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Review

A Study of the Different Strains of the Genus Azospirillum spp. on Increasing Productivity and Stress Resilience in Plants

by
Wenli Sun
*,†,
Mohamad Hesam Shahrajabian
† and
Na Wang
National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100086, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Plants 2025, 14(2), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020267
Submission received: 13 December 2024 / Revised: 15 January 2025 / Accepted: 16 January 2025 / Published: 18 January 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Rhizosphere Microorganisms: Plant–Microbial Interactions and Sustainable Agriculture)
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Abstract

:
One of the most important and essential components of sustainable agricultural production is biostimulants, which are emerging as a notable alternative of chemical-based products to mitigate soil contamination and environmental hazards. The most important modes of action of bacterial plant biostimulants on different plants are increasing disease resistance; activation of genes; production of chelating agents and organic acids; boosting quality through metabolome modulation; affecting the biosynthesis of phytochemicals; coordinating the activity of antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes; synthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins, vitamin C, and polyphenols; enhancing abiotic stress through cytokinin and abscisic acid (ABA) production; upregulation of stress-related genes; and the production of exopolysaccharides, secondary metabolites, and ACC deaminase. Azospirillum is a free-living bacterial genus which can promote the yield and growth of many species, with multiple modes of action which can vary on the basis of different climate and soil conditions. Different species of Bacillus spp. can increase the growth, yield, and biomass of plants by increasing the availability of nutrients; enhancing the solubilization and subsequent uptake of nutrients; synthesizing indole-3-acetic acid; fixing nitrogen; solubilizing phosphorus; promoting the production of phytohormones; enhancing the growth, production, and quality of fruits and crops via enhancing the production of carotenoids, flavonoids, phenols, and antioxidants; and increasing the synthesis of indoleacetic acid (IAA), gibberellins, siderophores, carotenoids, nitric oxide, and different cell surface components. The aim of this manuscript is to survey the effects of Azospirillum spp. and Bacillus spp. by presenting case studies and successful paradigms in several horticultural and agricultural plants.

1. Introduction

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are a group of bacteria which reside in the root zone and are able to positively affect plant growth [1,2,3,4,5]. PGPR stimulate plant growth through a variety of functions, including soil structure formation; recycling of essential elements; organic decomposition; production of true growth regulators; dissolution of mineral nutrients; stimulation of plant growth; decomposition of organic pollutants; biological control of plant and soil pathogens; stimulation of root growth; and activation of abiotic stress resistance mechanisms such as salt resistance, drought resistance, resistance to heavy metals and different pollutants at high concentrations, and low temperature tolerance [6,7,8,9,10]. PGPR include the genii of Aeromonas, Acinetobacter, Allorhizobium, Agrobacterium, Azoarcus, Arthrobacter, Azospirillum, Azorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Bacillus, Caulobacter, Burkholderia, Delftia, Chromobacterium, Frankia, Flavobacterium, Enterobacter, Mesorhizobium, Klebsiella, Paenibacillus, Micrococcus, Rhizobium, Pseudomonas, Thiobacillus, Streptomyces, and Serratia [11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19].
Azospirillum is a genus of plant growth-promoting bacteria which has been extensively studied for decades [20,21,22,23,24]. Inoculation with Azospirillum is well known in fixing atmospheric nitrogen, and it can also provide plants with phytohormones (such as indole-3-acetic acid) and improve their tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses [25,26,27]. Azospirillum is able to increase plant growth under abiotic stresses using different mechanisms, such as the production of phytohormones, osmotic adjustment, the stimulation of antioxidants, and defense strategies like pathogen-related gene expression [28,29,30]. Tarrand et al. (1979) reported that A. lipoferum CRT1 could stimulate pre-germinating or defense events, increase surface bacterial counts, lower contents of energetic primary metabolites, and improve the root surface area and photosynthetic yield in three-leaf plantlets [31]. The damaging impacts of NaCl on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings were decreased by inoculation with Azospirillum strains, and the inoculation could also induce an increase in the dry weight and grain yield of shoots under severe water salinity [32,33,34,35,36,37].
Tarrand, Krieg and Döbereiner (1978) reported that A. brasilense possessed special genes for bacteriophytochrome which could control carotenoid-independent reactions to photodynamic stress [38]. This proves the fact that, even though the bacteria are not phototrophic, they are equipped to sense and react to light [39]. Azospirillum spp. have been studied for a long time as model organisms to study mutualistic interactions between bacteria and plants, as they can improve plant growth by producing phytohormones such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The diversity of the aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) that they possess can significantly influence their ability to produce IAA [40,41]. Different strains of Azospirillum have a special ability to compete for colonization sites in the upper and lower soil regions of crops, and increase synthesis of phytohormones [42]. This review article aims to survey the effects of Azospirillum by presenting case studies and successful paradigms in different horticultural and agricultural crops.
This research examined the scientific literature from 1990 to December 2024 by conducting a bibliometric analysis of the literature published on the Web of Science database, including more than one thousand articles. The information provided was obtained from randomized control experiments, review articles, and analytical observations and studies which were gathered from various literature sources such as PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The keywords used were the Latin and common names of different agricultural and horticultural species, microbial biostimulants such as Azotobacter, Fusarium, biostimulants, phytohormones, and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. The most important benefits of Azospirillum spp. are presented in Figure 1.

