Progress and Challenges in Ex Situ Conservation of Forage Germplasm: Grasses, Herbaceous Legumes and Fodder Trees
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Management of Forage Germplasm
- A wide range of diverse species;
- High variability amongst and within each species;
- Comparatively little relevant published information for many species;
- and limited practical experience with some species.
3. Germplasm Collecting
4. Multiplication and Regeneration
5. Seed Longevity
6. Cost Efficiency of Managing Wild Species
7. Policy Issues
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Forage Species | Climatic Zone of Cultivation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arid | Semi-Arid | Sub-Humid | Humid | Highland | |
Herbaceous legumes | |||||
Aeschynomene americana | √ | ||||
Alysicarpus glumaceus | √ | ||||
Arachis pintoi | √ | √ | |||
Calopogonium mucunoides | √ | √ | |||
Centrosema acutifolium | √ | √ | |||
Centrosema brasilianum | √ | ||||
Centrosema macrocarpum | √ | ||||
Centrosema pascuorum | √ | √ | |||
Centrosema pubescens | √ | √ | |||
Chamaecrista rotundifolia | √ | √ | |||
Clitoria ternatea | √ | √ | √ | ||
Desmodium intortum | √ | √ | |||
Desmodium uncinatum | √ | ||||
Lablab purpureus | √ | √ | √ | ||
Macroptilium atropurpureum | √ | √ | |||
Macrotyloma axillare | √ | √ | |||
Medicago sativa | √ | ||||
Neonotonia wightii | √ | √ | |||
Pueraria phaseoloides | √ | √ | |||
Rhynchosia minima | √ | ||||
Stylosanthes fruticosa | √ | √ | |||
Stylosanthes guianensis | √ | √ | √ | ||
Stylosanthes hamata | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
Stylosanthes scabra | √ | √ | √ | ||
Stylosanthes seabrana | √ | √ | |||
Teramnus labialis | √ | ||||
Trifolium decorum | √ | ||||
Trifolium rueppellianum | √ | ||||
Trifolium pratense | √ | ||||
Trifolium quartinianum | √ | ||||
Trifolium repens | √ | ||||
Trifolium semipilosum | √ | ||||
Trifolium steudneri | √ | ||||
Trifolium tembense | √ | ||||
Vicia villosa | √ | ||||
Vicia sativa | √ | ||||
Vigna unguiculata | √ | √ | √ | ||
Zornia glabra | √ | √ | |||
Zornia latifolia | √ | √ | |||
Fodder trees | |||||
Cajanus cajan | √ | √ | |||
Calliandra calothyrsus | √ | ||||
Cytisus proliferus | √ | ||||
Desmanthus virgatus | √ | √ | |||
Faidherbia albida | √ | ||||
Gliricidia sepium | √ | √ | √ | ||
Leucaena diversifolia | √ | ||||
Leucaena leucocephala | √ | √ | √ | ||
Leucaena pallida | √ | ||||
Leucaena revoluta | √ | ||||
Sesbania sesban | √ | √ | √ | ||
Grasses | |||||
Avena sativa | √ | ||||
Bothriochloa pertusa | √ | ||||
Brachiaria decumbens | √ | √ | |||
Cenchrus ciliaris | √ | √ | |||
Chloris gayana | √ | √ | |||
Cynodon dactylon | √ | √ | |||
Melinis minutiflora | √ | ||||
Panicum coloratum | √ | √ | √ | ||
Panicum maximum | √ | √ | |||
Paspalum dilatatum | √ | ||||
Paspalum plicatulum | √ | √ | |||
Pennisetum clandestinum | √ | ||||
Pennisetum purpureum | √ | √ | |||
Setaria sphacelata | √ | √ | |||
Sorghum almum | √ | √ | |||
Urochloa mosambicensis | √ | √ |
Family/Genus | Seed Production | Dormancy/Germination | Seed Survival in Genebanks |
---|---|---|---|
Fabaceae | |||
Acacia | [8,21] | [9,11] | |
Aeschynomene | [13] | [11] | |
Albizia | [11] | ||
Alysicarpus | [13,15] | [11] | |
Argyrolobium | [11] | ||
Astragalus | [15,17] | [8,21] | |
Cajanus | [11] | ||
Calopogonium | [13] | [8,21] | [11] |
Canavalia | [11] | ||
Cassia | [13] | [11] | |
Centrosema | [13,17,19] | [8,21] | [11] |
Chamaecrista | [11] | ||
