Plants

19 pages, 1083 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genomic and Phytochemical Diversity Across a Collection of Snake Melon Landraces

by Maria-Dimitra Tsolakidou, Anastasia Markou, Angelos C. Kyratzis, Anastasios Kotsiras, Costas Delis, Konstadinos Mattas, Andreas Katsiotis and Nikolaos Nikoloudakis

Plants 2025, 14(19), 2989; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14192989 - 26 Sep 2025

Abstract

Snake melons have been present for a millennia, despite their present limited use, and host a large degree of genetic and phytochemical diversity. The current study evaluated the genomic and biochemical diversity of Snake melon landraces of Cypriot and Greek origin, revealing significant [...] Read more.

Snake melons have been present for a millennia, despite their present limited use, and host a large degree of genetic and phytochemical diversity. The current study evaluated the genomic and biochemical diversity of Snake melon landraces of Cypriot and Greek origin, revealing significant degrees of genetic and mineral/phytochemical variation. Landraces showed a high potential for improving nutritional quality and a possible contribution to stress resilience. Whole-genome analysis highlighted a high degree of SNPs, InDels, SVs, and CNVs, especially in genotypes like Atzouri and ARI001024, indicating that functional variants influence phenotypic/chemical diversity. Biochemical profiling demonstrated great differences in the concentration of pigments, antioxidants, and minerals, with ARI001024 and ARI00894 exhibiting elevated levels of nutrients/phytochemicals. Hierarchical clustering and PCA analyses established relationships among traits, and reinforced the concept that these genotypes may offer valuable genetic resources for breeding programs under climate-resilient production schemes, emphasizing the need for conservation and further genomic characterization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Genetic and/or Metabolic Diversity of Traditional Crop Varieties)

22 pages, 7843 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Transcriptome–Metabolome Analysis Reveals the Flavonoids Metabolism Mechanism of Maize Radicle in Response to Low Temperature

by Yi Dou, Wenqi Luo, Yifei Zhang, Wangshu Li, Chunyu Zhang, Yanjie Lv, Xinran Liu and Song Yu

Plants 2025, 14(19), 2988; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14192988 - 26 Sep 2025

Abstract

The Northeast region in China is a major maize-producing area; however, low-temperature stress (TS) limits maize (Zea mays L.) seed germination, affecting population establishment and yield. In order to systematically explore the regulation mechanism of maize radicle which is highly sensitive to [...] Read more.

The Northeast region in China is a major maize-producing area; however, low-temperature stress (TS) limits maize (Zea mays L.) seed germination, affecting population establishment and yield. In order to systematically explore the regulation mechanism of maize radicle which is highly sensitive to low-temperature environment response to TS, seeds of ZD958 and DMY1 were used to investigate germination responses under 15 °C (control) and 5 °C (TS) conditions. Phenotypic, physiological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses were conducted on the radicles after 48 h of TS treatment. TS caused reactive oxygen species (ROS) imbalance and oxidative damage in radicle cells, inhibiting growth and triggering antioxidant defenses. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that flavonoid metabolism may play a pivotal role in radicle responses to TS. Compared with the control treatment, ZD958 and DMY1 under TS treatment significantly increased (p < 0.01) the total flavonoid content, total antioxidant capacity, 4-coumarate-CoA ligase activity, and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase activity by 15.99% and 16.01%, 18.41% and 18.54%, 63.54% and 31.16%, and 5.09% and 7.68%, respectively. Despite genotypic differences, both followed a shared regulatory logic of “low-temperature signal-driven—antioxidant redirection—functional synergy.” This enabled ROS scavenging, redox balance, and antioxidant barrier formation, ensuring basal metabolism and radicle development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)

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15 pages, 1496 KB

Open AccessArticle

Innovative Hydroponic Culture of Alkanna tinctoria (L.) Tausch: An Approach Towards Sustainable Extraction Process from Plant Roots

by Elodie Bossard, Annalisa Cartabia, Ismahen Lalaymia, Nikolaos Tsafantakis, Nektarios Aligiannis, Ioanna Chinou, Stéphane Declerck and Nikolas Fokialakis

Plants 2025, 14(19), 2987; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14192987 - 26 Sep 2025

Abstract

Alkanna tinctoria (L.) Tausch is a valuable medicinal plant known for its root-derived hydroxynaphthoquinone enantiomers, alkannin/shikonin (A/S), which exhibit significant pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical potential. However, its limited natural distribution and overharvesting pose conservation challenges, necessitating sustainable cultivation and extraction strategies. The application of [...] Read more.

Alkanna tinctoria (L.) Tausch is a valuable medicinal plant known for its root-derived hydroxynaphthoquinone enantiomers, alkannin/shikonin (A/S), which exhibit significant pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical potential. However, its limited natural distribution and overharvesting pose conservation challenges, necessitating sustainable cultivation and extraction strategies. The application of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NaDESs) has garnered significant attention as sustainable alternatives to conventional solvents. However, their toxicity in living plant systems remains largely unexplored. This study presents the successful establishment of an ex situ hydroponic cultivation system using the nutrient film technique (NFT) to grow A. tinctoria under greenhouse conditions. The system promoted plant acclimatization, vigorous root development, and initial production of A/S derivatives. In parallel, the toxicity evaluation of a bio-based NaDES, LeG_5_20 (levulinic acid–glucose, 5:1, with 20% water), applied as a circulating medium, was assessed. Physiological stress responses of the plants to NaDES circulation were assessed through non-destructive measurements, including stomatal resistance, photosynthetic and transpiration rates, and sub-stomatal CO₂ concentration. Short-term (24 min) exposure to NaDES showed no significant adverse effects, while longer exposures (4–8 h) induced marked stress symptoms and loss of leaf area. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of integrating green hydroponic systems with eco-friendly extraction solvents and provide a framework for further optimization of plant age, solvent exposure time, and system design to enable sustainable metabolite recovery without plant destruction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology and Metabolism)

17 pages, 5712 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tubulin Cytoskeleton Organization in Cells of Determinate Nodules in Vigna radiata, Vigna unguiculata, and Lotus corniculatus

by Anna B. Kitaeva, Pyotr G. Kusakin, Artemii P. Gorshkov, Anna V. Tsyganova and Viktor E. Tsyganov

Plants 2025, 14(19), 2986; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14192986 - 26 Sep 2025

Abstract

Tubulin cytoskeleton rearrangements play an important role in the cell differentiation of symbiotic nodules in legumes. However, the organization of the tubulin cytoskeleton has been investigated only for four legume species forming determinate nodules (with limited nodule meristem activity). In this study, microtubule [...] Read more.

Tubulin cytoskeleton rearrangements play an important role in the cell differentiation of symbiotic nodules in legumes. However, the organization of the tubulin cytoskeleton has been investigated only for four legume species forming determinate nodules (with limited nodule meristem activity). In this study, microtubule organization was studied in three species (Vigna radiata, V. unguiculata, and Lotus corniculatus) with determinate nodules using confocal laser scanning microscopy and quantitative analyses. Histological organization in young nodules of V. radiata and V. unguiculata resembled the recently reported zonation in young nodules of Glycine max. In addition, bacteroids in nodules of these species were significantly enlarged compared to free-living bacteria. Organization of endoplasmic and cortical microtubules in young infected cells and uninfected cells and that of cortical microtubules in nitrogen-fixing cells demonstrated general patterns for determinate nodules, whereas endoplasmic microtubules in nitrogen-fixing cells showed species-specific patterns. Thus, the presence of both general and species-specific patterns of tubulin cytoskeleton organization was confirmed in determinate nodules. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms of Legume–Rhizobium Symbiosis)

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19 pages, 1541 KB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Destructive Estimation of Leaf Size and Shape Characteristics in Advanced Progenies of Coffea arabica L. from Intraspecific and Interspecific Crossing

by Carlos Andres Unigarro, Aquiles Enrique Darghan, Daniel Gerardo Cayón Salinas and Claudia Patricia Flórez-Ramos

Plants 2025, 14(19), 2985; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14192985 - 26 Sep 2025

Abstract

Non-destructive measurement of leaf size based on leaf length and/or width is a simple, economical, and precise methodology. Leaf morphometric indicators were measured on 55 coffee progenies obtained from intraspecific and interspecific crosses. The estimation of parameters in the models and the testing [...] Read more.

