Analysis of Erect-Panicle Japonica Rice in Northern China: Yield, Quality Status, and Quality Improvement Directions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Rice Production and Its Constituent Factors
2.2. Quality and Panicle Traits
2.3. Relationship between the Yield and Quality Traits
2.4. Relationship among the Yield, Quality, and Panicle Traits
2.5. Relationship among the Taste, Yield, and Quality Traits
3. Discussion
3.1. High-Yield and High-Quality Approach for Erect-Panicle Japonica Rice Breeding in Northern China
3.2. Efficient Nitrogen Utilization by Northern Erect-Panicle Japonica Rice
3.3. Improvement in the Taste Quality of Northern Erect-Spike-Type Japonica Rice
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Cultivation and Harvesting
4.2. Determination of the Processing Quality
4.3. Determination of the Appearance Quality
4.4. Determination of the Nutrition Quality
4.5. Determination of the Taste Quality
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Trait | Fertilizer Model | High Yield | Intermediate Yield | Low Yield |
---|---|---|---|---|
Panicle number | High | 20.01 ± 3.11 a | 16.71 ± 3.32 b | 16.09 ± 3.85 b |
Low | 16.62 ± 3.21 a | 16.39 ± 3.14 a | 14.79 ± 2.79 b | |
Number of grains per panicle | High | 152.43 ± 10.68 a | 153.09 ± 7.88 a | 148.59 ± 8.87 a |
Low | 130.81 ± 8.46 b | 148.13 ± 7.79 a | 135.25 ± 8.54 b | |
Setting rate (%) | High | 84.62 ± 2.62 a | 82.55 ± 2.52 b | 82.28 ± 2.33 b |
Low | 86.32 ± 1.53 a | 84.63 ± 1.51 b | 86.28 ± 1.21 a | |
1000-grain weight (g) | High | 25.69 ± 2.78 a | 25.01 ± 1.97 b | 23.58 ± 1.41 b |
Low | 25.40 ± 3.21 a | 25.34 ± 3.14 a | 23.68 ± 2.72 b | |
Grain yield kg/hm2 | High | 10,468.22 ± 331.88 a | 9413.93 ± 295.93 b | 8669.67 ± 263.32 c |
Low | 8472.01 ± 299.47 a | 8312.89 ± 370.71 a | 8048.26 ± 277.86 b |
Traits | High Nitrogen | Low Nitrogen | |
---|---|---|---|
Primary branch | Branch number | 11.20 ± 1.16 a | 12.42 ± 1.13 a |
Setting rate (%) | 93.54 ± 0.23 b | 95.45 ± 0.22 a | |
1000-grain weight (g) | 25.75 ± 1.51 b | 26.51 ± 1.69 a | |
Secondary branch | Branch number | 27.40 ± 4.93 a | 25.31 ± 6.24 b |
Setting rate (%) | 72.97 ± 0.12 b | 77.64 ± 0.12 a | |
1000-grain weight (g) | 22.93 ± 1.88 a | 23.31 ± 1.62 a | |
Panicle length (cm) | 17.13 ± 0.82 a | 16.87 ± 0.99 b | |
Spikelet density/10 cm | 86.91 ± 9.72 a | 83.86 ± 11.52 b |
Traits | Fertilizer Model | High Yield | Intermediate Yield | Low Yield |
---|---|---|---|---|
Brown rice rate (%) | High | 76.53 ± 3.40 a | 75.44 ± 2.87 a | 73.98 ± 2.18 b |
Low | 80.49 ± 1.33 a | 78.73 ± 1.65 a | 78.24 ± 1.02 a | |
Head rice rate (%) | High | 52.72 ± 0.99 c | 57.27 ± 1.08 b | 58.48 ± 1.11 a |
Low | 60.85 ± 1.14 b | 57.13 ± 1.07 c | 61.55 ± 1.16 a | |
Chalky rice percentage (%) | High | 25.05 ± 3.19 b | 26.06 ± 4.15 a | 26.17 ± 3.92 a |
Low | 27.78 ± 3.59 a | 27.33 ± 4.94 a | 27.87 ± 4.83 a | |