2. Plant Growth Promotion

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) positively influence the development and growth of plants [43], which is an important characteristic of these bacteria [44]. Their direct growth stimulation mechanisms are related to improving the absorption of nutrients and regulating and synthesizing plant hormones [45,46]. Their indirect influence consists of a wide range of mechanisms which may suppress or prevent plant diseases [47]. Different microorganisms such as Burkholderia [48], Azotobacter [49], Rhizobium [49], Pantoea [50], Enterobacter [51], Pseudomonas [52], Bacillus [52], Microbacterium, Micrococcus [53], Stenotrophomonas [53], and Serratia [54] have been found to be wonderful agricultural growth-stimulating agents. Some microorganisms have been applied as microbial inoculants and bioinoculants to enhance crop productivity without causing contamination [55,56]. They secrete phytohormones such as gibberellins, cytokinins, and auxins which can induce changes in plant root architecture, and promote the development of adventitious roots [57,58].
Azospirillum is of the main characterized genii of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and belongs to the class of Alphaproteobacteria, order Rhodospirillales [59,60]. Some of the most important isolated species of Azospirillum are A. largimobile (Skerman et al., 1983) in grass [61], A. oryzae (Ahlb.) (Cohn, 1884) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) [62], A. lipoferum (Tarrand et al., 1979) in wheat [63], A. irakense (Khammas et al., 1991) in rice [64], A. formosense (Lin et al., 2012) in rice [65], A. thiophilum (Lavrinenko et al., 2010) in water [66], A. griseum (Yang et al., 2019) in Agua (Trichantera gigantean Nees) [67], A. oleicasticum (Wu et al., 2021) in oil [68], A. rugosum (Young et al., 2008) in contaminated soil [69], A. picis (Lin et al., 2009) in tar [70], A. fermentarium (Lin et al., 2013) in fermenter [71], A. humicireducens (Zhou et al., 2013) in microbial fuel cell [72], A. brasilense (Tarrand et al., 1979) in grass [73], A. halopraeferens (Reinhold et al., 1987) in grass [74], A. doebereinerae (Eckert et al., 2001) in grass [75], A. melinis (Peng et al., 2006) in grass [76], A. canadense (Mehnaz et al., 2007) in corn (Zea mays L.) [77], A. zeae (Mehnaz et al., 2007) in corn [78] A. palatum (Zhou et al., 2009) in soil [79], A. soli (Lin et al., 2015) in agricultural soil [80], and A. agricola (Lin et al., 2016) in agricultural soil [81]. It has been reported that Azospirillum can assist plant growth under challenging conditions such as drought, salinity, and nutrient-limited conditions through the production of different osmolytes and improved water intake [82,83,84]. Peng et al. [85] reported that A. brasilense improved the chlorophyll content and growth of Chlorella sorokiniana, and mitigated oxidative stress. Inoculation of different plants with Azospirillum strains could have positive effects under various stress conditions. For example, A. brasilense increased the fresh weight of shoots under cadmium stress in thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana L.) [86], and increased the diameter and seed yield of rosettes under drought stress [87]. A. lipoferum enhanced the root elongation and root biomass of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under cadmium stress [88], and A. brasilense increased total plant weight under salinization [89]. A. brasilense increased the root weight and root length of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) under copper stress [90], and increased the dry weight and the number of leaves of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) plants under salinization [91]. Both A. brasilense and A. lipoferum were shown to increase the total biomass and plant height of corn plants under drought stress [92,93]. A. brasilense increased the total biomass as well as root and shoot biomass of pak choi (Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis) plants under cadmium stress [94,95]. Inoculation with A. brasilense also improved the final yield of tomato plants [96] and wheat plants [97,98]. It has also been reported that the application of A. brasilense could enhance shoot height and root length of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) plants [99]. Azospirillum has also played a role in plant defense against stress factors such as hydrocarbon pollution [100,101,102,103,104,105,106], heavy metal pollution [107,108,109,110,111,112], phytopathogenic infection [113,114,115,116,117], pesticide pollution [118], and osmotic stress [119,120]. The participation of Azospirillum in the plant, defense against stress factors is shown in Table 1.