Non-destructive measurement of leaf size based on leaf length and/or width is a simple, economical, and precise methodology. Leaf morphometric indicators were measured on 55 coffee progenies obtained from intraspecific and interspecific crosses. The estimation of parameters in the models and the testing of hypotheses related to these were performed. The relationships between leaf width and length, the ellipticity index, and leaf size were subsequently analyzed with a partitioning algorithm. The groups were then compared using Hotelling’s T² test. In coffee, the Montgomery model allowed for an adequate estimation of leaf size for each progeny, hybridization type, and grouped data. An α value of 0.67000 for the Montgomery model was consistent. This finding indicates that it is a suitable model for both individual and groups of progenies. The model based on the “principle of similarity” was found to be suitable only on a per-progeny basis. Certain characteristics, such as the leaf width-to-length ratio, ellipticity index, and leaf size, modify the parameter fit to inherent values. Similarly, leaves with a higher width-to-length ratio were the most elliptical for coffee, according to the groupings found. The estimation of coffee leaf size improves if the selected model considers whether they come from specific progenies or groups of progenies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management, Development, and Breeding of Coffea sp. Crop)

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19 pages, 3835 KB

Open AccessArticle

Drainage Recycling Ratio Influences Yield, Fruit Quality, and Antioxidant Properties of Korean Strawberry ‘Seolhyang’

by Minkyung Kim, M. G. Rabbani, Youngae Jeong, Mewuleddeg Zebro, Jeonghyeon Baek and Ki-Young Choi

Plants 2025, 14(19), 2984; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14192984 - 26 Sep 2025

Abstract

Closed hydroponic systems for strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) are infrequently used because the crop is highly sensitive to salt accumulation and prone to root diseases, resulting in yield reduction. This study investigated semi-closed hydroponic systems using various drainage recycling ratios (30%, [...] Read more.

Closed hydroponic systems for strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) are infrequently used because the crop is highly sensitive to salt accumulation and prone to root diseases, resulting in yield reduction. This study investigated semi-closed hydroponic systems using various drainage recycling ratios (30%, 50%, and 70% of drainage EC) to determine their impact on yield, fruit quality, and antioxidant properties. Recycling at moderate levels (30–50%) effectively maintained ionic balance, particularly with respect to K/N and K/Ca ratios, which enabled stable yields and increased fruit weight similar to the control (open hydroponic system) group. Conversely, a high recycling ratio (70%) led to ionic imbalances—characterized by increased K/N ratios and higher concentrations of Na⁺, Cl⁻, and SO₄²⁻—that were associated with decreased fruit size. Measures of antioxidant capacity, such as total phenol and flavonoid content, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and DPPH activity, were not significantly influenced by the recycling ratio alone. Nevertheless, the relatively elevated antioxidant activity observed at the 70% recycling level indicates a mild ionic and osmotic stress response likely caused by increased salt concentration. Changes related to the cropping system season, rather than ion variations from recycling, exerted a stronger influence on antioxidant accumulation. In summary, moderate drainage recycling facilitates optimal fruit production without negatively affecting quality, while excessive recycling may increase antioxidant activity but leads to reduced yields. The results provide practical recommendations for optimizing nutrient reuse in semi-closed strawberry hydroponic systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Effects on Nutrient Composition and Pharmaceutical Properties of Various Plants)

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22 pages, 4638 KB

Open AccessArticle

Implementation of a Tunnel System for Scaling-Out High-Quality Cassava Planting Material

by Jazmín Vanessa Pérez-Pazos, Deimer Fuentes-Cassiani, Sol-Mara Regino, Jorge-Luis García, Nilson Osorio, Amaury Espitia, Hernando Araujo, Roosevelt H. Escobar and Amparo Rosero

Plants 2025, 14(19), 2983; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14192983 - 26 Sep 2025

Abstract

The production of high-quality cassava planting material is a key strategy for mitigating the spread of pests and diseases. To promote the adoption of such strategies by farmers, it is essential to strengthen local capacities through knowledge transfer and the incorporation of innovative [...] Read more.

The production of high-quality cassava planting material is a key strategy for mitigating the spread of pests and diseases. To promote the adoption of such strategies by farmers, it is essential to strengthen local capacities through knowledge transfer and the incorporation of innovative technologies, such as tunnels for rapid propagation (TxRPs), which have been successfully implemented in various international contexts. This study appraised the performance of four industrial cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) varieties—Corpoica Tai, Corpoica Belloti, Corpoica Ropain, and Corpoica Sinuana—under tunnel conditions at two locations on the Caribbean coast of Colombia. Planting material consisted of mini-cuttings (7–9 months old) with three buds. Five successive harvest cycles were assessed by measuring key growth parameters, including plant height, leaf number, SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) chlorophyll index, leaf area, and biomass (dry weight and nutrient content). Environmental conditions within the tunnels, such as temperature and humidity, were regulated to promote rapid sprouting and accelerated growth of the cuttings. However, sprouting, vigor, and overall growth performance varied by variety. All four cassava varieties produced high-quality cuttings (>20 mm in diameter and >6 leaves), suitable for further seedling propagation. Cutting vigor increased across cycles, with productivity rising from over 60 cuttings/m² in the first cycle to more than 180 cuttings/m² by the fifth. Substrate mixtures enhanced both physical and chemical soil properties, depending on the source (CRT or CBL). The addition of coco peat or sand effectively minimized environmental impacts by preventing substrate compaction. The findings demonstrate the potential of tunnel-based systems to accelerate the production of high-quality cassava planting material, supporting improved productivity and sustainability in cassava cultivation for both farmers and industry stakeholders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Improvement of Cassava)

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18 pages, 6191 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Diversity of Ovule Development in the Novel Rice Mutant ShuangLi Using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy

by Shuaipeng Zhao, Chunhong Wu, Yuanyuan Hao, Jikun Xu, Jian Li and Qunce Huang

Plants 2025, 14(19), 2982; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14192982 - 26 Sep 2025

Abstract

Low energy N⁺ ion beam implantation has been used to create the novel rice mutant “shuangli”, which produces partially fertile spikelets containing double grains. Abnormal ovule development is a major cause of partial fertility and grain diversity in rice mutants. [...] Read more.