Grain length-to-width ratio | High | 1.62 ± 0.03 b | 1.62 ± 0.02 b | 1.66 ± 0.04 a |
Low | 1.61 ± 0.03 b | 1.62 ± 0.05 b | 1.68 ± 0.03 a | |
Grain protein content (%) | High | 7.29 ± 0.02 a | 7.28 ± 0.05 a | 7.04 ± 0.07 b |
Low | 6.88 ± 0.09 a | 6.61 ± 0.12 a | 6.46 ± 0.16 a | |
Amylose content (%) | High | 17.23 ± 0.49 a | 16.81 ± 0.37 a | 16.91 ± 0.37 a |
Low | 16.44 ± 0.18 a | 15.98 ± 0.38 a | 16.12 ± 0.38 a | |
Cooking taste value | High | 62.71 ± 1.22 b | 65.76 ± 1.20 b | 65.4 ± 1.17 a |
Low | 64.18 ± 1.21 b | 67.51 ± 1.23 a | 66.35 ± 1.19 a |
Trait | Fertilizer Model | High Yield | Intermediate Yield | Low Yield | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Primary branch | Branch number | High | 11.88 ± 3.36 b | 12.51 ± 2.38 a | 12.86 ± 3.39 a |
Low | 11.64 ± 2.35 b | 12.21 ± 2.01 ab | 12.59 ± 2.48 a | ||
Setting rate (%) | High | 96.26 ± 3.36 a | 94.75 ± 4.39 b | 94.40 ± 4.36 b | |
Low | 96.25 ± 4.44 a | 95.11 ± 3.59 a | 93.83 ± 4.01 a | ||
1000-grain weight (g) | High | 26.52 ± 1.77 a | 26.63 ± 1.68 a | 24.89 ± 1.58 b | |
Low | 26.28 ± 1.86 b | 27.42 ± 1.63 a | 25.59 ± 1.78 b | ||
Secondary branch | Branch number | High | 30.06 ± 4.91 a | 26.48 ± 3.84 b | 25.91 ± 2.79 b |
Low | 26.27 ± 3.80 a | 26.39 ± 3.68 a | 23.39 ± 3.21 b | ||
Setting rate (%) | High | 74.09 ± 2.25 a | 70.07 ± 2.83 b | 70.42 ± 2.15 b | |
Low | 77.3 ± 3.35 a | 74.72 ± 2.94 b | 75.04 ± 2.28 b | ||
1000-grain weight (g) | High | 23.59 ± 0.92 a | 22.72 ± 0.69 b | 22.32 ± 0.38 b | |
Low | 24.89 ± 0.96 a | 22.96 ± 0.78 b | 21.73 ± 0.66 b | ||
Panicle length (cm) | High | 17.67 ± 2.11 a | 16.7 ± 3.15 b | 16.09 ± 3.35 b | |
Low | 16.62 ± 1.21 a | 16.39 ± 1.14 a | 14.79 ± 2.29 b | ||
Spikelet density/10 cm | High | 89.98 ± 8.73 a | 84.44 ± 5.69 b | 82.55 ± 6.51 b | |
Low | 84.53 ± 4.69 a | 80.46 ± 4.57 b | 78.23 ± 3.38 b | ||
Panicle type index | High | 0.45 ± 0.01 b | 0.47 ± 0.01 a | 0.45 ± 0.01 b | |
Low | 0.47 ± 0.01 a | 0.43 ± 0.01 c | 0.46 ± 0.01 b |
Traits | Fertilizer Model | High Cooking Taste | Intermediate Cooking Taste | Low Cooking Taste |
---|---|---|---|---|
Panicle number | High | 15.93 ± 3.34 b | 16.28 ± 2.41 b | 17.6 ± 1.93 a |
Low | 15.65 ± 1.41 a | 15.55 ± 2.33 a | 14.97 ± 1.62 a | |
Number of grains per panicle | High | 142.43 ± 12.68 c | 153.09 ± 10.88 a | 152.59 ± 12.47 b |
Low | 130.81 ± 15.46 a | 138.13 ± 13.79 a | 135.25 ± 12.54 a | |
Setting rate (%) | High | 84.96 ± 2.59 a | 81.43 ± 2.53 b | 79.85 ± 2.41 c |
Low | 89.02 ± 2.49 a | 84.05 ± 1.88 b | 84.65 ± 1.27 b | |
Grain weight (g) | High | 24.91 ± 1.47 a | 24.69 ± 0.99 a | 24.47 ± 0.46 a |
Low | 25.84 ± 0.88 a | 24.38 ± 0.76 b | 24.12 ± 0.95 c | |
Yield kg/hm2 | High | 9483.55 ± 278.42 b | 9526.66 ± 289.23 a | 9653.6 ± 277.86 a |
Low | 8429.31 ± 264.23 b | 8652.34 ± 275.95 a | 8602.04 ± 265.62 a |
Traits | Fertilizer Model | High Cooking Taste | Intermediate Cooking Taste | Low Cooking Taste |
---|---|---|---|---|
