New Insights on the Role of Allyl Isothiocyanate in Controlling the Root Knot Nematode Meloidogyne hapla
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effect of Biofumigation to Control M. hapla under Field Conditions
2.2. In Vitro Effect of Different Isothiocyanates on M. hapla Motility
2.3. Long Term In Vitro Effect of Aallyl Isothiocyanate towards M. hapla
2.4. Effect of Soil Composition on the Control Efficacy of Allyl Isothiocyanate towards M. hapla
2.5. Allyl Isothiocyanate as Additive to the Biofumigation Process to Control M. hapla
3. Discussion
3.1. Effect of Biofumigation to Control M. hapla under Field Conditions
3.2. In Vitro Effect of Different Isothiocyanates on M. hapla Motility
3.3. Long Term In Vitro Effect of Allyl Isothiocyanate towards M. hapla
3.4. Effect of Soil Composition on the Control Efficacy of Allyl Isothiocyanate towards M. hapla
3.5. Allyl Isothiocyanate as Additive to the Biofumigation Process to Control M. hapla
3.6. Allyl Isothiocyanate as Additive for Biofumigation in the Filed
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Nematode Inoculum and Isothiocyanates
4.2. Effect of Biofumigation to Control M. hapla under Field Conditions
4.3. In Vitro Effect of Different Isothiocyanates on M. hapla Motility
4.4. Long Term In Vitro Effect of Allyl Isothiocyanate towards M. hapla
4.5. Effect of Soil Composition on the Control Efficacy of Allyl Isothiocyanate towards M. hapla
4.6. Allyl Isothiocyanate as Additive to the Biofumigation Process to Control M. hapla
4.7. Data Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cultivars | Pi | Pf | Pf/Pi | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BJ | Energy | 612 ± 353 | 1150 ± 438 | 1.88 | |
Terrafit | 1478 ± 961 | 1070 ± 624 | 0.72 | ||
Terraplus | 737 ± 605 | 567 ± 471 | 0.77 | ||
SA | Luna | 24 ± 32 | 45 ± 15 | 1.88 | |
Accent | 51 ± 22 | 54 ± 48 | 1.06 | ||
RS | Defender | 39 ± 26 | 36 ± 42 | 0.92 | |
Adagio | 140 ± 135 | 128 ± 83 | 0.91 | ||
Colonel | 171 ± 145 | 232 ± 99 | 1.36 | ||
Fallow | 87 ± 118 | 82 ± 105 | 0.94 |
ITC | Exposure Time | Juvenile Inactivity (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Concentration | H2O | 0.1 µmol/mL | 1 µmol/mL | 10 µmol/mL | |
Allyl ITC | 3 h (w.i.) | 2.2 a1 (1.9 a) | 79.7 b1 (75.0 b) | 95.8 b1 (100.0 b) | 100.0 b1 (100.0 b) |
24 h (w.i.) | 2.3 a1 (2.4 a) | 72.3 b1 (77.2 b) | 99.8 b1 (100.0 b) | 100.0 b1 (100.0 b) | |
Benzyl ITC | 3 h (w.i.) | 1.2 a1 (1.2 a) | 94.3 b1 (99.8 b) | 97.8 c1 (99.7 b) | 100.0 c1 (100.0 b) |
24 h (w.i.) | 1.2 a1 (1.2 a) | 100.0 b2 (100.0 b) | 100.0 b2 (100.0 b) | 100.0 b1 (97.7 b) | |
Butyl ITC | 3 h (w.i.) | 1.2 a1 (2.0 a) | 50.8 b1 (15.3 b*) | 71.8 c1 (44.5 c*) | 87.3 d1 (96.3 d) |
24 h (w.i.) | 2.5 a1 (1.8 a) | 74.2 b2 (12.8 b*) | 86.3 c2 (68.2 c*) | 98.7 d2 (99.8 d) | |
Ethyl ITC | 3 h (w.i.) | 1.2 a1 (2.0 a) | 25.2 b1 (14.3 b*) | 91.0 c1 (82.2 c*) | 99.3 c1 (99.3 d) |
24 h (w.i.) | 2.5 a1 (1.8 a) | 27.7 b1 (6.8 a*) | 99.2 c2 (57.2 b*) | 100.0 c1 (100.0 c) | |
Methyl ITC | 3 h (w.i.) | 1.2 a1 (2.0 a) | 4.0 a1 (5.7 a) | 79.2 b1 (44.2 b*) | 99.3 b1 (100.0 c) |
24 h (w.i.) | 2.5 a1 (1.8 a) | 12.0 b2 (11.8 a) | 89.3 c2 (47.3 b*) | 100.0 d1 (100.0 c) | |
Phenyl ITC | 3 h (w.i.) | 1.3 a1 (1.3 a) | 55.5 b1 (52.2 b) | 98.0 c1 (90.3 c*) | 99.7 c1 (99.3 c) |
24 h (w.i.) | 1.0 a1 (2.0 a) | 95.8 b2 (73.0 b*) | 99.5 c1 (96.0 c*) | 100.0 c1 (100.0 c) | |
2-phenylethyl ITC | 3 h (w.i.) | 1.3 a1 (1.3 a) | 5.7 ab1 (6.8 a**) | 21.2 b1 (75.0 b**) | 59.3 c1 (99.3 c) |
