warag | 29°20′54″ | 33°14′31″ | Female | 23 March 1982 | |
Hills of South Galala | 29°21′29″ | 32°13′04″ | Female | 4 March 2021 | |
Wadi Araba, Eastern Desert * | 29°34′39″ | 34°59′59″ | Female | 28 April 2023 | |
Wadi Houimela | 29°36′27″ | 30°46′35″ | Female | 4 March 1973 | |
Wadi Hoff, Helwan desert * | 29°52′51″ | 31°18′30″ | Female and Male | 14 March 2023 | |
Wadi At fihi, El Saff desert | 29°56′54″ | 31°22′38″ | Male | 24 March 1982 | |
Gebl Katania, Suez road | 29°58′00″ | 32°33′02″ | Female | 20 November 1998 | |
Wadi Katamiya, Suez road | 30°00′25″ | 31°25′23″ | Female and Male | 11 March 1960 | |
Mitla Pass, Sinai * | 30°00′41″ | 32°53′30″ | Male | 15 August 2023 | |
Cairo: Wadi Degla * | 30°01′32″ | 31°19′09″ | Female and Male | 29 May 2023 | |
Wadi Gondall, Cairo, Suez Road | 30°02′39″ | 31°14′08″ | Male | 9 April 1990 | |
Cairo, Suez, desert road | 30°05′07″ | 31°57′20″ | Male | 15 March 2020 | |
Suez Road, kilo 20 | 30°05′09″ | 31°56′27″ | Male | 15 April 2008 | |
Suez Road, kilo 22 | 30°05′11″ | 31°56′14″ | Female | 15 April 2008 | |
Plateau between Qara and Marsa Matrouh | 31°16′37″ | 27°11′37″ | Male | 5 April 1998 | |
E. aphylla | W of Marsa Halaib, in the wadies | 22°13′36″ | 36°38′44″ | Female | 22 January 1933 |
Wadi Lethi, Saint Catherine, Sinai * | 28°33′07″ | 33°58′24″ | Male | 15 July 2023 | |
Deir El-Rahba garden, Saint Catherin * | 28°33′37″ | 33°56′52″ | Female and Male | 5 May 2024 | |
Sinai: Wadi El-Kid | 28°34′47″ | 34°17′16″ | Female and Male | 28 March 2004 | |
Tabouk, Saint Catherine, Sinai at 1813 altitude * | 28°54′08″ | 33°93′12″ | Male | 16 August 2023 | |
Wadi Al-Arbaeen Saint Catherine, Sinai at 1782 altitude * | 28°55′88″ | 33°94′98″ | Female and Male | 17 August 2023 | |
W Qiseib, N. Galala | 29°24′36″ | 32°28′38″ | Male | 9 February 1956 | |
Wadi Hoff, Helwan desert * | 29°52′51″ | 31°18′30″ | Female and Male | 14 March 2023 | |
Wadi Bad of Red Sea Coast | 29°41′39″ | 32°16′58″ | Female | 9 June 2021 | |
Cairo: Wadi Degla * | 30°01′32″ | 31°19′09″ | Female and Male | 29 May 2023 | |
Cairo: Zohria garden | 30°02′45″ | 31°13′35″ | Female | 15 November 1928 | |
Wadi El-Habes, before Agiba | 30°02′48″ | 31°19′57″ | Female and Male | 23 March 1974 | |
Medicinal garden, Barrage | 30°03′56″ | 31°08′38″ | Female and Male | 21 May 1979 | |
Gebel Elba | 30°06′00″ | 31°20′05″ | Female | 21 February 1998 | |
Between Khanka and Abu Zaabal | 30°13′53″ | 31°21′41″ | Female | 29 February 1960 | |
Burg El Arab: Bramly′s grotto * | 30°52′25″ | 29°33′36″ | Female and Male | 15 July 2023 | |
Burg El Arab (Roman Cistern) | 30°54′03″ | 29°35′05″ | Male | 11 March 2022 | |
On the coastal road 46 Km before Marsa Matrouh | 30°59′24″ | 29°39′40″ | Male | 3 May 1998 | |
Mariout | 31°09′04″ | 29°54′06″ | Female | 25 May 2008 | |
Ras El Hekma | 31°10′17″ | 27°49′43″ | Female | 25 May 1997 | |
Alexandria: Vectoria | 31°14′11″ | 29°58′10″ | Female and Male | 25 August 1921 | |
Khan Younis | 31°20′46″ | 34°18′14″ | Female | 16 September 1955 | |
E. ciliata | Marsa Halaib | 22°14′00″ | 36°39′00″ | Female | 22 January 1929 |
Gebl Hamata, Red Sea coast | 24°20′21″ | 35°12′06″ | Female | 7 June 2009 | |
Wadi Marsa Kwan | 26°33′16″ | 34°02′04″ | Female | 10 February 1962 | |
Sinai: Wadi Alletehi | 28°09′73″ | 34°04′54″ | Female and Male | 11 April 2004 | |
Sinai: Wadi Al Ratam | 28°23′90″ | 34°23′85″ | Female and Male | 28 March 2004 | |