3. Azospirillum spp. Benefits and Importance

Azospirillum is a member of the family Rhodospirillaceae in the order Rhodospirillales, belonging to the class Alphaproteobacteria [121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128]. Azospirillum species are mainly soil bacteria that coevolved with vascular plants [129]. They show a versatile N- and C-metabolism, which makes them well suited to establish in the competitive environment of the rhizosphere [130]. Different plant-associated Azospirillum species have been found to show direct nitrogen fixation, drought and salt stress alleviation, phosphate solubilization, reduction of agricultural environmental effects via nitrous oxide reduction, and promotion of root development [131,132,133,134,135,136,137]. Garcia et al. [138] reported that Azospirillum brasilense Az19 was a plant-beneficial bacterium capable of protecting plants from the adverse impacts of drought. It could fix nitrogen, but the major mode of action was phytohormone production, and its inoculation gave a mean grain yield response of 10% [139,140,141,142,143,144,145]. The genes related to its activities were found to be pqq, ACC deaminase (acds), nif, and “indole” acetic acid biosynthesis genes such as ipdC, iaaM, and iaaH [146]. Sharifsadat et al. [147] found that the activity of nitrate reductase and total nitrogen content was boosted after inoculation by Azospirillum in rice plants. Sharifsadat et al. [147] also reported that after inoculation with Azospirillum spp. modified using lipid peroxidation, the amount of hydrogen peroxide, NADPH oxidase, and the activities of ferulic acid peroxidase, total nitrogen, nitrate reductase, pectinase, xylanase, mannanase, and pectin methyl esterase were improved significantly. Koul and Kochar [148] observed that A. baldaniorum Sp245 was involved in the regulation of important bacterial biological networks, and that they can regulate biofilm formation, indole acetic acid production, and polyhydroxybutyrate synthesis. A. brasilense AbV5 and AbV6 were found to increase the tolerance of maize plants to abiotic and biotic stresses, and improve shoot fresh weight, root length and the content of chlorophyll b [149]. Seed inoculation with A. brasilense can promote nitrogen leaf concentration, root mass, nitrogen in grains, and grain yield [150]. A. brasilense has been considered to be an appropriate technology for stimulating plant–soil nitrogen management which can lead to more sustainable maize production [151]. Pereyra et al. [152] reported that Azospirillum increases water status in wheat seedlings under osmotic stress, and wider xylem vessels in the coleoptiles of Azospirillum-inoculated osmotic-stressed wheat seedlings has been reported. Foliar application with Pseudomonas sp. and Azospirillum sp. in glyphosate-treated plants promoted shoot and root biomass and increased phytohormone content, photosynthetic pigments, and maize yield [153]. A correlation between mutation-induced alterations in the lipopolysaccharides of Azospirillum and bacterial activity towards wheat roots has also been reported; lipopolysaccharides, which are revealed in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, are also involved in interactions with plants [154]. In South America, A. brasilense Az39 isolated from roots of wheat, and its inoculation in maize plants was shown to result in a higher tolerance to osmotic and salt stress [155]. In one experiment, it was reported that the application of A. brasilense Sp245 had a positive influence on the node number and stem length of plum (Prunus domestica) and apple (Malus x domestica) fruits [156]. Gonzalez et al. [157] reported that A. brasilense can increase the root index, promote rhizogenesis, and reduce the undesirable impacts of NaCl in jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C. K. Schneid.) rooting. Azospirillum-inoculated lettuce seeds have shown higher vegetative growth and germination compared to non-inoculated controls after being exposed to NaCl [158]. A. brasilense FP2 is considered to be an important plant growth-promoting bacterium in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) [159]. The major characteristic of Azospirillum spp. is their capacity to release phytohormones, increase root growth, fix atmospheric nitrogen, and improve resistance to drought stress, mineral, and water uptake [160]. The production of phytohormones such as gibberellins, abscisic acid, and IAA (both in association with the plant and in the culture) is usually used to illustrate the impacts of Azospirillum spp. [161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174]. The effects of different species of Azospirillum are shown in Table 2.