Low energy N⁺ ion beam implantation has been used to create the novel rice mutant “shuangli”, which produces partially fertile spikelets containing double grains. Abnormal ovule development is a major cause of partial fertility and grain diversity in rice mutants. To elucidate the developmental mechanism of ovule diversity in shuangli, ovules undergoing development were stained using eosin Y and H33342 and observed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Different developmental abnormalities were observed in the ovary, embryo sac, and ovule. Abnormal development was observed in 35.18% of the ovary structures, primarily manifesting as “tumor” like cell clusters, “false ovaries”, stamen degeneration, and double ovaries. In the embryo sac, abnormal development occurred in about 17.35% of the megaspore cells, including the formation of three nuclei, two daughter cells of asynchronously divided dyads, multiple megaspore tetrads, and “narrow and elongated” cavities. At the female gametogenesis stage, the abnormal development rate was 27.53%, mainly involving the degeneration of the central polar nucleus, egg apparatus, antipodal cell mass, or female germ unit. In shuangli, abnormal development occurred in 28.06% of the ovule structures, including lateral tissue, nucellar tissue, double ovules and double embryo sacs. Of the observed lateral tissues, 8.27% did not differentiate into sexual reproductive tissue, which affected the fertilization of the embryo sac, leading to atrophy and degeneration. A new abnormal tissue similar to the inner integument was found on both sides of the nucellar tissue, and the two specialized nucellar tissues appeared to have “staggered” growth within a single ovary. Of the examined ovules, 10.79% exhibited different types of double ovules, including heart-shaped, “anatropous”, “conjoined” structures. However, the double ovules typically developed synchronously, explaining the production of different sizes of the two grains in shuangli. In addition, “double” embryo sacs from two “twinborn” nucelli were found in one ovule, and the frequency of “double” embryo sacs was 3.60%. Therefore, ovule development diversity may result in fertilization or gradual degeneration after fertilization, explaining the lower fertility of shuangli at the embryological level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology and Metabolism)

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4 pages, 162 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Nutrient Requirements and Fertilizer Management Strategies in Plant Cultivation

by Lin Tang

Plants 2025, 14(19), 2981; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14192981 - 26 Sep 2025

Abstract

Essential plant nutrients are fundamental to plant growth and reproduction, and deficiencies in any of them can disrupt or even halt the plant growth cycle [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient Requirements and Fertilizer Management Strategies in Plant Cultivation)

21 pages, 5352 KB

Open AccessArticle

Geranyl Diphosphate Synthases GDS 1 and GDS7 Facilitate Natural Rubber Biosynthesis in Taraxacum kok-saghyz Roots

by Baoqiang Wang, Boxuan Yuan, Guoen Ao, Xiaoyou Wu, Fengyan Fang, Shiqi Long and Shugang Hui

Plants 2025, 14(19), 2980; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14192980 - 26 Sep 2025

Abstract

Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin, an important rubber-producing plant, has emerged as a potential alternative crop for the natural rubber industry. Geranyl diphosphate synthase (GDS) catalyzes the condensation of dimethylallyl pyrophosphate and isopentenyl pyrophosphate into geranyl pyrophosphate in the mevalonate pathway in plants. However, its [...] Read more.

Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin, an important rubber-producing plant, has emerged as a potential alternative crop for the natural rubber industry. Geranyl diphosphate synthase (GDS) catalyzes the condensation of dimethylallyl pyrophosphate and isopentenyl pyrophosphate into geranyl pyrophosphate in the mevalonate pathway in plants. However, its specific functions in natural rubber biosynthesis in T. kok-saghyz remain unclear. Methods: We conducted genome-wide analyses of TkGDS genes, followed by transient transformation assay, expression profiling, natural rubber quantification, and analysis of T. kok-saghyz photosynthesis. Results: Seven TkGDS genes are located on chromosomes A6 and A7 with an uneven distribution. All encoded TkGDS proteins contain FARM and SARM motifs. TkGDS1, TkGDS2, and TkGDS7 possess lspA domains, while TkGDS3, TkGDS4, TkGDS5, and TkGDS6 contain PLN02890 domains; both subgroups share similar domain architecture. TkGDS1, TkGDS2, and TkGDS7 exhibit interspecies collinearity with Arabidopsis thaliana; no intraspecies collinearity was detected. The putative cis-acting elements in promoter region of TkGDS genes mainly comprised abscisic acid responsiveness, anaerobic induction, light responsiveness, and MeJA responsiveness. Transient expression assays confirmed chloroplast localization of all TkGDS proteins. A strong positive correlation was observed between TkGDS1/TkGDS7 expression and natural rubber content, as confirmed by both transcriptome and qPCR analyses in T. kok-saghyz lines. Furthermore, overexpression of TkGDS1 and TkGDS7 improved photosynthetic efficiency and significantly increased natural rubber content (OE-TkGDS1: 6.08 ± 0.16%; OE-TkGDS7: 5.62 ± 0.32%; WT: 4.76 ± 0.28%). Conclusions: Our study elucidates the role of GDS1 and GDS7 in promoting growth and latex content, offering a genetic strategy for enhancing rubber accumulation in T. kok-saghyz. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Molecular Biology)

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17 pages, 1829 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Alkaline Salt Stress on Photosynthetic Activities of Potato Plants (Solanum tuberosum L.)

by Congang Shen, Wenhui Yang, Yichen Kang, Shuhao Qin, Weina Zhang, Yuhui Liu, Siyuan Qian and Yuchen Han

Plants 2025, 14(19), 2979; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14192979 - 26 Sep 2025

Abstract

Land salinization severely limits the development of agriculture, and the growing global population poses a serious challenge to food security. As an abiotic stress factor limiting photosynthesis in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), alkaline salt stress significantly impacts their photosynthetic activity. In this [...] Read more.

Land salinization severely limits the development of agriculture, and the growing global population poses a serious challenge to food security. As an abiotic stress factor limiting photosynthesis in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), alkaline salt stress significantly impacts their photosynthetic activity. In this study, potted seedlings of the ‘Atlantic’ variety were planted in the pots. Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) was incorporated into the dry soil within the pots at four distinct concentration levels: 0 mmol/L, 20 mmol/L, 40 mmol/L, and 60 mmol/L. The findings indicated that at a concentration of 60 mmol/L, the initial fluorescence (Fo) exhibited its peak value. At this concentration, NaHCO₃ stress induced a significant decline in several parameters: variable fluorescence (Fv), the chlorophyll fluorescence ratio (Fv/Fm), dark-adapted maximum fluorescence (Fm), the Fv/Fo ratio, and overall plant performance. Compared to the control CK, the values of Fv, Fv/Fm, Fm, and Fv/Fo decreased by 42.36%, 20.44%, 54.1%, and 61.97%, respectively. At a stress concentration of 60 mmol/L, NaHCO₃ stress exhibited a more pronounced inhibition of chlorophyll synthesis. Under T3 treatment at this stress concentration, the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll a/b were significantly lower than the control group (CK), decreasing by 46.29%, 54.3%, and 48.56%, respectively. The T2 treatment showed the next most pronounced reduction, with levels 33.26%, 45.75%, and 36.79% lower than CK, respectively. After a brief increase in the intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci) in photosynthetic gas exchange, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and transpiration rate (Tr) decreased significantly with the gradual increase in concentration and prolongation of time. The expression levels of genes related to some subunits of photosystem II and photosystem I were down-regulated under stress, while the expressions of genes related to Fd and FNR were also down-regulated to varying degrees. In this study, photosynthetic activities such as fluorescence parameters, chlorophyll content, and photosynthetic gas exchange were measured, along with 16 key photosynthetic genes of potato plants. The aim was to explore the effects of alkaline salt stress on potato photosynthesis and its related mechanisms. The research outcomes contribute to a better understanding of potato’s adaptive responses to alkaline stress, potentially informing future efforts in crop improvement and saline agriculture management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Systems-Level Understanding of Plant Adaptation to Abiotic Stress: Physiological and Biochemical Perspectives)

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14 pages, 1771 KB

Open AccessArticle

Efficient Tissue Culture Method Based on Clustered Bud Proliferation for Producing High-Quality Arundo donax Seedlings

by Jialin Guo, Mingchen Yu, Wei Li, Gangqiang Cao, Luyue Zhang, Weiwei Chen, Zhengqing Xie, Gongyao Shi, Fang Wei and Baoming Tian

Plants 2025, 14(19), 2978; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14192978 - 25 Sep 2025

Abstract

For its rapid growth, high yield, and broad adaptability, Arundo donax is widely used in various applications, yielding considerable economic and ecological benefits. However, widespread cultivation is challenging because A. donax can only be propagated asexually. In this study, a tissue culture method [...] Read more.