Clitoria | [11] | ||
Coronilla | [15,17] | [8,21] | |
Crotalaria | [15] | [8,21] | [11] |
Desmanthus | [11] | ||
Desmodium | [13] | [8,21] | [11] |
Entada | [11] | ||
Erythrina | [11] | ||
Faidherbia | [11] | ||
Galactia | [11] | ||
Gliricidia | [11] | ||
Glycine | [8,21] | [9,11] | |
Indigofera | [15] | [21] | [11] |
Lablab | [13] | [8,21] | [11] |
Lathyrus | [15] | [8,21] | [9,11] |
Lespedeza | [15,17,19] | [8,21] | [9] |
Leucaena | [13,17] | [21] | [11] |
Lotononis | [13] | [8,21] | [11] |
Lotus | [15,17,19] | [8,21] | [9,11] |
Lupinus | [15] | [8,21] | [9,11] |
Macroptilium | [17,19] | [8,21] | [11] |
Macrotyloma | [11] | ||
Medicago | [15,17,19] | [8,21] | [9,11] |
Melilotus | [15,17,19] | [8,21] | [9,11] |
Mucuna | [8,21] | [11] | |
Neonotonia | [11] | ||
Onobrychis | [15,17,19] | [8,21] | [9] |
Ornithopus | [17,19] | [8,21] | [11] |
Phaseolus | [8,21] | [9,11] | |
Pisum | [15] | [8,21] | [9,11] |
Prosopis | [11] | ||
Pseudarthria | [11] | ||
Psophocarpus | [8,21] | [11] | |
Pueraria | [15] | [8,21] | |
Rhynchosia | [11] | ||
Senna | [9,11] | ||
Sesbania | [21] | [11] | |
Stizolobium | [15] | ||
Stylosanthes | [13,17,19] | [8,21] | [11] |
Tephrosia | [8,21] | [11] | |
Teramnus | [11] | ||
Trifolium | [13,15,17,19] | [8,21] | [9,10,11] |
Vicia | [15,17,19] | [8,21] | [9,11] |
Vigna | [15] | [8,21] | [9,11] |
Zornia | [13] | [11] | |
Poaceae | |||
Aegilops | [21] | ||
Agropyron | [15,17,19] | [8,21] | [9,12] |
Agrostis | [15,17] | [8,21] | [9,10] |
Alopecurus | [17,19] | [8] | |
Andropogon | [13,15,17,19] | [8,21] | [12] |
Arrhenatherum | [15,17,19] | [8] | |
Aristida | [21] | [12] | |
Avena | [8,21] | [9,12] | |
Axonopus | [15] | [8] | |
Bothriochloa | [13] | [8,21] | [12] |
Bouteloua | [15,17] | [8,21] | |
Brachiaria | [13,17,19] | [8,21] | [12] |
Bromus | [15,17,19] | [8,21] | [9,12] |
Buchloe | [15] | [8] | |
Cenchrus | [13,17] | [8] | [12] |
Chloris | [13,15,19] | [8,21] | [12] |
Cymbogon | [21] | ||
Cynodon | [15] | [8,21] | [12] |
Dactylis | [15,17,19] | [8,21] | [9,10,12] |
Digitaria | [8,21] | [12] | |
Echinochloa | [8,21] | [9,12] | |
Eleusine | [8,21] | [9,12] | |
Elymus | [15,17,19] | [8] | [9,12] |
Eragrostis | [13,15,17] | [8,21] | [9,12] |
Eremochloa | [15] | ||
Festuca | [15,19] | [8,21] | [9,10,12] |
Hordeum | [15] | [8,21] | [9,12] |
Hyparrhenia | [13] | ||
Lolium | [15,17] | [8,21] | [9,12] |
Melinis | [17] | [8] | [12] |
Oryzopsis | [15] | [8,21] | |
Panicum | [13,15,17] | [8,21] | [9,12] |
Paspalum | [13,15,17] | [8,21] | [12] |
Pennisetum | [13,15,17] | [8,21] | [9,12] |
Phalaris | [15,17] | [8,21] | [12] |
Phleum | [15,17,19] | [8,21] | [9,10,12] |
Poa | [15,17] | [8,21] | [9,10] |
Setaria | [13,17,19] | [8,21] | [9,12] |
Sorghastrum | [15] | [8,21] | |
Sorghum | [17,19] | [8,21] | [9,12] |
Sporobolus | [15] | [9] | |
Stipa | [15] | [21] | |
Themeda | [21] | ||
Tripsacum | [15] | ||
xTriticosecale | [8,21] | [12] | |
Urochloa | [13,17] | [8] | [12] |
Detail | Swathing | Swathing and Sweating | Desiccation | Combing | Bagging | Suction |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Description | Cutting the seed crop and leaving in a loose swath to dry for later mechanical harvesting | Heaping or sheathing seed heads for about 3 days before threshing to raise temperature | Spraying chemical desiccant on the crop to accelerate the drying of less-mature seed | Running a hand over the seed heads or shaking seed heads gently into a bag | Covering seed heads or pods with a net, cloth or paper bag | Vacuuming mature seeds from the plant or ground under the plant |