Brown rice rate (%) | High | 76.68 ± 4.49 a | 75.76 ± 1.24 a | 73.52 ± 3.66 a |
Low | 78.74 ± 3.29 a | 81.28 ± 4.49 a | 81.13 ± 2.46 a | |
Polish rice rate (%) | High | 54.74 ± 2.66 b | 58.67 ± 2.81 a | 54.47 ± 1.95 b |
Low | 60.95 ± 1.85 a | 60.75 ± 1.85 a | 57.23 ± 1.74 b | |
Chalky rice percentage (%) | High | 25.12 ± 3.19 b | 24.11 ± 4.12 c | 26.48 ± 3.23 a |
Low | 27.32 ± 3.39 b | 28.72 ± 4.41 a | 26.92 ± 4.36 b | |
Grain length-to-width ratio | High | 1.54 ± 0.07 c | 1.57 ± 0.05 b | 1.65 ± 0.10 a |
Low | 1.59 ± 0.11 c | 1.66 ± 0.05 a | 1.63 ± 0.05 b | |
Grain protein content (%) | High | 6.84 ± 0.05 b | 7.16 ± 0.13 ab | 7.57 ± 0.17 a |
Low | 6.57 ± 0.09 b | 6.81 ± 0.23 a | 6.82 ± 0.18 a | |
Amylose content (%) | High | 16.33 ± 3.62 a | 16.22 ± 4.61 a | 16.06 ± 3.55 a |
Low | 17.71 ± 2.33 a | 16.77 ± 4.36 a | 16.46 ± 3.38 a | |
Cooking taste value | High | 63.28 ± 0.66 a | 63.74 ± 1.67 a | 61.26 ± 1.86 b |
Low | 70.87 ± 0.71 a | 64.32 ± 0.64 b | 62.22 ± 0.42 c |
Traits | Fertilizer Model | High Cooking Taste | Intermediate Cooking Taste | Low Cooking Taste | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Primary branch | Branch number | High | 13.29 ± 1.49 a | 12.25 ± 1.23 a | 12.36 ± 1.41 a |
Low | 12.32 ± 1.17 b | 12.37 ± 1.11 b | 13.12 ± 1.23 a | ||
Setting rate (%) | High | 92.31 ± 0.28 a | 91.70 ± 0.95 a | 90.73 ± 0.34 a | |
Low | 95.83 ± 0.26 a | 94.01 ± 0.63 ab | 93.04 ± 0.42 b | ||
1000-grain weight (g) | High | 25.84 ± 1.28 a | 25.19 ± 1.27 a | 24.39 ± 0.61 b | |
Low | 26.83 ± 0.69 a | 26.53 ± 0.52 a | 25.25 ± 0.47 b | ||
Secondary branch | Branch number | High | 25.83 ± 3.28 b | 28.62 ± 3.11 a | 28.32 ± 3.32 a |
Low | 23.71 ± 2.45 a | 24.46 ± 3.38 a | 24.64 ± 2.35 a | ||
Setting rate (%) | High | 76.54 ± 1.86 a | 72.88 ± 1.37 b | 69.41 ± 1.31 b | |
Low | 82.52 ± 1.71 a | 76.22 ± 1.43 b | 74.55 ± 1.55 b | ||
1000-grain weight (g) | High | 24.88 ± 0.84 a | 24.09 ± 0.43 a | 22.23 ± 0.62 b | |
Low | 25.99 ± 1.47 a | 22.06 ± 1.23 b | 22.16 ± 0.34 b | ||
Panicle length (cm) | High | 17.36 ± 3.16 a | 17.83 ± 2.01 a | 15.42 ± 3.11 b | |
Low | 16.53 ± 2.27 a | 16.42 ± 1.35 a | 16.35 ± 0.81 a | ||
Spikelet density/10 cm | High | 83.29 ± 7.57 b | 87.14 ± 8.64 b | 90.64 ± 8.71 a | |
Low | 80.61 ± 6.52 b | 87.88 ± 7.65 a | 82.45 ± 6.55 b | ||
Panicle type index | High | 0.47 ± 0.01 a | 0.45 ± 0.01 b | 0.43 ± 0.01 c | |
Low | 0.48 ± 0.01 a | 0.46 ± 0.01 b | 0.44 ± 0.01 c |
Cultivars | Growth Days (d) | Plant Height (cm) | Tiller Ability | Panicle Type | Breeding Institution |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beijing 1 | 154 | 105.0 | Intermediate | Erect | Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China |
Beijing 2 | 155 | 106.4 | Strong | Erect | Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China |
Beijing 3 | 154 | 101.4 | Strong | Erect | Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China |
