A Review of Recent Developments in Hybrid Rocket Propulsion and Its Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction of Hybrid Rocket Propulsion
1.1. Historical Perspective
1.2. Fundamental Principles of Chemical Bi-Propellant Rocket Thrusters
1.3. Characteristics, Advantages, and Disadvantages of HREs
1.3.1. Specific Impulse as Propulsion Performance Indicator
1.3.2. Combustion Characteristics
1.3.3. Propellant Storage and Handling Safety
1.3.4. Throttling and Re-Ignition Capability
1.3.5. Cost-Effectiveness
1.4. Theoretical Propulsion Performances for Different Fuel–Oxidizer Combinations
1.4.1. Typical Fuels and Oxidizers
- Affordability (Cost)
- b.
- System performance
- c.
- Survivability (Safety)
- d.
- Reliability
- e.
- Controllability
- f.
- Maintainability
- g.
- Geometric constraints
- h.
- Operability
- i.
- Producibility
- j.
- Environmental acceptability
1.4.2. Density-Specific Impulse
1.5. The Challenge for Hybrid Rocket Space Transportation
2. Oxidizers and Fuels for Hybrid Rocket Propulsion
2.1. Oxygen (O2)
2.2. Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
2.3. Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
2.4. Nytrox
2.5. Thermoplastic and Thermoset Fuel
2.6. Fuel Regression Rate
3. Specific Issues for Hybrid Rocket Propulsion
3.1. Solid-Fuel Grain Design for Enhancing Fuel Mass Flow Rate
3.1.1. Star-Port Design
3.1.2. Multi-Port Design
3.1.3. Helical-Port Design and 3D-Printed Fuel Grains
3.1.4. Special Fuel Grain Geometry Design
3.1.5. Other Mixing Enhancement Mechanisms
3.1.6. Mixture Fuel
3.1.7. Composite Fuel with Additives
3.2. Swirl Oxidizer Injection
3.2.1. Experimental Studies on Swirl Injection
3.2.2. Numerical Investigations of Swirl Oxidizer Injection
3.3. O/F Ratio Shift and Propellant Residue
3.4. Low-Frequency Instability
3.5. Ignitor Design
3.6. Scaling-Up Methods
4. Advanced Studies of Hybrid Rocket Engines and Applications
4.1. Throttling Capacity of Hybrid Rocket Engine
4.2. Thrust Vector Control for Hybrid Rocket Engine
4.3. Insulation Material for Chamber Casing and Nozzle Material
4.3.1. Temperature Distribution
4.3.2. Efficiency Enhancement Structure
4.3.3. Oxidizer and Fuel Distribution
4.3.4. Residual Fuel
4.4. 3D Metal Printing for Complicated Chamber Design
4.4.1. Powder Bed Fusion
4.4.2. Directed Energy Deposition
4.4.3. Binder Jetting (Li et al., 2020) [243]
4.4.4. Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF)
4.4.5. Sheet Lamination (Zhang et al., 2018) [245]
4.5. Recent Status of Hybrid Sounding Rockets and Launch Vehicles
5. Conclusions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Propellant Combination (Fuel + Oxidizer) | Optimum O/F | Sea Level Isp (s) | C* (m/s) | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|
Carbon, Air | 11.3 | 184 | 1224 | |
Carbon, Lox | 1.9 | 249 | 1599 | Cryogenic |
Carbon, N2O | 6.3 | 236 | 1522 | |
Cellulose, Gox | 1.0 | 247 | 1572 | |
CH4(s), Lox | 3 | 291 | 1871 | Cryogenic |
CH4(s)/Be(36%), Lox | 1.3 | 306 | 1918 | Cryogenic |
HTPB, F2 + Lox | 3.3 | 314 | 2045 | Cryogenic |
HTPB, IRFNA | 4.3 | 247 | 1591 | |
HTPB, Lox | 1.9 | 280 | 1820 | Cryogenic |
HTPB, N2O | 7.1 | 247 | 1604 | |
HTPB, N2O4 | 3.5 | 258 | 1663 | |
HTPB/Al(40%), Lox | 1.1 | 274 | 1757 | Cryogenic |
HTPB/Al(40%), N2O | 3.5 | 252 | 1637 | |
HTPB/Al(40%), N2O4 | 1.7 | 261 | 1679 | |
HTPB/Al(60%), F2 + Lox | 2.5 | 312 | 2006 | Cryogenic |
Li/LiH/HTPB, F2 + Lox | 2.8 | 326 | 2118 | Cryogenic |
NH3(s)/Be(26%), Lox | 0.47 | 307 | 1967 | Cryogenic |
Paraffin, Lox | 2.5 | 281 | 1804 | Cryogenic |
Paraffin, N2O | 8.0 | 248 | 1606 | |
Paraffin, N2O4 | 4.0 | 259 | 1667 | |
Pentance(s), Lox | 2.7 | 279 | 1789 | Cryogenic |
PE, N2O | 8.0 | 247 | 1600 | |
PE, Lox | 2.5 | 279 | 1791 | Cryogenic |
PMMA, Lox | 1.5 | 259 | 1661 | Cryogenic |
JP-4, AN | 17.0 | 216 | 1418 | Reverse HRE |
JP-4, AP | 9.1 | 235 | 1526 | Reverse HRE |
JP-4, NP | 3.6 | 259 | 1669 | Reverse HRE |
Feature | Lox | N2O | Nytrox |
---|---|---|---|
Density | 4 | 2 | 4 |
Isp Performance | 5 | 3 | 4 |
Impulse Density | 4 | 1 | 3 |
Self-Pressurization Capability | 1 | 5 | 3 |
Performance Tuning Capability | 1 | 2 | 5 |
Chemical Compatibility | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Chemical Stability | 5 | 4 | 4 |
Gas-Phase Combustion | 1 * | 3 | 5 |
Hypergolicity | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Motor Stability/Efficiency | 2 | 5 | 4 |
Performance Tuning Capability | 1 | 2 | 5 |
Storability | 1 | 5 | 3 |
Toxicity | 5 | 4 | 4 |
Ease of handling | 3 | 5 | 4 |
Material Cost | 5 | 4 | 4 |
Overall Safety | 3 | 2 | 5 |
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Wei, S.-S.; Li, M.-C.; Lai, A.; Chou, T.-H.; Wu, J.-S. A Review of Recent Developments in Hybrid Rocket Propulsion and Its Applications. Aerospace 2024, 11, 739. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11090739
Wei S-S, Li M-C, Lai A, Chou T-H, Wu J-S. A Review of Recent Developments in Hybrid Rocket Propulsion and Its Applications. Aerospace. 2024; 11(9):739. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11090739
Chicago/Turabian StyleWei, Shih-Sin, Meng-Che Li, Alfred Lai, Tzu-Hao Chou, and Jong-Shinn Wu. 2024. "A Review of Recent Developments in Hybrid Rocket Propulsion and Its Applications" Aerospace 11, no. 9: 739. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11090739