For its rapid growth, high yield, and broad adaptability, Arundo donax is widely used in various applications, yielding considerable economic and ecological benefits. However, widespread cultivation is challenging because A. donax can only be propagated asexually. In this study, a tissue culture method was developed using the clustered bud proliferation pathway. The explant type, disinfection method, induction medium, proliferation medium, and rooting medium were optimized to efficiently harvest high-quality A. donax seedlings. Using axillary buds with whole cane fragments as the most suitable explants, they were first sterilized with 75% alcohol for 30 s and then disinfected with 0.1% mercuric chloride for 5 min. 97.8% of explants could successfully form clustered buds on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 5.0 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) and 1.0 mg/L 3-indolebutyric acid (IBA). Each individual bud achieved efficient propagation with a proliferation coefficient as high as 33.3 on MS medium supplemented with 4.0 mg/L 6-BA and 1.0 mg/L IBA. In addition, all buds were capable of rooting on 1/2 MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The resultant rooted seedlings survived and developed into plantlets, averaging 44.84 cm in height and 2.54 mm in thickness, following a 30-day acclimation period. This protocol provides a robust foundation for the large-scale, high-quality propagation of A. donax, supporting its broader application in ecological restoration and bioresource industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Development and Morphogenesis)

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19 pages, 1192 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Leaf Anatomy of Balkan Representatives of Gentiana L. Sect. Ciminalis (Adans.) Dum. (Gentianaceae): Implications for Species Delimitation

by Žarko Mladenović, Nevena Kuzmanović, Dmitar Lakušić and Danilo Stojanović

Plants 2025, 14(19), 2977; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14192977 - 25 Sep 2025

Abstract

The present study investigates the leaf anatomical traits of representatives of Gentiana section Ciminalis in the Balkan Peninsula, focusing on the ecologically and geographically vicariant species Gentiana acaulis, G. clusii, and G. dinarica. These species are distributed across a variety [...] Read more.

The present study investigates the leaf anatomical traits of representatives of Gentiana section Ciminalis in the Balkan Peninsula, focusing on the ecologically and geographically vicariant species Gentiana acaulis, G. clusii, and G. dinarica. These species are distributed across a variety of mountainous habitats, including calcareous and siliceous rocky grounds, and exhibit pronounced morphological similarities that have led to misidentifications in the past. In order to address the challenges in species delimitation, a comparative analysis of leaf anatomical traits was performed on cross-sections of ten rosette leaves from each population. Statistical data analyses were conducted on 18 morphometric traits. A range of statistical techniques were used to assess variability and identify important discriminating traits, including descriptive statistics, principal component analysis, and discriminant analysis. The results indicate that the species can be distinguished based on leaf anatomy, particularly mesophyll thickness and number of cells that contain calcium oxalate crystals. The leaf of G. acaulis has a smaller mesophyll thickness (mean value: 164.31 μm), G. dinarica a larger mesophyll thickness (mean value: 365.85 μm), while G. clusii lies between these two (mean value: 305.35 μm). Crystal-containing cells are most abundant in G. clusii, where they are distributed throughout the entire leaf mesophyll; followed by G. dinarica, where the distribution of these cells are mainly in the upper half of the leaf; while they are sparse or absent in G. acaulis. These results suggest that leaf anatomy is a valuable diagnostic tool for distinguishing taxa within the section Ciminalis of the genus Gentiana. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Systematics, Taxonomy, Nomenclature and Classification)

25 pages, 8285 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiling of Sugar Transport Protein Response to Fusarium Head Blight in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

by Yongjiang Liu, Jianfeng Sha, Suhong Zhang, Yawen Sun, Zhiruo Hu, Haigang Ma and Hongxiang Ma

Plants 2025, 14(19), 2976; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14192976 - 25 Sep 2025

Abstract

Fusarium head blight (FHB) negatively affects wheat yield and quality worldwide. As wheat varieties differ in terms of their resistance to FHB, the identification of FHB-resistant genes is of great importance for the genetic improvement for FHB resistance in wheat breeding. Although sugar [...] Read more.

Fusarium head blight (FHB) negatively affects wheat yield and quality worldwide. As wheat varieties differ in terms of their resistance to FHB, the identification of FHB-resistant genes is of great importance for the genetic improvement for FHB resistance in wheat breeding. Although sugar transporter proteins (STPs) play vital roles in plant–pathogen interactions, the functions of STP genes in wheat FHB resistance remain poorly understood. In this study, bioinformatics analyses were conducted to identify novel STP genes and characterize their expression profiles in wheat. We confirmed the presence of the 81 TaSTP genes previously reported and identified one additional member, designated as TaSTP6-2D. Based on RNA-seq profiles, 50 TaSTP genes that showed differential expression under biotic or abiotic stress were selected to explore the potential function in the resistance to Fusarium head blight. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that 11 TaSTP genes (TaSTP1-2D, TaSTP3-2A, TaSTP3-2B, TaSTP6-2A, TaSTP6-2B, TaSTP13-4B, TaSTP13-4D, TaSTP19-4A, TaSTP26-5A, TaSTP28-3A and TaSTP28-3D) were differential expressed following the treatment with chitin, Fusarium graminearum or deoxynivalenol. Among them, TaSTP26-5A showed a 28-fold upregulation to chitin in “Yangmai 158” compared to a 6-fold change in “Fielder”. These findings establish a foundation for understanding the function of TaSTP genes in FHB resistance and provide potential genetic targets for improving disease resistance in wheat. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Gene Mining, New Technology Development, and New Variety Creation for Crop Improvement)

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14 pages, 1016 KB

Open AccessArticle

Response Patterns and Mechanisms of Seed Germination and Mortality of Common Plants in Subalpine Wet Meadows to In Situ Burial

by Suyao Yuan, Haijun Cui, Yuzhen Liu, Weifeng Song, Junbao Yu, Jie Li, Xuyan Zhao, Xiaoyan Wei, Xiaoting Bi, Putao Zhang, Tingting Wang and Jingyuan Pu

Plants 2025, 14(19), 2975; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14192975 - 25 Sep 2025

Abstract

The effects of different storage conditions on seed germination and mortality may exhibit species-specific patterns. Burial serves as a natural seed storage mechanism, and its impact on seed germination and mortality holds critical implications for understanding the formation mechanisms of soil seed banks [...] Read more.

The effects of different storage conditions on seed germination and mortality may exhibit species-specific patterns. Burial serves as a natural seed storage mechanism, and its impact on seed germination and mortality holds critical implications for understanding the formation mechanisms of soil seed banks and the restoration of vegetation. Seed size is closely related to storage conditions, as it affects the ease with which seeds penetrate the soil, thereby potentially influencing their germination and mortality responses to those storage conditions. This study used 12 common plant species from a subalpine wet meadow. Employing in situ unheated storage as the control and in situ burial at a 15 cm depth (for seven months) as the experimental treatment, we aimed to explore the effects of burial on seed germination and survival, as well as the underlying mechanisms, in relation to seed size. The results showed the following: (1) Compared with the control, the burial treatment significantly increased the germination rates of four species (burial-promoted germination type), while no significant effect was observed on the germination of the remaining eight species (burial-insensitive germination type); it significantly increased the mortality rate of two species (survival-inhibited type), significantly decreased the mortality rate of four species (survival-promoted type), and had no significant impact on the mortality rate of the remaining six species (survival-insensitive type). (2) Seed size exhibited significant negative correlations with both post-burial germination rates and mortality rates under control conditions, while showing a significant positive correlation with the magnitude of mortality change. The species-specific responses of seed germination and mortality to storage conditions, and their close association with seed size, represent products of long-term plant evolution. This study provides important insights for understanding the mechanisms of soil seed bank formation and offers valuable guidance for vegetation restoration practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology and Metabolism)

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28 pages, 1310 KB

Open AccessReview

Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Agriculture: Integrating Biotechnology, Microbiology, and Novel Delivery Systems for Sustainable Agriculture

by Bruno B. Navarro, Mauricio J. Machado and Antonio Figueira

Plants 2025, 14(19), 2974; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14192974 - 25 Sep 2025

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) is the primary macronutrient that supports global agriculture. The Haber–Bosch process revolutionized the use of synthetic N fertilizers, enabling significant increases in crop yield. However, N losses from fertilization led to negative impacts on the environment. Improving crops’ N use efficiency [...] Read more.

