The Interplay of Emotions, Executive Functions, Memory and Language: Challenges for Refugee Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Diagnosing DLD in Bilingual Children
1.2. Specificities of Refugee Children
1.2.1. Psychological Vulnerability
1.2.2. Cognitive Vulnerability
1.3. Goal of the Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Materials
2.2.1. Emotional Well-Being
2.2.2. Memory and Executive Functions
- Digit span
- NEPSY-II
2.2.3. Language
- LITMUS tasks
- Standardized language tasks
2.3. General Procedure
2.4. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Are Refugee Children at Risk?
3.1.1. Emotional Well-Being
3.1.2. Memory and Executive Functions
3.1.3. Language
3.2. Do Emotional Well-Being and Executive Functions Affect Language Measures?
3.2.1. Predictive Role of Emotional Well-Being on Language and Executive Functions
3.2.2. Predictive Role of Executive Functions on Language
4. Discussion
4.1. Refugee Children Are at Risk
4.2. The Interplay of Language and Well-Being
4.3. The Interplay of Language, Memory and Executive Functions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
1 | Following common practice in the field, ‘L2’ will be used to refer to the newly learned, host country language, even though children may have more than one language. |
2 | The generic term ‘refugee’ is used in this paper to refer to forced migrants, independently of their legal status. |
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Test | Refugee Status | Age | LoE |
---|---|---|---|
FWS | p = 0.002 | ||
BWS | p < 0.001 | ||
AA | p = 0.019 | ns | |
RS | p = 0.071 | ||
DF | p < 0.001 | p = 0.005 | p = 0.012 |
Test | Refugee Status | Age | LoE |
---|---|---|---|
SR | p = 0.002 | p = 0.012 | |
NWR | p = 0.036 | p = 0.006 | |
NRI | p = 0.030 | p = 0.029 | |
LP | p < 0.001 | ns | |
LR | p = 0.001 | p = 0.018 | |
MSP | p = 0.007 | ns | |
MSR | p = 0.015 | ||
WR | p = 0.047 | ns |
Test | CBCL | Age | LoE |
---|---|---|---|
SR | p = 0.033 | p < 0.001 | |
NWR | p = 0.072 | p = 0.030 | |
LP | ns | p = 0.011 | p < 0.001 |
LR | ns | p = 0.007 | |
MSP | p = 0.055 | p < 0.001 | |
MSR | p < 0.001 | ||
WR | p = 0.004 | p = 0.028 |
Test | CBCL | Age | LoE |
---|---|---|---|
FWS | |||
BWS | ns | p = 0.010 | |
AA | p = 0.036 | ||
RS | p = 0.003 | ||
DF | p = 0.042 |
Test | FWS | BWS | AA | RS | Age | LoE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SR | p = 0.013 | ns | p = 0.005 | |||
NWR | p = 0.012 | ns | p = 0.018 | |||
LP | p = 0.057 | ns | p = 0.003 | p = 0.004 | ||
LR | p = 0.008 | p = 0.022 | p = 0.048 | ns | ||
MSP | p = 0.006 | ns | ns | ns | p < 0.001 | |
MSR | ns | p = 0.029 | p = 0.002 | |||
WR | p = 0.036 | p = 0.021 | p = 0.011 |
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Franck, J.; Delage, H. The Interplay of Emotions, Executive Functions, Memory and Language: Challenges for Refugee Children. Languages 2022, 7, 309. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages7040309
Franck J, Delage H. The Interplay of Emotions, Executive Functions, Memory and Language: Challenges for Refugee Children. Languages. 2022; 7(4):309. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages7040309
Chicago/Turabian StyleFranck, Julie, and Hélène Delage. 2022. "The Interplay of Emotions, Executive Functions, Memory and Language: Challenges for Refugee Children" Languages 7, no. 4: 309. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages7040309