Chronic Pelvic Pain, Vulvar Pain Disorders, and Proteomics Profiles: New Discoveries, New Hopes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Proteomics Methods
3. Proteomics-Based Investigation of Dysregulated Proteins Involved in Endometriosis, Adenomyosis and Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome (IC/PBS), and Vulvodynia
3.1. Vulvodynia
3.2. Endometriosis
3.3. Adenomyosis
3.4. Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome (IC/PBS)
Pain Conditions | Site | Gene and Protein Abundances | Type of Abundance | Proteomics Methods |
---|---|---|---|---|
Vulvodynia | vaginal/vestibular areas [35] | Annexin A1, interleukin 1 receptor antagonist, protein S100A9, immunoglobulin G κ chain | up | gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry |
vaginal fluid [36] | sphingolipid | up | UPLC-MS/MS | |
Endometriosis | endometrium [42,44] | Genes: C7, CFH, FZD7, LY96, PDLIM3, PTGIS, and WISP2 Proteins: LY96, PDLIM3, PTGIS, and WISP2 [Bae] MIF (Zhang 2015) | up | microarray |
Plasma [41,45] | proteins related to angiogenesis/cell migration; inflammatory cytokines | up | multiplex aptamer-based proteomics discovery | |
Peritoneal fluid [41,46] | proteoforms of 1-antitrypsin and S100-A8, transferrin, 1b-glycoprotein and aptoglobin; inflammatory cytokines | up | 2D-PAGE combined with LC-MS/MS | |
Endometrial fluid [33] | signal transduction and cytoskeletal structure | up | 2D-PAGE) | |
eutopic endometrium [52] | P450 | hybridization method | ||
eutopic endometrium [50] | molecular chaperones, proteins involved in protein and DNA formation/breakdown, and secreted proteins | up | 2D-PAGE mass spectroscopic | |
Serum and eutopic endometrium [54] | proteins of cytoskeletons or involved in the regulation of the cell cycle, signal transduction, or immunological function | up | 2D-PAGE | |
eutopic endometrium [47] | proteins involved in apoptosis, immune reaction, glycolytic pathway, cell structure, and transcription | up | Immunoblot and immunohistochemical analyses | |
eutopic endometrium [49] | structural proteins (vimentin, actins), stress response (Peroxiredoxins, HSP B1, HSP70, HSP90) or signaling (14-3-3 proteins, annexins), protein-folding and protein-turnover, immunity, energy production, signal transduction, RNA biogenesis, protein biosynthesis, and nuclear proteins | up | 2D-PAGE Western blot, and MS | |
eutopic endometrium [51] | Protein involved in the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and focal adhesion (the laminin family) | up | LC-MS-MS analysis | |
members of the S100 protein family | down | LC-MS-MS analysis | ||
eutopic endometrium [62] | Humoral immune response pathways, antimicrobial humoral response, and the regulation of the nitric oxide biosynthetic process | up | Tandem mass tags combined with multidimensional liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry analyses | |
necroptotic process, regulation of necrotic cell death | down | Tandem mass tags combined with multidimensional liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry analyses | ||
Follicular fluid [61] | Immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 2 (IGHG2), glia-derived nexin (GDN), and Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H3 (ITIH3) | up | LFQP and PRM | |
corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), angiotensinogen (AGT), and Fetuin-B (FETUB) | down | LFQP and PRM | ||
Adenomyosis | Adenomyotic tissue [65] | cytoskeleton proteins, HSP and | up | 2D_PAGE MALDI-TOF |
serum [66] | immune response, the inflammatory response, and cell adhesion | up. | iTRAQ | |
Ectopic endometrium [67] | annexin A2 correlated with markers of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition enhanced the proangiogenic capacity of adenomyotic endometrial cells through the HIF-1/VEGF-A pathway | up | polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis/MS | |
tissue and blood [68] | regulation of cell morphogenesis’ and ‘cytoskeletal organization (HSP90A, STIP1 and TAGLN-2) | up | TEM, LC-MS | |
Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome | Bladder biopsy [73] | inflammatory setting (T and B cells markers); endoplasmic reticulum stressed proteins | up | nHPLC-MS/MS |
Bladder biopsy [73] | cellular adhesive proteins, cell proliferation/wound healing Rap1-related proteins | down | nHPLC-MS/MS | |
ubiquitination | down | |||
NDA tissue [74] | protein; muscarin M2, purinergic P2 × 1, P2 × 2, and histamine receptors | up | multiple antigen bead assay | |
bladder submucosa [74] | urothelial markers, focal lymphoid aggregates | down | multiple antigen bead assay | |
bladder submucosa [74] | cytokines, chemokines, and enhanced immunoreactivity for muscarinic M2, purinergic P2 × 1, P2 × 2, and histamine H1 receptors | up | multiple antigen bead assay | |
Urine samples [76] | tyramine and 2-oxoglutarate phenylacetylglutamin | up | MS | |
Urine [77] | CXCL-8 and bladder mast cell counts | up | tryptase stain | |
One glycosylated nonapeptide, antiproliferative | - | thymidine incorporation assay |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Di Tucci, C.; Muzii, L. Chronic Pelvic Pain, Vulvar Pain Disorders, and Proteomics Profiles: New Discoveries, New Hopes. Biomedicines 2024, 12, 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12010001
Di Tucci C, Muzii L. Chronic Pelvic Pain, Vulvar Pain Disorders, and Proteomics Profiles: New Discoveries, New Hopes. Biomedicines. 2024; 12(1):1. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleDi Tucci, Chiara, and Ludovico Muzii. 2024. "Chronic Pelvic Pain, Vulvar Pain Disorders, and Proteomics Profiles: New Discoveries, New Hopes" Biomedicines 12, no. 1: 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12010001