4. Conclusions and Future Prospects

Biostimulants, a growing field in agriculture, hold the special potential to enhance plant growth, improve crop yields, boost resilience, and decrease the environmental effect of farming practices. Bacterial plant biostimulants are a major type of plant biostimulants which can colonize the plant rhizosphere, improve mineral and nutrient uptake in plants, control plant pathogens, enhance plant growth, and improve tolerance and resistance of plants to different types of abiotic and biotic stresses. Bacteria can interact with plants in a variety of ways due to their wide range of functions, such as their active roles in the supply of nutrients, biogeochemical cycles, improving nutrient consumer effectiveness, improving stress tolerance, induction of resistance, morphogenetic control, involvement in plant growth regulators, transient or lifelong associations, and the continuum of symbiosis. Bacterial plant biostimulants can increase productivity and improve plant growth through numerous mechanisms which include antimicrobial metabolites and different lytic enzymes; nutrient acquisition by nitrogen fixation; solubilization of insoluble minerals such as Zn, K, and P; siderophores; of course, organic acids; the action of growth regulators and stress-induced phytohormones; mitigating the adverse impacts of abiotic stress such as high soil salinity, drought, oxidative stress, extreme temperatures, and heavy metals using various modes of action; and plant defense induction procedures. The genus Azospirilum belongs to the Rhodospirillaceae family, which is basically constituted of aquatic genera. Azospirillum is capable of boosting plant growth under abiotic stresses using numerous mechanisms, such as osmotic adjustment, antioxidants, phytohormone production, and defense strategies like pathogen-related gene expression. The mode of action of Azospirillum is different depending on climate and soil conditions. The solubilization of minerals such as phosphorus and iron, and its growth promotion consists of trehalose, polyamine, and phytohormone production, as well as nitrogen fixation. In this review, we have clarified the importance of Azospirillum spp. in enhancing plant growth and increasing plant protection against negative environmental parameters. The incorporation of bacterial biostimulants in cropping systems has been revealed to be a promising technique for sustainable agriculture and ensuring food security. However, more research is needed on their mechanisms, especially the molecular procedures involved, considering parameters related to sustainable agricultural systems.

Author Contributions

W.S., writing—original draft preparation; M.H.S., writing—original draft preparation and editing; N.W., writing—original draft preparation and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Key R&D Program of China (grant no. 2024YFA0918200). This work was also supported by the Scientific Research Project of Kweichow Moutai Liquor Co., Ltd. (MTGF2023050).