Nitrogen (N) is the primary macronutrient that supports global agriculture. The Haber–Bosch process revolutionized the use of synthetic N fertilizers, enabling significant increases in crop yield. However, N losses from fertilization led to negative impacts on the environment. Improving crops’ N use efficiency (NUE) has been constrained by the limited understanding of N uptake and assimilation mechanisms, and the role of plant–microbe interactions. Among biological approaches, N fixation by cover crops and rhizobia symbioses represents a cornerstone strategy for improving NUE. The adoption of plant growth-promoting bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi may enhance N acquisition by increasing root surface, modulating phytohormone levels, and facilitating nutrient transfer. Advances in plant molecular biology have identified key players and regulators of NUE (enzymes, transporters, and N-responsive transcription factors), which enhance N uptake and assimilation. Emerging biotechnological strategies include de novo domestication by genome editing of crop wild relatives to combine NUE traits and stress resilience back into domesticated cultivars. Additionally, novel fertilizers with controlled nutrient release and microbe-mediated nutrient mobilization, hold promise for synchronizing N availability with plant demand, reducing losses, and increasing NUE. Together, these strategies form a multidimensional framework to enhance NUE, mitigate environmental impacts, and facilitate the transition towards more sustainable agricultural systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nitrogen Nutrition in Plants)

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24 pages, 18107 KB

Open AccessArticle

Time-Course Transcriptome, Metabolome, and Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis Reveal the Roles of the OsBELH4A Gene in Regulating Leaf Senescence and Grain Yield of Rice

by Ruyi Zheng, Tianyu Chen, Jianjian Li, Chengcheng Hu, Zhiming Yu, Zhanghui Zeng, Zhehao Chen, Lilin Wang, Taihe Xiang and Xiaoping Huang

Plants 2025, 14(19), 2973; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14192973 - 25 Sep 2025

Abstract

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the major food crops. Yield and quality are affected by premature leaf senescence, a complex and tightly regulated developmental process. To elucidate the molecular regulatory mechanism controlling rice leaf senescence, the integrative transcriptome, metabolome and [...] Read more.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the major food crops. Yield and quality are affected by premature leaf senescence, a complex and tightly regulated developmental process. To elucidate the molecular regulatory mechanism controlling rice leaf senescence, the integrative transcriptome, metabolome and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of flag leaves in five development stages (FL1–FL5) was performed. In this study, a total of 9412 differential expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. To further mine DEGs related to leaf senescence, a total of five stage-specific modules were characterized by WGCNA. Among them, two modules displayed continuous down-regulated and up-regulated trends from stages FL1 to FL5, which were considered to be highly negatively and positively correlated with the senescence trait, respectively. GO enrichment results showed that the genes clustered in stage-specific modules were significantly enriched in a vast number of senescence-associated biological processes. Furthermore, large numbers of senescence-related genes were identified, mainly participating in transcription regulation, hormone pathways, degradation of chlorophyll, ROS metabolism, senescence-associated genes (SAGs), and others. Most importantly, a total of 40 hub genes associated with leaf senescence were identified. In addition, the metabolome analysis showed that a total of 309 differential metabolites (DMs) were identified by WGCNA. The integrative transcriptome and metabolome analysis identified a key hub gene OsBELH4A based on the correlation analysis conducted between 40 hub genes and 309 DMs. The results of function validation showed that OsBELH4A overexpression lines displayed delayed leaf senescence, and significantly increased grain number per plant and grain number per panicle. By contrast, its knockout lines displayed premature leaf senescence and reduced grain yield. Exogenous hormone treatment showed that OsBELH4A significantly responded to SA and auxin. These findings provide novel insights into leaf senescence, and further contribute to providing genetic resources for the breeding of crops resistant to premature senescence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Yield Improvements Through Genetic and Biological Breeding)

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17 pages, 2360 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Electromagnetically Treated Water (EMTW) on the Properties of Water and Photosynthetic Performance of Spinacia oleracea L.

by Lyubka Koleva-Valkova, Ignat Ignatov, Fabio Huether, Bojin Bojinov, Kiril Marinkov, Teodora P. Popova, Alexander I. Ignatov, Yordan G. Marinov and Mario T. Iliev

Plants 2025, 14(19), 2972; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14192972 - 25 Sep 2025

Abstract

The applications of electromagnetic (EM) field treatment on water in agriculture have garnered increasing attention as a sustainable method to enhance plant growth, water-use efficiency, and metabolic performance. A growing body of evidence suggests that exposure to EM fields can affect water molecules, [...] Read more.

The applications of electromagnetic (EM) field treatment on water in agriculture have garnered increasing attention as a sustainable method to enhance plant growth, water-use efficiency, and metabolic performance. A growing body of evidence suggests that exposure to EM fields can affect water molecules, possibly by influencing hydrogen bonding dynamics, the structuring of water clusters, and electrokinetic properties of the water molecules. These alterations are thought to correlate with plant physiological performance. The methodology of the study was divided into two parts. The first part focused on the preparation of electromagnetically treated water. The second part involved applying this treated water to spinach plants. The present study investigates the physiological responses of Spinacia oleracea L. to irrigation with electromagnetically treated water (EMTW), focusing on elucidating the potential mechanisms that may underlie the observed effects. EMTW was generated using a solenoid-based system operating in dual-frequency ranges (100–1000 Hz and 10–100 kHz), which has been previously shown to influence both the microbiological and electrokinetic properties of aqueous systems. To evaluate the structural and functional implications of EMTW, a combined methodological approach was employed, integrating proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) spectroscopy, density functional theory (DFT) modeling of water hydrogen bonds and clusters, and comprehensive plant physiological assessments. Plants were cultivated under both controlled and field conditions to assess consistency across environmental settings. Physiological measurements demonstrated that EMTW irrigation increased photosynthetic rate by ~80%, transpiration by 49–67%, stomatal conductance by 78–129%, intercellular CO₂ concentration by 42–80%, and chlorophyll content by 9.3–9.5% compared to control samples. Additionally, phenoloc and flavonoid contents were elevated by 7.4% and 7.6%, respectively, in field-grown plants. These enhancements were statistically significant (p < 0.001 or p < 0.01) under both laboratory and field conditions, confirming the robustness of the observed effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology and Metabolism)

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21 pages, 2336 KB

Open AccessArticle

Conserved and Divergent Phytochemical Profiles in Native and Micropropagated Micromeria croatica (Pers.) Schott: An LC-HRMS Study Across Solvent Extracts

by Svetlana M. Tošić, Marija Ilić, Ljubica Svilar, Jelena Nikolić, Milan Mitić, Violeta Mitić and Vesna P. Stankov Jovanović

Plants 2025, 14(19), 2971; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14192971 - 25 Sep 2025

Abstract

Micromeria croatica (Pers.) Schott is a Balkan endemic of the Lamiaceae family, valued for its aromatic and medicinal properties, but it is threatened by its limited natural distribution. Micropropagation offers a sustainable method for securing biomass and provides material for chemical studies. In [...] Read more.