Beijing 1501 | 159 | 104.9 | Moderate | Semi-erect | Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China |
Beijing 1604 | 152 | 103.6 | Strong | Erect | Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China |
Shendao 47 | 155 | 105.0 | Strong | Semi-erect | Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China |
Liaojing 1415 | 155 | 104.6 | Moderate | Semi-erect | Liaoning Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China |
Liaojing 401 | 158 | 105.2 | Intermediate | Erect | Liaoning Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China |
Liaojing 399 | 154 | 110.1 | Moderate | Erect | Liaoning Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China |
Liaojing 212 | 158 | 110.1 | Intermediate | Erect | Liaoning Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China |
Tiejing 7 | 156 | 91.1 | Moderate | Erect | Tieling Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tieling, Liaoning, China |
Tiejing 11 | 159 | 100.9 | Strong | Semi-erect | Tieling Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tieling, Liaoning, China |
Tiejing 20 | 155 | 103.4 | Strong | Semi-erect | Tieling Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tieling, Liaoning, China |
Jindao 108 | 156 | 105.4 | Strong | Erect | Panjin North Agricultural Technology Development Co., Ltd., Panjin, Liaoning, China |
Jindao 201 | 157 | 92.9 | Strong | Erect | Panjin North Agricultural Technology Development Co., Ltd., Panjin, Liaoning, China |
Jindao 104 | 159 | 94.5 | Strong | Erect | Panjin North Agricultural Technology Development Co., Ltd., Panjin, Liaoning, China |
Yanjing 765 | 156 | 100.1 | Strong | Semi-erect | Liaoning Institute of Saline-alkali Land Utilization, Panjin, Liaoning, China |
Yanjing 662 | 157 | 97.6 | Strong | Erect | Liaoning Institute of Saline-alkali Land Utilization, Panjin, Liaoning, China |
Fuhe 5 | 156 | 100.0 | Moderate | Semi-erect | Liaoning Dong-A Seed Industry Co., Ltd., Shenyang, Liaoning, China |
Meifengdao 669 | 154 | 108.8 | Moderate | Semi-erect | Liaoning Dong-A Seed Industry Co., Ltd., Shenyang, Liaoning, China |
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Yan, B.; Jiang, X.; Xu, Z.; Chen, W.; Cheng, X.; Xu, H. Analysis of Erect-Panicle Japonica Rice in Northern China: Yield, Quality Status, and Quality Improvement Directions. Plants 2024, 13, 926. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13070926
Yan B, Jiang X, Xu Z, Chen W, Cheng X, Xu H. Analysis of Erect-Panicle Japonica Rice in Northern China: Yield, Quality Status, and Quality Improvement Directions. Plants. 2024; 13(7):926. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13070926
Chicago/Turabian StyleYan, Bingchun, Xinmei Jiang, Zhengjin Xu, Wenfu Chen, Xiaoyi Cheng, and Hai Xu. 2024. "Analysis of Erect-Panicle Japonica Rice in Northern China: Yield, Quality Status, and Quality Improvement Directions" Plants 13, no. 7: 926. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13070926