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Plants 14 00267 g001
Figure 1. The most important effects of Azospirillum spp.
Figure 1. The most important effects of Azospirillum spp.
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Table 1. The participation of Azospirillum in plants, defense against stress factors.
Table 1. The participation of Azospirillum in plants, defense against stress factors.
MechanismAzospirillum StrainsKey PointsReference
Hydrocarbon pollutionA. brasilense; Azospirillum sp.Effective in microbial communities which can break down hydrocarbons. [100]
A. brasilense SR80; A. brasilense MT814302; A. brasilense MT814301; A. brasilense MT814300; A. brasilense AF411852; Azospirillum sp.Biodegrade phenol, benzoate, and crude oil. [101,102,103,104]
A. brasilense strain 11; A. brasilense Az39; Azospirillum sp.Some bacteria were found in biofilms which decompose hydrocarbons. [105,106]
Heavy metal pollutionAzospirillum sp.; A. brasilense; A. baldaniorum Tolerate lead, copper, cadmium, and arsenic. [107,108,109]
Azospirillum sp.; A. brasilense; A. baldaniorumSignificant effects on the content of photosynthetic pigments in corn in the presence of arsenic. [109]
Azospirillum sp.; A. brasilense Sp245; A. baldaniorumEffective in reducing cadmium toxicity for barley, pak choi, and Arabidopsis. [110]
Azospirillum sp.; A. brasilense; A. baldaniorumDecrease copper stress in wheat. [111]
Azospirillum sp.; A. brasilense; A. baldaniorum Sp245Reduce copper stress in cucumber.[112]
Infection of plants with phytopathogensA. brasilense Sp245; A. brasilense Sp7; Azospirillum sp. BNM64Able to biologically control phytopathogens. [113,114]
A. brasilense; Azospirillum sp. ERC2; Azospirillum sp. REC3Induction of changes in the host plant metabolism, and the synthesis of siderophores which can limit the availability of Fe to phytopathogens. [115]
A. brasilense; Azospirillum sp.Limit the development of phytopathogens via the induction of systemic resistance in plants.[116,117]
Pesticide pollutionAzospirillum sp.Degrade the pesticide Ethion. [118]
Osmotic stressA. brasilense; Azospirillum sp.The main osmolytes are glycine-betaine, soluble sugars, and prolines which can be reduced through osmotic stress. [119]
A. brasilense Sp7; Azospirillum sp.Can use osmoadaptation to increase growth and nitrogen fixation under salt stress conditions. [120]
Table 2. The effects of different species of Azospirillum on yield and yield components of various plants.
Table 2. The effects of different species of Azospirillum on yield and yield components of various plants.
PlantPlant FamilyAzospirillum SpeciesKey PointsReference
Arabidopsis
(Arabidopsis thaliana) 		BrassicaceaeA. brasilenseChanges root system architecture, leading to major transcriptional changes in nitrogen metabolism and carbon process.
Improves stiffened cell walls and peroxidase activity. 		[175]
A. brasilenseIncreases shoot fresh weight, seed yield, and rosette diameters under cadmium and drought stress.[86,87]
A. brasilense Sp245Influences the growth of plants through a mechanism involving target rapamycin. [176]
A. brasilense Sp245Increases yield and yield components. [176]
Barley
(Hordeum vulgare)		PoaceaeA. lipoferumIncreases root elongation and root biomass under cadmium stress. [88]
Basil
(Ocimum basilicum L.) 		LamiaceaeA. brasilense Sp245Its benefits on the basis of Azospirillum brasilense Sp245 were significantly associated with the synthesis of phytohormones. [112]
Candyleaf
(Stevia rebaudiana)		AsteraceaeA. brasilenseSignificant upregulation of genes accountable for the biosynthesis of steviol glycosides (UGT76G1, UGT74G1, UGT85C2, Kaurene oxidase, entKO)[177]
Cherry pulm
(Prunus cerasifera L.)		RosaceaeA. brasilense Sp245Promotes the rooting of explants. [178]
Chickpea
(Cicer arietinum L.)		FabaceaeA. lipoferum FK1Decreases the inhibitory effects of salinity through stress-related genes, antioxidant machinery, and modulating osmolytes. [179]
A. brasilense EMCC1454 Increases plant growth, and reduce chromium toxicity effects by modulating photosynthesis, antioxidant machinery, stress-related gene expression, and osmolyte production.[180,181,182]
Common bean