Micromeria croatica (Pers.) Schott is a Balkan endemic of the Lamiaceae family, valued for its aromatic and medicinal properties, but it is threatened by its limited natural distribution. Micropropagation offers a sustainable method for securing biomass and provides material for chemical studies. In this work, we present the first LC-HRMS profiling of extracts (in methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane) obtained from both native and micropropagated plants. A total of 29 metabolites were identified. A diverse spectrum of secondary metabolites was identified, including phenolic acids (gallic acid monohydrate, vanillic acid, trans-cinnamic acid), flavonoids (luteolin-7-O-rutinoside, diosmetin-7-O-glucoside, kaempferol-O-rutinoside, eriocitrin), and terpenoids (ursolic acid, tanshinone I, riligustilide). The analysis revealed that all compounds detected in native plants were also present in micropropagated material, demonstrating the preservation of the characteristic phytochemical profile in vitro. Moreover, several compounds, such as apigenin, apigenin-7-O-glucuronide, isomaltopaeoniflorin, and methoxylated flavones, were found exclusively in micropropagated samples, indicating that tissue culture may enhance the chemical diversity of the species. Ethyl acetate extracts showed the highest degree of overlap between native and in vitro plants, whereas methanol and hexane extracts contained a greater number of unique metabolites in micropropagated material. This first comprehensive phytochemical report on M. croatica highlights the importance of micropropagation as a sustainable strategy for conserving rare species while ensuring a reliable source of bioactive metabolites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemistry)

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22 pages, 7309 KB

Open AccessArticle

Population Genomics and Genetic Diversity of Prosopis cineraria in the United Arab Emirates: Insights for Conservation in Arid Ecosystems

by Anestis Gkanogiannis, Salama Rashed Almansoori, Maher Kabshawi, Mohammad Shahid, Saif Almansoori, Hifzur Rahman and Augusto Becerra Lopez-Lavalle

Plants 2025, 14(19), 2970; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14192970 - 25 Sep 2025

Abstract

Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce is a keystone tree species in the arid and semi-arid regions of West and South Asia, with critical ecological, cultural, and conservation significance. In the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and other regions of the Arabian Peninsula, this beneficial tree [...] Read more.

Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce is a keystone tree species in the arid and semi-arid regions of West and South Asia, with critical ecological, cultural, and conservation significance. In the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and other regions of the Arabian Peninsula, this beneficial tree is called Ghaf. Despite its importance, genomic resources and population-level diversity data for the tree remain limited. Here, we present the first comprehensive population genomics study of Ghaf based on whole-genome resequencing of 204 individual trees collected across the UAE. Following Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) discovery and stringent filtering, we analyzed 57,183 high-quality LD-pruned SNPs to assess population structure, diversity, and gene flow. Principal component analysis (PCA), sparse non-negative matrix factorization (sNMF), and discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) revealed four well-defined genetic clusters, broadly corresponding to geographic origins. The genetic diversity varied significantly among the groups, with observed heterozygosity (Ho), inbreeding coefficients (F), and nucleotide diversity (

π

) showing strong population-specific trends. Genome-wide fixation index F_ST scans identified multiple highly differentiated genomic regions, enriched for genes involved in stress response, transport, and signaling. Functional enrichment using Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Pfam annotations indicated overrepresentation of protein kinase activity, ATP binding, and hormone signaling pathways. TreeMix analysis revealed gene flow into one of the genetic clusters from both others, suggesting historical admixture and geographic connectivity. This work provides foundational insights into the population genomic profile of P. cineraria, supporting conservation planning, restoration strategies, and long-term genetic monitoring in arid ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Plants)

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18 pages, 3447 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Deep Shading on Agronomic Traits, Coloration, and Antioxidant Properties in Sweetpotato Leaves

by Yang Lu, Jian Wang, Yizhao Chen, Jingjing Li, Zengrui Li, Sunjeet Kumar, Zhixin Zhu, Yong-Hua Liu and Guopeng Zhu

Plants 2025, 14(19), 2969; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14192969 - 25 Sep 2025

Abstract

The vegetable sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is a novel, specialized type, cultivated for its tender stems and leaves, which are rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds. To clarify its growth adaptation to weak light conditions often encountered during cultivation, this study examined [...] Read more.

The vegetable sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is a novel, specialized type, cultivated for its tender stems and leaves, which are rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds. To clarify its growth adaptation to weak light conditions often encountered during cultivation, this study examined the impact of 70% shading on 12 representative cultivars from 4 leaf color types. Agronomic traits, color, and nutritional and antioxidant properties were assessed in both young and mature leaves. Shading promoted leaf expansion, plant height, and vine length, but reduced stem thickness and dry-matter content. Leaf shape shifted from lobed to more cordate, with the foliage becoming darker green and lighter red due to elevated chlorophylls and reduced anthocyanins. Shading generally reduced soluble protein, sugar, cellulose, total phenols, flavonoids, and total antioxidant capacity. Antioxidant capacity correlated most strongly with soluble sugar and dry-matter content, followed by total phenols and flavonoids. Gene expression analysis of key light- and leaf color-related genes revealed up-regulation of chlorophyll genes and down-regulation of anthocyanin genes under shading, with light-responsive genes potentially affected by pigment feedback. These results elucidate the sweetpotato’s adaptive responses to deep shading and provide valuable guidance for optimized cultivation and breeding of vegetable sweetpotato in light-limited environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Light on Plant Growth and Development)

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18 pages, 7433 KB

Open AccessArticle

Priming with Porcine Blood Polypeptide Enhances Salt Tolerance in Wheat Seedlings

by Yong Shen, Yanling Ma, Yiming Yuan, Meitian Dong, Yanan Wang, Jilong Zhou, Jinpeng Yang, Yang Guo, Weiwei Guo, Huifang Wang, Yumei Zhang and Ximei Li

Plants 2025, 14(19), 2968; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14192968 - 25 Sep 2025

Abstract

Porcine blood polypeptide (PBP) has been reported to play roles in plant growth. However, its functions in alleviating salt stress in wheat remain unclear. The present study was conducted to investigate the physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying the effects of PBP on wheat [...] Read more.

Porcine blood polypeptide (PBP) has been reported to play roles in plant growth. However, its functions in alleviating salt stress in wheat remain unclear. The present study was conducted to investigate the physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying the effects of PBP on wheat salt tolerance. Morphological analysis showed that PBP-primed seedlings exhibited improved growth performance, significantly greater biomass accumulation, and enhanced root system development. Physiological assessments showed that primed seedlings displayed higher values of Pn, Gs, Tr, Fv/Fm, Fv′/Fm′, Φ_PSII, and NPQ, along with increased contents of total chlorophyll, Pro, TSS, and RWC. In addition, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including SOD, CAT, POD, and APX, were significantly elevated, whereas the levels of H₂O₂, O₂⁻, MDA, and REC were significantly reduced. PCA indicated that antioxidant enzyme activity, osmotic regulation, and ROS accumulation were the major factors associated with the PBP-mediated salt stress response. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis suggested that exogenous PBP might enhance wheat salt tolerance by coordinately modulating multiple molecular mechanisms. Taken together, this study broadens the potential applications of PBP by demonstrating its capacity to improve wheat salt tolerance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cell Physiology and Stress Adaptation of Crops)

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16 pages, 28542 KB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Targeted Metabolomics and Network Pharmacology Reveal Bioactive Metabolites and the Medicinal Potential of Three Ornamental Camellia Flowers

by Yali Zhang, Jianhua Zhang, Yani Wu, Yin Wu, Wenjiao Guo and Chunshan You

Plants 2025, 14(19), 2967; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14192967 - 24 Sep 2025

Abstract

The genus Camellia offers valuable resources for tea production, oil extraction, and ornamental purposes, and its applications are expanding beyond traditional regions due to increasing human demands and advancements in research. To explore new therapeutic resources and identify key active metabolites, we conducted [...] Read more.

