Differences in Improvement of Physical Function in Older Adults with Long-Term Care Insurance with and without Falls: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Participants
2.2. LTCI Levels
2.3. History of Falls
2.4. Physical Function
2.5. Exercise Program
2.6. Sample Size
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Flow
3.2. Characteristics of Fall Group and No-Fall Group
3.3. Pre- and Post-Comparison of Physical Function for Each Group
3.4. Two-Group Comparison of Physical Function: Start, 6 Months, and Changes during That Period
3.5. Cut-Off Value for the Presence of Falls
4. Discussion
4.1. Fall Rate and Improvement in Physical Function
4.2. Cut-Off Value for the Presence of Fall
4.3. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fall, n = 12 | No-Fall, n = 70 | Z or χ2 Value | p Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fall rate, % | 14.6 | 0 | ||||||
Age, years | 84.8 | ± | 8.1 | 81.0 | ± | 7.8 | 1.5 b | 0.14 |
Sex, male, % | 41.7 | 34.3 | 0.2 a | 0.62 | ||||
Weight, kg | 57.3 | ± | 13.3 | 54.7 | ± | 13.7 | 0.2 b | 0.84 |
LTCI level, support level 1/2, care level 1/2/3, % | 50.0/33.3/16.7/0/0 | 48.6/41.4/12.9/5.7/1.4 | 0.9 a | 0.91 | ||||
Comorbidity, % | ||||||||
Hypertension | 41.7 | 50.0 | 0.3 a | 0.59 | ||||
Diabetes | 16.7 | 25.7 | 0.5 a | 0.50 | ||||
Orthopedic disease | 41.7 | 35.7 | 0.2 a | 0.69 | ||||
Cerebrovascular disease | 25.0 | 30.0 | 0.1 a | 0.73 | ||||
Parkinson’s disease | 16.7 | 5.7 | 0.8 a | 0.18 | ||||
Heart disease | 8.3 | 24.3 | 1.5 a | 0.21 | ||||
Cancer disease | 8.3 | 6.1 | <0.1 a | 0.89 |
Fall, n = 12 | No-Fall, n = 70 | t or Z Value | p Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical function | ||||||||
Gait speed at start, m/s | 0.99 | ± | 0.32 | 0.93 | ± | 0.33 | 0.6 | 0.57 |
Gait speed at 6 months, m/s | 1.34 | ± | 0.41 | 1.14 | ± | 0.34 | 1.8 | 0.07 |
ΔGait speed, m/s | 0.35 | ± | 0.51 | 0.21 | ± | 0.36 | 1.2 | 0.25 |
TUG at start, s | 10.9 | ± | 4.8 | 13.3 | ± | 8.1 | −1.1 b | 0.28 |
TUG at 6 months, s | 9.6 | ± | 3.7 | 11.4 | ± | 6.1 | −1.4 b | 0.17 |
ΔTUG, m/s | −1.3 | ± | 2.5 | −2.0 | ± | 6.9 | −0.3 b | 0.77 |
CS30 at start, times | 17.2 | ± | 6.6 | 12.8 | ± | 7.4 | 2.0 | 0.053 |
CS30 at 6 months, times | 15.7 | ± | 6.2 | 15.3 | ± | 6.1 | 0.2 | 0.84 |
ΔCS30, times | −1.6 | ± | 4.9 | 2.5 | ± | 4.8 | −2.3 b | 0.02 |
Physical function after adjustment | ||||||||
Gait speed at start, m/s | 0.99 | ± | 0.10 | 0.93 | ± | 0.04 | 0.6 | 0.57 |
Gait speed at 6 months, m/s | 1.35 | ± | 0.10 | 1.14 | ± | 0.05 | 1.9 | 0.06 |
ΔGait speed, m/s | 0.36 | ± | 0.1 | 0.21 | ± | 0.05 | 1.2 | 0.10 |
TUG at start, s | 11.3 | ± | 2.3 | 13.2 | ± | 0.9 | −0.8 | 0.43 |
TUG at 6 months, s | 9.7 | ± | 1.7 | 11.3 | ± | 0.7 | −0.9 | 0.39 |
ΔTUG, m/s | −1.6 | ± | 1.9 | −1.9 | ± | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.88 |
CS30 at start, times | 16.7 | ± | 2.1 | 12.8 | ± | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.10 |
CS30 at 6 months, times | 15.7 | ± | 1.8 | 15.2 | ± | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.81 |
ΔCS30, times | −1.0 | ± | 1.4 | 2.4 | ± | 0.5 | −2.3 | 0.03 |
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Kitamura, M.; Umeo, J.; Kurihara, K.; Yamato, T.; Nagasaki, T.; Mizota, K.; Kogo, H.; Tanaka, S.; Yoshizawa, T. Differences in Improvement of Physical Function in Older Adults with Long-Term Care Insurance with and without Falls: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Healthcare 2023, 11, 2558. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11182558
Kitamura M, Umeo J, Kurihara K, Yamato T, Nagasaki T, Mizota K, Kogo H, Tanaka S, Yoshizawa T. Differences in Improvement of Physical Function in Older Adults with Long-Term Care Insurance with and without Falls: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Healthcare. 2023; 11(18):2558. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11182558
Chicago/Turabian StyleKitamura, Masahiro, Junichi Umeo, Kyohei Kurihara, Takuji Yamato, Takayuki Nagasaki, Katsuhiko Mizota, Haruki Kogo, Shinichi Tanaka, and Takashi Yoshizawa. 2023. "Differences in Improvement of Physical Function in Older Adults with Long-Term Care Insurance with and without Falls: A Retrospective Cohort Study" Healthcare 11, no. 18: 2558. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11182558