Advantages | Maturation of later-developing seeds as moisture uptake ends and swath dries; capture of more mature seeds in the swath if they shatter; low labour requirement | Aids maturation and abscission [33] | Enables direct harvesting of dry seeds; low labour requirement | Only mature seeds are collected | Captures seeds that shatter or dehisce | Immature seeds remain on the plant to mature and ripe seeds are not lost by shattering |
Disadvantages | Some seeds will be lost from the swath; specialist equipment | Immature seeds may also abscise; prolonged treatment may damage seeds; specialist equipment | Cost and risk of desiccant; specialist equipment | Labour intensive; repeated, frequent combing required | Labour intensive; fungal contamination in bags during rains | Labour intensive; weed seeds and debris can be collected from the ground |
Examples | Stylosanthes species; temperate grasses | Panicum maximum; tropical grasses | Vicia faba; Avena sativa | Vicia villosa | Brachiaria species | Stylosanthes species; Buchloe dactyloides [17] |
Genus | Specific Epithet of the Species |
---|---|
Acacia | angustissima, boliviana |
Alysicarpus | ferrugineus, glumaceus, longifolius, monilifer, ovalifolius, rugosus, vaginalis |
Calapogonium | mucunoides |
Chamaecrista | mimosoides, nigricans, pilosa, rotundifolia |
Desmanthus | acuminatus, covillei, leptophyllus, pubescens, tatuhyensis, virgatus |
Desmodium | adscendens, barbatum, cinereum, dichotomum, discolor, distortum, incanum, intortum, salicifolium, sandwicense, tortuosum, uncinatum, velutinum |
Indigofera | arrecta, brevicalyx, colutea, cryptantha, hirsuta, hochstetteri, spicata, suffruticosa |
Leucaena | diversifolia, leucocephala, pallida, pulverulenta, shannonii, trichandra, trichodes |
Lupinus | albus, angustifolius, luteus, mutabilis |
Macroptilium | atropurpureum, bracteatum, lathyroides |
Macrotyloma | africanum, axillare, daltonii, uniflorum |
Medicago | lupulina, minima, polymorpha, sativa, scutellata, truncatula |
Melilotus | albus, officinalis |
Pisum | sativum |
Stylosanthes | calcicola, capitata, fruticosa, guianensis, hamata, humilis, scabra |
Tephrosia | bracteolata, noctiflora, pumila, purpurea, villosa |
Teramnus | labialis, repens, uncinatus |
Trifolium | baccarinii, bilineatum, burchellianum, cryptopodium, decorum, masaiense, mattirolianum, multinerve, polystachyum, pratense, quartinianum, repens, resupinatum, rueppellianum, semipilosum, simense, steudneri, tembense |
Vigna | luteola, oblongifolia, parkeri, peduncularis, racemosa, radiata, unguiculata, vexillata |
Zornia | glabra, latifolia |
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Hanson, J.; Ellis, R.H. Progress and Challenges in Ex Situ Conservation of Forage Germplasm: Grasses, Herbaceous Legumes and Fodder Trees. Plants 2020, 9, 446. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9040446
Hanson J, Ellis RH. Progress and Challenges in Ex Situ Conservation of Forage Germplasm: Grasses, Herbaceous Legumes and Fodder Trees. Plants. 2020; 9(4):446. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9040446
Chicago/Turabian StyleHanson, Jean, and Richard H. Ellis. 2020. "Progress and Challenges in Ex Situ Conservation of Forage Germplasm: Grasses, Herbaceous Legumes and Fodder Trees" Plants 9, no. 4: 446. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9040446