24 h (w.i.) | 1.0 a1 (2.0 a) | 16.8 b2 (38.7 b**) | 89.8 c2 (98.3 c**) | 100.0 c2 (99.8 c) |
Exposure Period | AITC µmol/mL | N (%) | A (%) | I (%) | LC50 (µmol/mL) | GI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day 1 | control | 93.7 | 4.7 | 1.7 | 0.15 (0.061–0.369) | 6.00 ± 0 a |
0.01 | 89.7 | 9.3 | 1.0 | 5.50 ± 0.5 a | ||
0.1 | 38.3 | 58.0 | 3.7 | 4.25 ± 0.5 b | ||
1 | 1.0 | 89.7 | 9.3 | 3.00 ± 0.8 c | ||
5 | 0.0 | 34.7 | 65.3 | 0 d | ||
10 | 0.0 | 6.3 | 93.7 | 0 d | ||
20–40 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100 | 0 d | ||
Day 5 | control | 92.7 | 3.3 | 4.0 | 0.19 (0.07–0.519) | 6.00 ± 0 a |
0.01 | 74.3 | 20.7 | 5.0 | 5.75 ± .05 a | ||
0.1 | 69.3 | 25.7 | 5.0 | 4.75 ± 0.5 b | ||
1 | 19.3 | 45.3 | 35.3 | 2.50 ± 0.5 c | ||
5 | 0.0 | 16.0 | 84.0 | 0 d | ||
10 | 0.0 | 3.7 | 96.3 | 0 d | ||
20–40 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100 | 0 d | ||
Day 10 | control | 91.3 | 4.0 | 4.7 | 0.10 (0.036–0.335) | 5.50 ± 0.5 a |
0.01 | 64.3 | 24.0 | 11.7 | 5.00 ± 0.8 a | ||
0.1 | 60.0 | 30.0 | 10.0 | 4.75 ± 0.5 a | ||
1 | 5.7 | 33.3 | 61.0 | 2.50 ± 0.5 b | ||
5 to 40 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100 | 0c | ||
Day 20 | control | 73.7 | 15.3 | 11.0 | 0.07 (0.025–0.184) | 4.00 ± 0.8 a |
0.01 | 55.3 | 29.3 | 15.3 | 3.75 ± 0.5 a | ||
0.1 | 46.3 | 36.7 | 17.0 | 3.50 ± 0.5 ab | ||
1 | 4.3 | 32.7 | 63.0 | 2.50 ± 0.5 b | ||
5 to 40 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100 | 0 c |
AITC µmol/mL | Sand | Sand:Soil Mix | Soil | Potting Substrate | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2:1 | 1:1 | 1:2 | ||||
Control | 5 ± 0.7 a1 | 5 ± 0.7 a1 | 5.6 ± 0.5 a1 | 5.2 ± 1.0 a1 | 4.8 ± 1.0 a1 | 5 ± 0.7 a1 |
1 | 3.2 ± 0.8 b1 | 3.6 ± 0.8 ab12 | 4.2 ± 0.4 b13 | 4.6 ± 0.5 a23 | 5 ± 0.7 a3 | 5.2 ± 0.4 a3 |
5 | 2.2 ± 0.8 b1 | 3.4 ± 0.5 b2 | 4.2 ± 0.4 b23 | 4 ± 0.9 a23 | 4.8 ± 0.4 a3 | 5.2 ± 0.4 a3 |
10 | 0.6 ± 0.8 c1 | 2.6 ± 0.8 bc2 | 3.4 ± 0.5 bc23 | 4 ± 0.7 a234 | 4.4 ± 0.8 ab34 | 5.4 ± 0.5 a4 |
20 | 0 c1 | 2.6 ± 0.8 bc2 | 3 ± 0.7 cd23 | 3.6 ± 0.8 ab234 | 4.4 ± 1.1 ab34 | 5 ± 0.7 a4 |
40 | 0 c1 | 1.2 ± 0.4c2 | 2 ± 0.7 d23 | 2.25 ± 0.5 b234 | 3 ± 0.7 b34 | 5 ± 0.7 a5 |
Meloidogyne hapla Juveniles (J2/100 mL soil) after AITC Treatment (µmol/mL) | J2 Reduction * | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cultivars | 0 | 10 | 20 | 40 | 60 | % |
Brassica juncea cv Terrafit | 85.7 ± 6.6 a | 84.5 ± 8.5 a | 84.3 ± 8.3 a | 74.7 ± 8.1 a | 57.1 ± 11.6 a* | 33.4 |
Raphanus sativus cv Defender | 81.2 ± 7.7 a | 78.7 ± 5.8 a | 84.3 ± 7.1 a | 83.5 ± 6.7 a | 78.5 ± 5.6 b | 3.3 |
Cover crop mix | 92.2 ± 8.2 a | - | 94.5 ± 5.8 a | 94.4 ± 5 a | 93.6 ± 5.7 c | 0.0 |
Fallow | 36.3 ± 10.2 b | - | - | - | - |
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Dahlin, P.; Hallmann, J. New Insights on the Role of Allyl Isothiocyanate in Controlling the Root Knot Nematode Meloidogyne hapla. Plants 2020, 9, 603. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9050603
Dahlin P, Hallmann J. New Insights on the Role of Allyl Isothiocyanate in Controlling the Root Knot Nematode Meloidogyne hapla. Plants. 2020; 9(5):603. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9050603
Chicago/Turabian StyleDahlin, Paul, and Johannes Hallmann. 2020. "New Insights on the Role of Allyl Isothiocyanate in Controlling the Root Knot Nematode Meloidogyne hapla" Plants 9, no. 5: 603. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9050603