(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)		FabaceaeA. brasilense CDDecreases the negative effects of salt stress. [183]
A. brasilensePositively influences shoot and root dry weight. [184]
A. brasilenseIncreases grain yield, number of pods per pot, pod weight, and number of grains per pod. [185]
Coriander
(Coriandrum sativum)		ApiaceaeA. brasilenseIncreases dry weight, fresh weight, total plant fresh weight, total plant dry weight under salinization.[89]
Corn
(Zea mays L.)		PoaceaeA. brasilense AbV5/AbV6Seed inoculation can increase crude protein content, lead nitrogen content, starch content, and total sugar content of baby corn crops. [186,187]
A. brasilense Az39Increases plant growth as it has a high amount of cytokinins, auxins, and gibberellins. [188]
A. brasilense AZUnder water stress, it can promote maize root attributes. [189,190,191]
A. brasilense Az1 and Az2Inoculation with it is an ecologically and economically viable technology. [191]
A. argentinense Az19 Prevents the negative impacts of water deficits, especially at the flowering stage, on maize growth. [192]
Azospirillum sp. Sp7Increases the tolerance of seedlings to drought. [193,194]
A. lipoferum CRT1Increases yield and yield components. [195]
A. lipoferum HM053Stimulates photosynthesis and increases chlorophyll concentration. [196]
A. brasilenseInfluences seedlings at the early stages, and ultimately influence the final growth. [197]
A. brasilense Ab-V5Increases nitrogen use efficiency and improve biochemical characteristics. [198]
Cucumber
(Cucumis sativus)		CucurbitaceaeA. brasilenseUnder copper stress, it enhances root weight, root length, and root tips.[90]
Sweet corn
(Zea mays L. Saccarata) 		PoaceaeA. brasilense (LB1-1, LB1-2, LB1-3, and LB1-4)Significantly increases plant growth. [199]
Cotton
(Gossypium hirsutum) 		MalvaceaeA. brasilenseIncreases plant height, yield, total nitrogen content, and high biomass on cotton varieties (H-117, HD-123).[200]
Cowpea
(Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)		FabaceaeA. brasilense Ab-V5 and Ab-V6Improves the growth of cowpea. [201]
A. brasilenseIncreases plant biomass, grain yield, and photosynthetic pigments. [202]
Cucumber
(Cucumis sativus L.)		CucurbitaceaeA. brasilense Cd (DSM-1843)Decreases the stress signs caused by both the double Fe and Cu, Cu toxicity, and Cu deficiency, and improve the root system. [90]
A. brasilenseModulates Fe acquisition in plants by differently triggering gene transcription. [203]
A. brasilense Sp245It has been considered as a general plant root colonizer. [204]
A. brasilense Sp7, Sp7-S, and Sp245Inoculated seedlings produce greater root biomass, longer roots, and higher total phosphorus content. [205,206]
Flax
(Linum usitatissimum)		LinaceaeA. brasilenseIncreases root length, shoot length, dry weight of shoot, fresh weight of shoot, dry weight of root, and the number of leaves under salinization.[91]
Hopbush shrub
(Dodonaea viscosa L.)		SapindaceaeA. lipoferumFavorably affects plant growth parameters, stem length, root length, and stem fresh and dry weights. [207]
Jojoba
(Simmondsia chinensis L.)		SimmondsiaceaeAzospirillum sp. Az39 Induces jojoba rooting, rooting percentage, survival rate, and acclimatization. [208]
Lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L.)		AsteraceaeA. argentinense Az39Dual inoculation of Pseudmonas strain and Azospirillum significantly influences plant growth, extended root survival, and increased chemical components. [209]
A. lipoferum CRT1It has positive effects on seedlings growth. [210]
Azospirillum sp. Seed inoculation with Azospirillum improves biomass and lettuce quality of plants under salt-stress conditions. [211]
A. brasilense AbV5 and AbV6Increases cell membrane integrity index, net photosynthesis rate, relative water content, stomatal conductance, and total chlorophyll. [212]
A. brasilense AbV5 and AbV6Increases the accumulation of K, P, N, Ca, Mg, B, S, Mn, Fe, and Zn in plants. [213]
Lima bean
(Phaseolus lunatus L.)		FabaceaeA. baldaniorum Sp245Under salt stress, its inoculation can attenuate the negative impacts of salt stress, improving the growth and symbiotic performance of lima bean. [214]
Lisianthus
(Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Schinn.		GentianaceaeA. brasilense Az39Significantly increases leaf area, number of leaves, dry and fresh weight of seedlings, number and length of roots, leaves thickness, diameter of the vascular bundle, and root thickness. [215]
Maize
(Zea mays)		PoaceaeA. brasilense; A. lipoferumIncreases total biomass and plant height. [92,93]
Olive
(Olea europaea L.)		 A. baldaniorum Sp245Induces cellular activities and improve the rooting rate of cuttings. [216]
Onion
(Allium cepa L.)		AmaryllidaceaeA. brasilense 1224TSignificantly increases onion yield. [217]
Pak choi
(Brassica chinensis L.)		BrassicaceaeA. brasilensePromotes antioxidant enzyme content, shoot biomass, and reduce Cd translocation factors. [94,95]
Palisade grass
(Urochloa brizantha) 		PoaceaeA. brasilense CNPSo 2083 (Ab-V5) and CNPSo 2084 (Ab-V6)Increases growth and development of seedlings. [218]
Palmarosa
(Cymbopogon martinii)		PoaceaeA. brasilenseStimulates VAM colonization and promotes VAM spore population. [219]
Pea
(Pisum sativum L.)		FabaceaeAzospirillum spp. Er-20 Increases photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll a and b, total carotenoids, total phenolics, and chlorophyll concentrations. [220]
Pepper
(Capsicum annuum L.)		SolanaceaeAzospirillum spp. Supply a notable amount of nitrogen to pepper seedlings. [221]
A. brasilenseIncreases potential availability of nutrients for uptake, particularly for fruit quality characteristics. [222]
Proso millet
(Panicum miliaceum)		PoaceaeA. brasilense RAU-1 and RAU-2Significantly boosts the uptake of Fe and total yield. [223]
Potato
(Solanum tuberosum L.)		SolanaceaeA. lipoferum AL-3Helps potato plants resist against blight disease via induced systemic resistance as well as induced to increase the quantity of total phenolics, and defense-related enzymes such as polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia lyase. [224]
Azospirillum spp. Improves nitrogen use efficiency and enhance plant growth. [225]
Purple basil
(Ocimum basilicum L.)		LamiaceaeA. baldaniorum Sp245Strong correlation with the synthesis of phytohormones. [112]
Radish
(Raphanus sativus L.)		BrassicaceaeA. brasilense Cd DMS 1843Responsible for improving and activating some physiological mechanisms of the plant. [226]
Rice
(Oryza sativa L.)		PoaceaeAzospirillum spp. Az2 and As 5 Azospirillum spp. indicates notable higher nitrogen fixation and N2-ase activity. [227]
Azospirillum spp. Combined application of Azospirillum spp. and Azotobacter improves development and the growth of rice. [227]
Azospirillum sp. B510 Increases nitrogen uptake and plant growth, and it can be considered as a key solution for chemical-free sustainable agriculture. [228]
A. lipoferum 4BInduces the improvement of plant secondary metabolites. [229]
Azospirillum sp. B510Induces disease resistance in rice, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae. [230,231]
Azospirillum sp. B510Influences the bacterial community structure and increases transcriptomic response in roots and shoots.[232]
A. brasilense Ab-V5 and Ab-V6Combined with nitrogen fertilizer, it enhances the dry mass of the aerial part of rice and grain yield.[233]
A. brasilense; A. irakensIncreases total nitrogen and activity of nitrate reductase content.[147]
Azospirillum sp. B510 Significantly controls and improves root growth.[234]
Ryegrass
(Lolium perenne L.)		PoaceaeA. brasilense D7Increases plant growth through volatile organic compounds. [235]
Sorghum
(Sorghum bicolor L.)		PoaceaeA. brasilense SMBeneficially and positively influences the growth of sorghum. [236]
A. brasilenseHas a positive effect on root development, and the probable role of auxin in this process. [237]
A. brasilenseIt can be applied as a nitrogen fertilization strategy, and improved dry matter production. [238]
Soybean
(Glycine max (L.) Merr.)		FabaceaeA. brasilenseIts inoculation or co-inoculation can increase seed protein and plant growth of plants. [239]
A. brasilense Ab-V5 and Ab-V6Promotes grain yield and growth parameters and mitigatesthe impacts of water stress on plants. [240]
Azospirillum spp. Increases root biomass, and improved proline content. [241]
A. brasilenseIncreases nodulation, grain yield, and nitrogen fixation. [242,243]
A. brasilense Az39 Safely and appropriately increases growth and yield of soybean exposed to As.[244]
