Higher Seed Rates Enlarge the Effects of Wide-Belt Sowing on Root Length Density, Thereby Improving Nitrogen Uptake and Use Efficiencies in Winter Wheat
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. N Use, Uptake, and Utilization Efficiencies
2.2. N Uptake at Anthesis and Maturity
2.3. Root Length Density
2.4. Nodal Roots per Plant and Unit Area
2.5. Grain N Accumulation Related Traits
2.6. Grain Protein Concentration, Yield, and Processing Quality-Related Traits
2.7. Correlation Analysis
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Site Description, Experimental Design, and Crop Management
4.2. Sampling and Measurements
4.2.1. Soil N Content before Sowing
4.2.2. N Uptake and Use Efficiencies
4.2.3. Grain Protein and Processing Quality
4.2.4. Nodal Root Number and Root Length Density
4.3. Data Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Season | Source | NUE | NUPE | NUTE | NUtotal | NUpre | RLD | NRPBW | NRPJS | NRPAS | NRABW | NRAJS | NRAAS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020– | SM | ** | ** | ns | ** | ** | ** | ns | ** | ** | ns | ** | ** |
2021 | SR | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
SM × SR | ** | ** | ns | ** | ** | ** | ns | ** | ** | ns | ** | ** | |
2021– | SM | ** | ** | ns | ** | ** | ** | NA | ** | ** | NA | ** | ** |
2022 | SR | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | NA | ** | ** | NA | ** | ** |
SM × SR | ** | ** | ns | ** | ** | ** | NA | ** | ** | NA | ** | ** |
Season | Seed Rate (m−2) | GN (kg ha−1) | NUpost (kg ha−1) | NT (kg ha−1) | NT/GN (%) | NHI (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDS | WBS | NDS | WBS | NDS | WBS | NDS | WBS | NDS | WBS | ||
2020− | 100 | 137.8 | 146.3 | 70.6 | 72.1 | 67.2 | 74.2 | 48.8 | 50.7 | 62.2 | 64.3 # |
2021 | 200 | 170.7 | 184.3 # | 78.3 | 80.4 | 92.4 | 103.9 # | 54.1 | 56.4 | 65.3 | 67.4 |
300 | 185.9 | 204.4 # | 83.9 | 87.0 | 102.0 | 117.5 # | 54.9 | 57.5 | 65.4 | 67.0 | |
400 | 188.7 | 207.9 # | 80.3 | 81.3 | 108.4 | 126.6 # | 57.4 | 60.9 # | 65.7 | 65.9 # | |
500 | 185.8 | 212.7 # | 74.1 | 73.6 | 111.7 | 139.1 # | 60.1 | 65.4 # | 65.2 | 68.4 # | |
600 | 175.5 | 194.7 # | 61.8 | 61.0 | 113.7 | 133.7 # | 64.8 | 68.7 # | 64.3 | 65.6 | |
700 | 167.6 | 182.3 # | 54.2 | 54.5 | 113.4 | 127.8 # | 67.7 | 70.1 | 63.3 | 63.5 | |
Mean | 173.1 | 190.4 # | 71.9 | 72.8 | 101.3 | 117.5 # | 58.3 | 61.4 # | 64.5 | 66.0 # | |
LSD | 10.6 | 11.1 | 6.2 | 6.4 | 13.7 | 14.4 | 4.8 | 5.2 | 2.0 | 2.2 | |
ANOVA | |||||||||||
SM | ** | ns | ** | * | * | ||||||
SR | ** | ** | ** | ** | * | ||||||
SM × SR | ** | ns | ** | * | * | ||||||
2021− | 100 | 145.5 | 154.3 | 83.7 | 84.6 | 61.8 | 69.7 | 42.5 | 45.2 | 59.8 | 62.2 # |
2022 | 200 | 172.0 | 185.5 # | 91.9 | 94.0 | 80.1 | 91.5 # | 46.6 | 49.3 | 62.0 | 64.8 # |
300 | 188.7 | 203.9 # | 97.1 | 99.5 | 91.6 | 104.4 # | 48.6 | 51.2 | 61.9 | 64.5 # | |
400 | 195.8 | 217.2 # | 97.6 | 98.7 | 98.2 | 118.6 # | 50.1 | 54.6 # | 61.2 | 63.6 # | |
500 | 196.3 | 223.5 # | 89.7 | 92.1 | 106.6 | 131.4 # | 54.3 | 58.8 # | 61.1 | 63.5 # | |
600 | 192.4 | 213.1 # | 77.7 | 79.0 | 114.7 | 134.1 # | 59.6 | 62.9 | 61.6 | 62.7 | |
700 | 182.0 | 199.7 # | 60.1 | 59.2 | 122.0 | 140.5 # | 67.0 | 70.4 | 62.3 | 63.1 | |
Mean | 181.8 | 199.6 # | 85.4 | 86.7 | 96.4 | 112.9 # | 52.7 | 56.1 # | 61.4 | 63.5 # | |