Sinai: Wadi Gebal | 28°32′28″ | 33°52′53″ | Female and Male | 28 April 2004 | |
Wadi Lethi, Saint Catherine, Sinai * | 28°33′07″ | 33°58′24″ | Male | 15 July 2023 | |
Sinia, the garden of. St, Catherine′s Monastery * | ″28°33′25″ | 33°58′23 | Male | 25 August 2023 | |
The Garden of Deir el Arba′ in Sinai * | ″28°47′25″ | 33°35′23 | Male | 17 July 2023 | |
Al-Rassis Cathrine, Sinia at 1580 altitude * | 28°55′88″ | 33°94′98″ | Female and Male | 15 May 2023 | |
Sinai: Wadi Reem | 28°66′80″ | 33°66′74″ | Female and Male | 23 April 2004 | |
Sinai: Wadi Aleyaat | 28°66′86″ | 33°65′37″ | Female and Male | 22 April 2004 | |
Al fred Bircher′s garden, El Saff | 29°34′34″ | 31°17′28″ | Female | 22 August 2005 | |
Wadi Alkwamtra | 29°38′12″ | 32°35′02″ | Male | 27 February 1967 | |
Wadi Yahameib | 29°50′19″ | 31°08′59″ | Female | 5 April 2020 | |
Wadi Degla | 30°01′32″ | 31°19′09″ | Female and Male | 29 May 2022 | |
Cairo: Zohria garden | 30°02′45″ | 31°13′35″ | Female | 15 November 1928 | |
Gebel Elba | 30°06′00″ | 31°20′05″ | Female | 21 February 1998 | |
Zaafaran Garden, Abbassia, Cairo | 30°17′59″ | 31°29′39″ | Male | 16 June 2022 | |
Wadi El Habs, between Marsa Matruh and Agiba * | 30°39′36″ | 29°21′57″ | Male | 7 August 2023 | |
El Mansouryeh | 31°46′48″ | 35°14′42″ | Male | 23 May 1997 | |
E. foemina | Gabal Mousa, Sinai * | 28°54′13″ | 33°97′55″ | Female and Male | 16 July 2023 |
Wadi Halazeen, 45 Km west of Marsa Matruh | 31°11′27″ | 27°38′01″ | Female and Male | 25 April 2022 | |
Busaili, old Rashid Road, and 15 km before Rashid, Alexandria * | 31°11′39″ | 29°56′40″ | Female and Male | 19 March 2023 | |
Brance, Marsa Matruh * | 31°16′37″ | 27°15′49″ | Female and Male | 28 May 2023 | |
E. pachyclada | Sinai: Wadi Al-Talaa, Al-Kabera | 28°23′45″ | 33°52′45″ | Female and Male | 27 March 2004 |
Sinai: Ain Al-Tofaha | 28°32′54″ | 33°56′26″ | Female and Male | 28 March 2004 | |
Sinai: Wadi El-Kid | 28°34′47″ | 34°17′16″ | Female and Male | 14 March 2004 | |
Abu Walia, Saint Catherine, Sinai at 1905 altitude * | 28°53′55″ | 33°91′39″ | Female | 16 August 2023 | |
Abu Walia, Saint Catherine, Sinai at 1891 altitude * | 28°53′60″ | 33°90′92″ | Male | 16 August 2023 | |
Gabal Mousa, Sinai at 2275 altitude * | 28°53′83″ | 33°97′50″ | Female and Male | 27 August 2023 | |
Gabal Mousa, Sinai at 2260 altitude * | 28°53′92″ | 33°97′53″ | Female and Male | 27 May 2024 |
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Khalaf, M.H.; Amer, W.M.; Shaye, N.A.A.; Hassan, M.O.; Gomaa, N.H. Taxonomic Revision of Genus Ephedra Tourn. ex L. in Egypt with Intra-Gender Diversity in Morphometric Traits and Fatty Acid Composition. Plants 2024, 13, 2442. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172442
Khalaf MH, Amer WM, Shaye NAA, Hassan MO, Gomaa NH. Taxonomic Revision of Genus Ephedra Tourn. ex L. in Egypt with Intra-Gender Diversity in Morphometric Traits and Fatty Acid Composition. Plants. 2024; 13(17):2442. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172442
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhalaf, Maha H., Wafaa M. Amer, Najla A. Al Shaye, Mahmoud O. Hassan, and Nasr H. Gomaa. 2024. "Taxonomic Revision of Genus Ephedra Tourn. ex L. in Egypt with Intra-Gender Diversity in Morphometric Traits and Fatty Acid Composition" Plants 13, no. 17: 2442. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172442