The genus Camellia offers valuable resources for tea production, oil extraction, and ornamental purposes, and its applications are expanding beyond traditional regions due to increasing human demands and advancements in research. To explore new therapeutic resources and identify key active metabolites, we conducted a non-targeted metabolomics analysis on three camellias. We also utilized network pharmacology to identify the potential targets of key metabolites involved in anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiviral effects. A total of 385 significantly different metabolites were identified, with organic acids and derivatives, lipids and lipid-like molecules, and phenylpropanoids and polyketides being the top three metabolite classes. Of the 71 different phenylpropanoids and polyketides identified, 54 were common across all three cultivars, while 17 were unique. Network pharmacology further identified 78 potential molecular targets associated with the four therapeutic activities under study. Seven flavonoid glycosides, two flavans, two biflavonoids/polyflavonoids, and one flavone were highlighted as key active metabolites. Notably, Camellia japonica ‘Kōshi’ emerged as a promising material for future applications. The key active ingredients may contribute to the development of novel approaches for cosmetic, food, and medicinal applications, as well as germplasm innovation for new functional camellias. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity of Natural Products—2nd Edition)

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36 pages, 1124 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Potential Therapeutic and Medicinal Applications of Four Invasive Non-Native Plant Species: A PRISMA-Guided Systematic Review of PubMed Studies

by Ingrid Nădășan, Mihai Babotă, Aura Rusu and Corneliu Tanase

Plants 2025, 14(19), 2966; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14192966 - 24 Sep 2025

Abstract

Invasive non-native plant species are of ecological concern globally, as they may negatively affect biodiversity, the economy, and human health. At the same time, invasive non-native plants comprise an underutilised biomass that contains valuable natural bioactive compounds, which could find various biomedical applications [...] Read more.

Invasive non-native plant species are of ecological concern globally, as they may negatively affect biodiversity, the economy, and human health. At the same time, invasive non-native plants comprise an underutilised biomass that contains valuable natural bioactive compounds, which could find various biomedical applications and potential medicinal uses. In this paper, we aimed to systematically review the published data surrounding four selected invasive non-native plant species in a medical and therapeutic context. The search was conducted using PubMed and PRISMA guidelines, and strict criteria were employed to provide a thorough framework for the study selection process. After rigorous screening of the 53 selected articles, we were able to summarise the main findings and current knowledge regarding the valorisation opportunities for the selected plants in a medical context and to identify research gaps and highlight further research opportunities. Finally, we concluded that the selected invasive non-native plant species may provide valuable services in the biomedical field if the focus of future research is concentrated on their potential applicability in clinical settings. Furthermore, the valorisation of invasive non-native plant species may prove to be a viable strategy for controlling their spread. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemistry)

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15 pages, 3427 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Characterization of the Von Willebrand Factor a Gene Family in Wheat: Highlights Their Functional Roles in Growth and Biotic Stress Response

by Luna Tao, Zheng Yang, Kai Han, Chao Ma, Yueming Ren, Ranran Jia, Huanhuan Li, Qianwen Liu, Yue Zhao and Wenxuan Liu

Plants 2025, 14(19), 2965; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14192965 - 24 Sep 2025

Abstract

Von Willebrand factor A (vWA) genes play important roles in regulating plant growth and development, as well as biotic stresses. However, limited data are available on the contributions of vWA genes to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In this study, 114 TavWA genes [...] Read more.

Von Willebrand factor A (vWA) genes play important roles in regulating plant growth and development, as well as biotic stresses. However, limited data are available on the contributions of vWA genes to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In this study, 114 TavWA genes were identified in the wheat genome, which were unevenly distributed on 21 chromosomes. According to the phylogenetic analysis, the 114 TavWAs were classified into six groups, two of which (G3 and G6) were unique to wheat. Fifty-five homoeologous gene sets among A, B, and D sub-genomes were detected, which play a crucial role in the expansion of the wheat vWA gene family. Analysis of specific spatiotemporal expression patterns showed that more than 50% of TavWAs (61 out of 114) exhibited tissue-specific expression. These included 71 TavWAs that responded to one or more of the four biotic stress treatments (flg22, chitin, powdery mildew, and stripe rust). Notably, these included TavWA1-7D, a recently reported key growth regulator in wheat, suggesting its additional role in biotic stress responses. RT-qPCR analysis indicated that eight genes (TavWA1-7D, TavWA24-2B, TavWA36-1D, TavWA37-7D, TavWA40, TavWA47, TavWA51, and TavWA53) may play important roles in wheat’s powdery mildew resistance. Collectively, the results of this study provide significant insights for future research on the involvement of vWA genes in the development and stress responses of wheat. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wheat Breeding for Disease Resistance)

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16 pages, 1811 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Pollen Limitation and Pollinators’ Contribution in Soybean (Glycine max)

by Silvio Eugenio Castillo, Roxana Aragón and Natacha Chacoff

Plants 2025, 14(19), 2964; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14192964 - 24 Sep 2025

Abstract

Soybean (Glycine max) is a predominantly self-pollinating crop; however, its flowers exhibit traits associated with insect pollination. While several studies report yield benefits from floral visitation, others suggest little or no effect, and few have assessed pollen limitation through direct hand-pollination [...] Read more.

Soybean (Glycine max) is a predominantly self-pollinating crop; however, its flowers exhibit traits associated with insect pollination. While several studies report yield benefits from floral visitation, others suggest little or no effect, and few have assessed pollen limitation through direct hand-pollination experiments. Here, we assess pollinator contribution and pollen limitation through two manipulative common garden experiments using different soybean cultivars. First, we assessed the contribution of pollinators by comparing reproductive variables between caged (pollinator excluded) and open-pollinated plants over two growing seasons. Second, we supplemented flowers with cross-pollen to test for pollen limitation, evaluating pollen-tube growth, pod set, seed number per pod, and seed weight. Pollinator exclusion did not significantly reduce total pod or seed production per plant, but open pollination increased seed set (seeds per flower) by ~16%. In contrast, hand supplementation substantially improved reproductive success at the flower level, tripling pod set probability and increasing seed number per pod by 40%. Additionally, both open-pollinated and hand-pollinated flowers exhibited higher pollen-tube growth relative to autonomous selfing. These findings highlight that even in largely self-compatible crops like soybean, additional pollen input can enhance reproductive success and help bridge the gap between the ecological and agronomic dimensions of pollination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Pollen Management and Assisted Pollination Techniques in Crop Plants)

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19 pages, 2814 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Genetic Mapping and BSR-Seq Analysis to Identify Candidate Genes Controlling Fruitfulness in Camellia sinensis

by Shizhuo Kan, Dandan Tang, Wei Chen, Yuxin Gu, Shenxin Zhao, Lu Long, Jing Zhang, Xiaoqin Tan, Liqiang Tan and Qian Tang

Plants 2025, 14(19), 2963; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14192963 - 24 Sep 2025

Abstract

As nutrient allocation trade-offs occur between reproductive and vegetative development in crops, optimizing their partitioning holds promise for improving agricultural productivity and quality. Herein, we characterize the phenotypic diversity of the fruitfulness trait and identify associated genes in tea plants (Camellia sinensis [...] Read more.

