Habitat Degradation Facilitates the Invasion of Neophytes: A Resurvey Study Based on Permanent Vegetation Plots in Oak Forests in Slovenia (Europe)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Patterns of Neophyte Occurrence
2.2. Changes in Richness and Cover of Neophytes
2.3. Neophytes in Relation to Tree Layer Cover and Soil Disturbance
2.4. Species Response Curves
3. Discussion
3.1. Oak Mortality Promotes the Spread of Neophytes
3.2. Importance of Soil Disturbance and Moisture Conditions
3.3. Impatiens parviflora and Other Frequent Neophytes
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Area
4.2. Sampling Design and Vegetation Survey
4.3. Definition of Neophytes
4.4. Data Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Survey 1992/93 | Resurvey 2023 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Presence | Mean Cover (%) | Presence | Mean Cover (%) | |
Impatiens parviflora | 0 | 0 | 14 | 5.1 |
Solidago gigantea | 0 | 0 | 12 | 7.2 |
Erechtites hieraciifolia | 0 | 0 | 7 | 1.6 |
Erigeron annuus | 0 | 0 | 6 | 7.5 |
Impatiens glandulifera | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4.8 |
Epilobium ciliatum | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1.8 |
Veronica persica | 3 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.5 |
Conyza canadensis | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1.4 |
Bidens frondosa | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0.5 |
Phytollaca americana | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.5 |
Oxalis fontana | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.5 |
Pinus strobus | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.5 |
Duchesnea indica | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.5 |
Juglans nigra | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.5 |
Matricaria discoidea | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.5 |
Parthenocissus quinquefolia | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.5 |
Populus × canadensis | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.5 |
Robinia pseudacacia | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.5 |
Solidago canadensis | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.5 |
Quercus rubra | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.5 |
Species | Survey 1992/93 | Resurvey 2023 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Presence | Mean Cover (%) | Presence | Mean Cover (%) | |
Conyza canadensis | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.5 |
Erigeron annuus | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.5 |
Galinsoga parviflora | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.5 |
Robinia pseudacacia | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.5 |
Solidago canadensis | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.5 |
Solidago gigantea | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.5 |
Spiraea japonica | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.5 |
Ecological Factor | Impatiens parviflora | Solidago gigantea |
---|---|---|
Tree layer cover | 41.9 ** | 52.5 *** |
Disturbance severity | 50.7 *** | 61.7 *** |
Disturbance frequency | 53.9 *** | 64.3 *** |
Soil disturbance | 56.2 *** | 51.5 *** |
Light—relative change | 40.5 *** | 68.0 *** |
Temperature—relative change | 2.9 ns | 1.5 ns |
Moisture—relative change | 21.5 * | 49.1 *** |
Nutrients—relative change | 8.2 ns | 5.5 ns |
Site | Latitude, Longitude | Elevation (m a.s.l.) | Dominant Tree Species (% in Growing Stock 1990s) | Study Period |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. Krakovski gozd | 45.8819, 15.4159 | 150 | Quercus robur (70.5%) | 1992–2023 |
2. Cigonca | 46.3633, 15.5816 | 260 | Quercus robur (80.1%) | 1992–2023 |
3. Hraščica | 46.6439, 16.2780 | 180 | Quercus robur (83.7%) | 1992–2023 |
4. Dobrava | 45.9426, 15.6520 | 160 | Quercus robur (87.2%) | 1993–2023 |
5. Polom | 45.7483, 14.8616 | 370 | Quercus robur (77.5%) | 1992–2023 |
6. Bojanci | 45.4938, 15.2671 | 280 | Quercus petraea (98.4%) | 1992–2023 |
7. Panovec | 45.9492, 13.6750 | 140 | Quercus petraea (95.4%) | 1992–2023 |
8. Bukovnica | 46.6996, 16.3251 | 230 | Quercus petraea (82.3%) | 1993–2023 |
9. Pišece | 46.0128, 15.6538 | 470 | Quercus petraea (78.1%) | 1993–2023 |
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Kermavnar, J.; Kutnar, L. Habitat Degradation Facilitates the Invasion of Neophytes: A Resurvey Study Based on Permanent Vegetation Plots in Oak Forests in Slovenia (Europe). Plants 2024, 13, 962. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13070962
Kermavnar J, Kutnar L. Habitat Degradation Facilitates the Invasion of Neophytes: A Resurvey Study Based on Permanent Vegetation Plots in Oak Forests in Slovenia (Europe). Plants. 2024; 13(7):962. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13070962
Chicago/Turabian StyleKermavnar, Janez, and Lado Kutnar. 2024. "Habitat Degradation Facilitates the Invasion of Neophytes: A Resurvey Study Based on Permanent Vegetation Plots in Oak Forests in Slovenia (Europe)" Plants 13, no. 7: 962. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13070962