A. brasilense Ab-V5 and Ab-V6Increases grain yield and nodulation. [245]
Strawberry
(Fragaria ananassa, Duch.)		RosaceaeA. brasilense REC3 and PEC5Leads to better growth which can contribute to a sustainable agricultural practice. [246]
Sweet-potato
(Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.)		ConvolvulaceaeA. brasilensePositive influence on root yield, provides beneficial impacts on plant root association. [247]
Sugarcane
(Saccharum spp.)		PoaceaeA. brasilenseIncreases plant cane and ratoon as well as stalk yield and stalk production. [248]
A. brasilenseIncreases sugarcane productivity at the tillering and sprouting stages with high potential to improve economic and agronomic benefits. [248]
Sweet leaf
(Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni)		AsteraceaeA. brasilenseIncreases the physio-biochemical and growth of plants. [178]
Tomato
(Solanum lycopersicum L.)		SolanaceaeA. brasilense BNM65Induces higher leaf area and total biomass. [249]
Azospirillum sp. B510 Activates the innate immune system against bacterial leaf spot. [250]
A. brasilense (DSM 1843, Leibniz-Institute DMSZ, Braunschweig, Germany)Combined application with solarized manure improves root length, growth emergence, final yield, protein, and lipids in plants. [251]
A. brasilenseIncreases root biomass under salinization.[96]
Wheat
(Triticum aestivum L.)		PoaceaeA. brasilense Sp245Positive effect on yield and yield components. [252,253]
A. brasilense Sp245Increases coleoptile length, root surface, and dry and fresh weight. [254]
A. brasilense Sp245Protects seedlings from water deficiency through changes in fatty acid in roots. [255]
A. brasilense Az39 Reduces plant damages caused by stresses. [256]
A. brasilense Az39 Reduces Cd entrance into wheat roots and reduces Cd/Fe imbalance. [256]
Azospirillum spp. Increases tolerance to salinity, and influences proline accumulation, photosynthetic pigment contents, and uptake of water. [257,258,259]
Azospirillum spp. INTA Az-39 Shows more vigorous vegetative growth, with higher root and shoot dry matter accumulation. [260,261]
A. brasilenseMakes partial biological nitrogen production possible. [262]
A. brasilenseResults in higher grain yield, higher number of grains per spike, and higher crop growth rate. [263]
A. brasilense EPSInduces root growth. [264,265,266,267]
A. brasilenseImproves a thousand grain weight, grain yield per plant, plant height, spike length, and the number of grains and spikelets per spike under Arsenic stress.[97]
A. lipoferumIncreases final yield under drought stress.[98]
White clover
(Trifolium repens)		FabaceaeA. brasilenseIncreases root length and shoot height under salinization.[99]
Durum wheat (Triticum durum)PoaceaeA. brasilenseStimulates the growth of the plant, the length of roots and leaves and chlorophyll. [268,269,270,271,272]
Yellow lapacho
(Handroanthus ochraceus) 		BignoniaceaeA. brasilense Cd and Az39Leads to the highest root index, smaller number and size of stomata, and high development of dendritic trichomes. [273,274]
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Sun, W.; Shahrajabian, M.H.; Wang, N. A Study of the Different Strains of the Genus Azospirillum spp. on Increasing Productivity and Stress Resilience in Plants. Plants 2025, 14, 267. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020267

AMA Style

Sun W, Shahrajabian MH, Wang N. A Study of the Different Strains of the Genus Azospirillum spp. on Increasing Productivity and Stress Resilience in Plants. Plants. 2025; 14(2):267. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020267

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sun, Wenli, Mohamad Hesam Shahrajabian, and Na Wang. 2025. "A Study of the Different Strains of the Genus Azospirillum spp. on Increasing Productivity and Stress Resilience in Plants" Plants 14, no. 2: 267. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020267

APA Style

Sun, W., Shahrajabian, M. H., & Wang, N. (2025). A Study of the Different Strains of the Genus Azospirillum spp. on Increasing Productivity and Stress Resilience in Plants. Plants, 14(2), 267. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020267

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