As nutrient allocation trade-offs occur between reproductive and vegetative development in crops, optimizing their partitioning holds promise for improving agricultural productivity and quality. Herein, we characterize the phenotypic diversity of the fruitfulness trait and identify associated genes in tea plants (Camellia sinensis). Over three consecutive years, we monitored the fruitfulness of an F₁ hybrid population (n = 206) derived from crosses of ‘Emei Wenchun’ and ‘Chuanmu 217’. A marked variation was observed in the yield of individual plants, ranging from complete sterility (zero fruits) to exceptionally high fertility (1612 fruits). Using the high-resolution genetic linkage map and the fruitfulness data, we identified a stable major QTL designated as qFN5. To fine-map the underlying gene(s), artificial pollination experiments were conducted with extreme phenotype individuals (with the highest vs. lowest fruit numbers). Bulked segregant RNA sequencing (BSR-Seq) with ovules collected at two and seven days post-pollination (DPP) identified the genomic intervals that exhibit a high degree of overlap with qFN5. Analysis of expression dynamics combined with functional genomics data revealed a prominent candidate gene, CsETR2 (TGY048509), which encodes an ethylene receptor protein. When CsETR2 was overexpressed in Arabidopsis thaliana, the transgenic lines exhibited significantly decreased reproductive performance relative to the wild-type plants. Relative to the wild type, the transgenic lines exhibited a significant decline in several key traits: the number of effective panicles decreased by 72.5%, the seed setting rate dropped by 67.7%, and the silique length shortened by 38%. These findings demonstrate its role in regulating plant fruitfulness. Furthermore, yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assays verified that CsMYB15 (TGY110225) directly binds to the CsETR2 promoter, thus repressing its transcription. In summary, our findings expand the understanding of genetic regulation underlying fruitfulness in tea plants and provide candidate target loci for breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Tea Plant Physiology, Quality Formation, and Stress Adaptation)

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33 pages, 2767 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Superabsorbent Polymers on Growth and Pigment Allocation in Chlorella vulgaris

by Gabriella Erzsébet Szemők, László Balázs, Ákos Tarnawa, Szandra Klátyik, Gergő Péter Kovács and Zoltán Kende

Plants 2025, 14(19), 2962; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14192962 - 24 Sep 2025

Abstract

Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) are increasingly applied in agriculture to enhance soil water retention, reduce nutrient loss, and mitigate drought stress—challenges expected to intensify under global climate change. While their benefits for crop growth are well documented, much less is known about their influence [...] Read more.

Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) are increasingly applied in agriculture to enhance soil water retention, reduce nutrient loss, and mitigate drought stress—challenges expected to intensify under global climate change. While their benefits for crop growth are well documented, much less is known about their influence on free-living microorganisms. Here, we examined the effects of three SAP chemistries—potassium polyacrylate (DCM Aquaperla^®), starch-based polyacrylamide (Zeba Plus SP^®), and γ-polyglutamate (Stockosorb^® 660 Medium)—on the growth and pigment composition of Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck across three initial cell densities (22.8 × 10³, 228 × 10³, and 2.228 × 10⁶ cells/mL). Six spectral indices, derived from weekly absorbance measurements over seven weeks, were used to track biomass and pigment allocation. Nonparametric repeated-measures analysis and principal component analysis revealed strong effects of SAP type, algal density, and time. Zeba consistently maintained biomass comparable to the control while enhancing carotenoid- and xanthophyll-sensitive indices, suggesting pigment reallocation without growth suppression. Stockosorb produced intermediate responses, whereas Aquaperla frequently reduced biomass-related measures, particularly at high density. Pigment allocation was also density-dependent, with low-density cultures investing proportionally more in carotenoids. Overall, these results show that SAP–microbe interactions are strongly influenced by polymer chemistry and starting biomass, with implications for biotechnology, environmental risk assessment, and sustainable crop production systems that aim to support both algal and plant resilience under drought. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Stress Physiology and Ecophysiological Responses to Environmental Challenges)

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26 pages, 1089 KB

Open AccessReview

Phytochemicals from Brazilian Red Propolis: A Review of Their Anti-Inflammatory Potential

by Thaise Boeing, Rodolfo Moresco and Priscila de Souza

Plants 2025, 14(19), 2961; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14192961 - 24 Sep 2025

Abstract

Brazilian red propolis (BRP) has emerged as a promising source of multifunctional phytochemicals with potent anti-inflammatory activity. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the anti-inflammatory effects of BRP’s bioactive compounds, their molecular targets, and their mechanisms of action. Isolated compounds from BRP [...] Read more.

Brazilian red propolis (BRP) has emerged as a promising source of multifunctional phytochemicals with potent anti-inflammatory activity. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the anti-inflammatory effects of BRP’s bioactive compounds, their molecular targets, and their mechanisms of action. Isolated compounds from BRP (such as formononetin, biochanin A, daidzein, calycosin, medicarpin, vestitol, and neovestitol) have demonstrated the ability to modulate critical pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, including NF-κB, TLR4, JAK/STAT, and PI3K/AKT, while concurrently activating antioxidant and cytoprotective responses via the Nrf2/HO-1 axis. These effects are further supported by the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, regulation of immune cell infiltration and activation, inhibition of inflammasome components such as NLRP3, induction of autophagy, and polarization of macrophages and microglia from a pro-inflammatory (M1) to an anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype. Collectively, these findings reinforce the potential of BRP as a rich source of multifunctional phytochemicals with broad therapeutic relevance for chronic inflammation and related pathologies. Future research should address the identified knowledge gaps by employing rigorous in vitro and in vivo toxicity assessments, exploring structure–activity relationships, and leveraging advanced delivery systems to optimize bioavailability. Such methodological approaches will be essential for translating the promising biological activities of BRP compounds into clinically viable therapeutic agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products of Medicinal Plants: Isolation, Purification and Bioactivity Evaluation)

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17 pages, 2612 KB

Open AccessArticle

Harnessing Genomics of Diaporthe amygdali for Improved Control of Peach Twig Canker and Shoot Blight (TCSB)

by Silvia Turco, Federico Brugneti, Antonella Cardacino and Angelo Mazzaglia

Plants 2025, 14(19), 2960; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14192960 - 24 Sep 2025

Abstract

In recent years, symptoms of Twig Cankers and Shoot Blight (TCSB) have re-emerged in several Italian peach orchards, particularly within key production areas of the Emilia-Romagna region. The fungal pathogen Diaporthe amygdali is recognized as the primary causal agent of TCSB, leading to [...] Read more.

In recent years, symptoms of Twig Cankers and Shoot Blight (TCSB) have re-emerged in several Italian peach orchards, particularly within key production areas of the Emilia-Romagna region. The fungal pathogen Diaporthe amygdali is recognized as the primary causal agent of TCSB, leading to the rapid desiccation of shoots, flowers, leaves, and branches, often accompanied by resin exudation from cankers that appear in late winter or early spring. Given Italy’s position as the second-largest peach producer in Europe, ensuring sustainable yields and high fruit quality necessitates a deeper understanding of D. amygdali biology and the development of effective diagnostic and management tools. This study employed a hybrid whole-genome sequencing strategy, combining Illumina short-read and PacBio long-read technologies, to generate the first high-quality genome assembly of D. amygdali isolated from peach. The genome analysis revealed candidate virulence genes and other factors involved in pathogenicity, deepening our understanding of the infection strategies employed by D. amygdali. These findings may support the potential development of sustainable, effective strategies against TCSB, ultimately supporting resilient peach production in Italy and beyond. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Plant–Fungal Pathogen Interaction—2nd Edition)

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Plants, Volume 14, Issue 19 (October-1 2025) – 48 articles

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