Phytochemical Analysis of Tephrosia vogelii across East Africa Reveals Three Chemotypes that Influence Its Use as a Pesticidal Plant
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Status of Use of Tephrosia vogelii by Small Scale Farmers
2.2. Phytochemical Analysis of T. vogelii Leaf Samples
2.3. Frequency of T. vogelii Chemotypes.
2.4. Spatial Distribution of Plants Samples Chemotypes
2.5. Spatial Temporal Variation of Chemotype 1 in T. vogelii
2.6. Association between T.vogelii Flower Color and Chemotypes
2.7. Summary of Indicators for Chemotype Identification
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Analysis of Tephrosia Vogelii Leaf Samples
3.1.1. Samples Collection
3.1.2. Survey of Farmers Awareness on the Use of T. vogelii
3.1.3. Sample Analysis
3.2. Presentation of Data and Sampling Points
3.3. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | No. of Observations | No. of Missing Values | No. of Categories | Mode | Mode Frequency | Categories | Frequency Per Category | Rel. Frequency Per Category (%) | Proportion Per Category |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | 91 | 0 | 3 | Chemotype 1 | 67 | Chemotype 1 | 67 | 74 | 1 |
Chemotype 2 | 18 | 20 | 0 | ||||||
Chemotype 3 | 6 | 7 | 0 | ||||||
Kenya | 57 | 0 | 3 | Chemotype 1 | 44 | Chemotype 1 | 44 | 77 | 1 |
Chemotype 2 | 10 | 18 | 0 | ||||||
Chemotype 3 | 3 | 5 | 0 | ||||||
Malawi | 20 | 0 | 3 | Chemotype 1 | 9 | Chemotype 1 | 9 | 45 | 0 |
Chemotype 2 | 8 | 40 | 0 | ||||||
Chemotype 3 | 3 | 15 | 0 | ||||||
Tanzania | 14 | 0 | 1 | Chemotype 1 | 14 | Chemotype 1 | 14 | 100 | 1 |
Chemotype 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Chemotype 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Location | Dry Season Deguelin (ppm) | Wet Season Deguelin (ppm) |
---|---|---|
Same | 6841 ± 523 a | 8756 ± 197 a |
Iringa | 5644 ± 1202 a | 4879 ± 132 bc |
Morogoro | 5423 ± 1621 a | 6229 ± 207 b |
Kilimanjaro | 5144 ± 682 a | 6377 ± 791 b |
Mbeya | 5699 ± 314 a | 3385 ± 196 c |
Arusha | 5339 ± 139 a | 4803 ± 4 bc |
One way ANOVA F statistics | 0.27 ns | 7.09 ** |
Option | Results | Reliability for Chemotypes Identification |
---|---|---|
Tested Options | ||
Elevation | No correlation | Not reliable |
Season | No correlation | Not reliable: Although wet season enhances higher content of bioactive compounds in chemotype 1 |
Flower Color | Positive correlation | Somewhat reliable: Could be used to decide on the chemotype where white flowers are known to be related with chemotype 1. N.B., a few plants with chemotype 1 had purple flowers. |
Proposed Options | ||
Simple assays | Report from Belmain et al., 2012 | Reliable: Test assessment of plant (10% leaf powder in small test container with bruchids), could be a rapid, simple and affordable tool. Pesticidal properties of Tephrosia are fast acting and chemotype could be determined in 48 h. |
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Mkindi, A.G.; Tembo, Y.; Mbega, E.R.; Medvecky, B.; Kendal-Smith, A.; Farrell, I.W.; Ndakidemi, P.A.; Belmain, S.R.; Stevenson, P.C. Phytochemical Analysis of Tephrosia vogelii across East Africa Reveals Three Chemotypes that Influence Its Use as a Pesticidal Plant. Plants 2019, 8, 597. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8120597
Mkindi AG, Tembo Y, Mbega ER, Medvecky B, Kendal-Smith A, Farrell IW, Ndakidemi PA, Belmain SR, Stevenson PC. Phytochemical Analysis of Tephrosia vogelii across East Africa Reveals Three Chemotypes that Influence Its Use as a Pesticidal Plant. Plants. 2019; 8(12):597. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8120597
Chicago/Turabian StyleMkindi, Angela G., Yolice Tembo, Ernest R. Mbega, Beth Medvecky, Amy Kendal-Smith, Iain W. Farrell, Patrick A. Ndakidemi, Steven R. Belmain, and Philip C. Stevenson. 2019. "Phytochemical Analysis of Tephrosia vogelii across East Africa Reveals Three Chemotypes that Influence Its Use as a Pesticidal Plant" Plants 8, no. 12: 597. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8120597