LSD | 11.3 | 12.0 | 6.7 | 7.3 | 14.1 | 14.7 | 5.2 | 5.5 | 1.9 | 2.1 | |
ANOVA | |||||||||||
SM | ** | ns | ** | * | * | ||||||
SR | ** | ** | ** | ** | * | ||||||
SM × SR | ** | ns | ** | * | * |
Season | Seed Rate (m−2) | GPC (%) | GPY (kg ha−1) | WAR (%) | WGC (%) | DST (min) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDS | WBS | NDS | WBS | NDS | WBS | NDS | WBS | NDS | WBS | ||
2020− | 100 | 12.6 | 12.7 | 785 | 834 # | 48.5 | 48.6 | 29.6 | 29.5 | 1.39 | 1.40 |
2021 | 200 | 13.1 | 13.3 | 973 | 1050 # | 49.0 | 49.4 | 30.1 | 30.3 | 1.57 | 1.58 |
300 | 13.4 | 13.6 | 1060 | 1165 # | 49.4 | 49.9 | 30.5 | 30.8 | 1.71 | 1.74 | |
400 | 13.7 | 13.6 | 1076 | 1185 # | 49.7 | 50.4 | 31.0 | 30.8 | 1.80 | 1.82 | |
500 | 14.2 | 14.1 | 1059 | 1213 # | 50.5 | 50.5 | 31.7 | 31.9 | 1.89 | 1.89 | |
600 | 14.9 | 14.7 | 1000 | 1110 # | 52.1 | 52.2 | 33.0 | 32.6 | 2.12 | 2.11 | |
700 | 15.5 | 15.3 | 955 | 1039 # | 53.0 | 53.2 | 34.0 | 34.2 | 2.21 | 2.22 | |
Mean | 13.9 | 13.9 | 987 | 1085 # | 50.3 | 50.6 | 31.4 | 31.4 | 1.81 | 1.82 | |
LSD | 0.5 | 0.4 | 77 | 81 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 0.23 | 0.24 | |
ANOVA | |||||||||||
SM | ns | ** | ns | ns | ns | ||||||
SR | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ||||||
SM × SR | ns | ** | ns | ns | ns | ||||||
2021− | 100 | 11.9 | 12.1 | 829 | 880 # | 46.4 | 46.6 | 28.7 | 28.5 | 1.35 | 1.36 |
2022 | 200 | 12.4 | 12.6 | 981 | 1057 # | 47.5 | 47.2 | 28.9 | 29.3 | 1.51 | 1.52 |
300 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 1076 | 1162 # | 47.6 | 48.2 | 29.6 | 30.0 | 1.65 | 1.67 | |
400 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 1116 | 1238 # | 48.2 | 48.3 | 29.7 | 29.7 | 1.73 | 1.74 | |
500 | 13.5 | 13.3 | 1119 | 1274 # | 48.8 | 48.4 | 30.5 | 30.6 | 1.82 | 1.81 | |
600 | 14.2 | 14.1 | 1097 | 1215 # | 50.5 | 50.7 | 31.7 | 31.8 | 2.05 | 2.03 | |
700 | 14.8 | 14.6 | 1038 | 1138 # | 51.0 | 50.8 | 32.7 | 32.7 | 2.12 | 2.13 | |
Mean | 13.2 | 13.2 | 1036 | 1138 # | 48.6 | 48.6 | 30.3 | 30.4 | 1.75 | 1.75 | |
LSD | 0.5 | 0.5 | 82 | 90 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 0.27 | 0.24 | |
ANOVA | |||||||||||
SM | ns | ** | ns | ns | ns | ||||||
SR | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ||||||
SM × SR | ns | ** | ns | ns | ns |
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Wang, Y.; Li, W.; Deng, Y.; Xue, J.; Gao, Z. Higher Seed Rates Enlarge the Effects of Wide-Belt Sowing on Root Length Density, Thereby Improving Nitrogen Uptake and Use Efficiencies in Winter Wheat. Plants 2024, 13, 2476. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172476
Wang Y, Li W, Deng Y, Xue J, Gao Z. Higher Seed Rates Enlarge the Effects of Wide-Belt Sowing on Root Length Density, Thereby Improving Nitrogen Uptake and Use Efficiencies in Winter Wheat. Plants. 2024; 13(17):2476. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172476
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Yuechao, Wen Li, Yaoyao Deng, Jianfu Xue, and Zhiqiang Gao. 2024. "Higher Seed Rates Enlarge the Effects of Wide-Belt Sowing on Root Length Density, Thereby Improving Nitrogen Uptake and Use Efficiencies in Winter Wheat" Plants 13, no. 17: 2476. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172476